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I
Eeonomie Products of India
Exhibited in the Economic Court,
Calcutta International Exhibition, 1883-84.
By GEORGE WATT, M.B., CM, F.L.S,
Bengal Educational Service,
In chargt of the Economic Court and of the Central Office, Calcutta International
Exhibilion of 1883-84.
Volume I.,
containing '
Part I.— GUMS and RESINS.
Part II.— DYES, TANS, and MORDANTS.
Part III.— fibres and FIBRE-YIELDING PLANTS.
Part IV.— OILS and OIL SEEDS, PERFUMERY, and SOAPS.
INDEX.
Calcutta :
Printed by the Superintendent of Government Printing, India,
Part I.
GUMS AND RESINS.
ECONOMIC PRODUCTS OF INDIA
EXHIBITED AT THE
€aktttta International Exhibition, 1883-84-
Part L — Gums and Resins.
ACACIA.
ABIES.
Abies dumosa, Loudon^ CoNiFERJE.
The Indian Hemlock ; Spruce.
Venu^Changatkasi dhup, Nepal; tangsking, Bhutia ; Semadung,
Lepcha.
North-Eastern Kumaun, Nepal, Sikkim, between 8,000 and 10,500
feet. (Gamble,)
Nothing is known regarding its resinous properties.
A. Smithiana, Forbes.
The Himalayan Spruce Fir.
Vem. — Rao, Hind.; Rewari, ban lidar, Pb., Himalaya; Tos^ Ravi ; Rau,
SuTLEj; Kachal, Kashmir; Wesha, Afg. ; Sesktng, Bhutia.
Found in North- Western Himalaya and the inner valleys of Sikkim
and Bhutan.
It yields a resin.
A, Webbiana, LindL
The Himalayan Silver Fir.
Vem. — PalUdar, bddar, Himalayan names; Gobria sulah^ Nepal;
Ragha, Kumaun ; Dumohing, Bhutia.
** Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan; in the North- Western Hima-
laya, between 7,000 and 13,000 feetr in the inner ranges of Sikkim and
Bnutan, between 9,000 and 10,000 feet ; in the outer ranges it does not
descend below 10,000 feet." (Gamble.)
It yields a white resin.
ACACIA.
Acacia arabica, Willd., Leguminosjs.
Indian Gum-Arabic.
Vem.^Bdbfil, babla,ktkar. Hind., Beng. and Dec; Kar4velum,TAU.;
Nella tuma, Tel. ; Gobli, Kan.
Wild probably in Sind, Rajputana, Guzerat, and the Northern Dec-
can ; common everywhere throughout the plains of India.
Part L]
Economic Products of India.
ACACIA.
The gfum is a tolerable substitute for the true gum-arabic, but the muci-
lage is weak, and the red colour often objectionable. It exudes chiefly in
March and April, each tree yielding about 2 lbs. In the bazars it
occurs in the form of irregular and broken tears, agglutinated in masses,
each tear about half an inch in size, and brown or red to light straw
colour. This gum is very wholesome, and in times of scarcity is often
eaten.
8
Acacia Catechu, Wilid.
Catechu or Cutch.
Vera. — Katha, Hind, j KhayerfBEiiG, ; Khair, Dec ; Kashu-katH, wodaliar^
Tam. ; Podala^manuy Tel. ; Khadir^ Sans.; Sha, Burm.
Found in the Sub-Himalayan tract, westward to the Indus.
The resinous extract is used in medicine and in tanning leather, and is
known as Cutch, It is prepared by boiling down a decoction from the
chips of wood. There are three kinds of catechu met with in commerce
(see List of Medicinal Plants), Dr. Dymock informs me that while the
decoction is being boiled down twigs are at an early stage placed in the
liquid. Upon these twigs a crystalline substance known as Kath is de-
posited. This is largely eaten by the natives in pdn. After removal of
the Kaih the decoction is boiled down still further until the solid extract
Cutch is obtained. Kath is never exported, but Cutch is largely so.
Cutch and Kath has, strictly speaking, no right to be placed with gums
and resins, no more than indigo. It is a concentrated and solidified pro-
duct of a decoction.
This plant also yields a pale yellow gum often occurring in tears one
inch in diameter, generally less than half an inch in size. It is sweet to
the taste and soluble in water; it forms a strong mucilage and is a better
substitute for true gum-arabic than babul gum.
A. Faraesiana, WHid.
Cassie.
Vera. — VilayaH kikar, vilayaii bSMl, g^ kikar. Hind. ; G'&ya bdb4la,
Mahr., Beng. ; Vedda vala, Tam. ; Kusiuri, Tel. ; Jali, Kan. ; Hnan-
Idngyaing, non Ion kyaing, Burm.
Cultivated all over India.
The gum is collected in Sind; the flowers yield an otto known as
" Cassie " in Europe. Waring states that the gum from this plant is con-
sidered superior to gum-arabic in the arts and as a medicine.
A* ferruginea, DC.
Vera. — Khour, Nepal ; Velvelam, Tam. ; Ansandra^ Tel.
Grows in Northern Bengal, Central and South India and Guzerat.
It yields a good gum, similar to gum-arabic.
A. lenticularis, Ham.
Vera. — Khin^ KuMAUN.
A small tree of the Siwaliks, of Kumaun, extending to the Rajmahal
Hills in Bengal, and Central and South India and Burma.
2
Gums and Resins*
Acacia leucophloea, Wiild.
Vera. — Sa/ed kikar. Hind.; Sharab-ki-kikar^ Dkc; Aring, RaJPUTANA;
I/ev4r,j4ndharyd babhaliche jhdda, Mahr.; Vel-vflam, Tam. ; Telia-
Hma, Tel; Tanaung, Burm.
Found in the plains of the Punjab, from Lahore to Delhi, and in the
forests of Central and South India and Burma.
The gum yielded by this plant is used in native medicine ; it somewhat
resembles gum-bassora, and received that name from Ure.
[Part
ACACIA.
9
" In the South Mahratta country a spirit is distilled from the bark, in
consequence of which the trees are farmed on account of Government,"
(Dr, Dymock.)
A. modesta. Wall.
Vem,— Palosa, Afo. ; Phulahi, Pb.
Found in the Suliman and Salt Ranges, the Sub-Himalayan tract, be-
tween the Indus and the Sutlej, and the northern part of the Punjab plains.
It yields a gum used in native medicine and calico-pnntinc^. It
forms small, round, smooth, subtranslucent tears. I found this gum being
used by the Lucknow printers under the name of babul, ft is quite
tasteless.
A. pye-nantha, B/k.
The ** Golden " or " Broad-leaf " Wattle is the most valuable species
for tanners' bark and gum. (Gamble,) A. melanozylon, A. dealbata,
and A. decurrens all give good tanning gums, the last mentioned being
the Common or Black Wattle.
They are all natives of Australia, but most of them are being experi-
mentally cultivated in India.
A. Senegal, Wiiid.
Vem,^Kkar, SiND ; Kumta, Rajputana.
The tree is chiefly found in Sind and Ajmere ; abundant in West
Africa near the Senegal River.
It yields a gum which is collected and sold in Sind with that of A.
arabica. This is one of the commercial forms of gum-arabic and known
as White Sennar or Picked Turkey. This tree is also said to yield the
white gum of the upper Nile. The gum exudes naturally from the tree
in large quantities. Trade in this from Sind and Rajputana is capable
of the utmost development.
A. Sundra, DC.
Vcm. — Nala Sandra, Tel.
Western Peninsula, Ceylon, and Burma.
The Flora of British India remarks : " This is scarcely more than a
variety of A* Catechu, from which it differs in its fewer leaflets" and
*' total absence of pubescence," and in ** the dark-brown colour of its branch-
lets."
It yields Gum Catechu of good quality.
vera, Wt'iid.
Egypt, Arabia, and Northern Africa.
It produces the true gum-arabic.
A I ^
ZO
zz
za
13
14
Part L]
Economic Products of India.
ALBIZZIA.
15
ADENANTHERA.
Adenanthera pavonina, Linn., Leguminosje*
Vera. — Rakta kantbal, rakio'chandan, Beng. j Wdl, thorali gunja, Mahr. 5
Ani kundamani, Tam. ; Bandi gurivenda^ Tel. ; Manjadi, Kan. ;
Ywegyit Burm.
Found in Bengal, South India, Burma, and the Andaman Islands.
It yields a gum (Spans' Ency,) known in Ceylon as madatia.
16 £gle Marmelos, Corr., Rutaceje.
The Bael or Bel Fruit.
Vtm.—BSl, Hind., Beng. ; SriphaU Sans. ; Beta, bilva, Mahr. j Vilva"
paeham, Tam. ; Maredu, Tel.; Bilapatri, Kan. ; Okshit, BuRM.
Grows in Sub Himalayan forests from the Jhelum eastward^ Central
and South India and Burma.
It yields a good gum, occurring in tears like gum-arabic, or in frag-
mentary tears resembling coarse brown sugar.
[252] Agati gjandiflora, Desv. See Sesbania grandiflora, Pers., Lbguminos^.
AILANTHUS.
17 Ailanthus eaccelsaj Roxh., SmARUBEiE.
Vera. — Maha rwM, Hind., Mahr.; ^r«a, N.W. P. (cultivated); Peru-pi^
Tam. ; Pedu, pedda, Tel.
Often planted in Central and South India.
A red gum, sent from Madras to the Punjab Exhibition, is said to have
been prepared from it at Chingleput. It resembles Moringa gum, and
consists of large rounded tears of a deep vinous red.
z8 A* malabarica, DC.
Vera. — Peru-mara, maH-pal, Tam., Tel. ; Dk4p, bagddkup, Kan.
Planted in South India, especially on the Western GhAts.
On incision the bark yields a dark-coloured soft resin known as Matt*
pal,
ALBIZZIA.
19 Albizzia amara, Boivin,, Leguminosje.
Vera. — Lallei or lullai, Dec. ; Thuringi, Tam. ; Nallarenga, Tel.
Grows in South India and the Deccan.
It yields a good gum.
20 A. Lthhekf Benfh,
The Siris Tree.
Syn. — Acacia Sirissa, Roxb,
Vem. — Siris^ Siras, Hind., Mahr. ; Sirisha, Beng. ; Vaghe, 1am ; Dirasan,
Tel. ; Kal baghi, Kan. ; Kokko, Burm.
Grows in the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastward, Bengal^
Burma, and Central and South India.
Gums and Resins.
[Part I
It yields a gum» which is said not to be soluble in water, but merely to
form a jelly. The gum resembles gum-arabic. Roxburgh states that he
has often seen large masses of pure gum upon this plant, while other
authors give conflicting opinions regarding its properties. Mr. Baden-
Powell says that> under the name of lera, it is used as an adulterant for
pure gum-arabic in calico-printing and gold and silver leaf cloths.
Albizzia odoratissima, Benth.
Vera. — S'tVsa, Hind.; Siras, Dec; Karuvagay Tam.; Shinduga, Tel.;
Pullibahgi, Kan. ; Thitmagyi, Burm.
Grows in the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastward, Bengal,
Burma, Central and South India.
It yields a dark-brown gum in rounded tears, tasteless, and soluble in
water.
A. procera, Benth.
Vem. — Safedsiris, Hind.; Koroif Beng.; Kanalu, Dec.; Kinai, Mahr. ;
Karallu, BoM. ; Konda vaghe, Tau, ; Pedda-pattseru, Tel. ; Sit, sit-pen,
Burm.
Found in the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastward, Bengal,
Satpura Range in the Central Provinces, Guzerat, South India, and Burma.
This tree yields large quantities of gum.
A. stipulata, Bowm.
Vera. — Siran, samsundrof Hind. ; Chakua, amluki, Bbng. ; Oi, oe, shirsha,
Pb. ; Udula, Mahr.; Kat turanji, Tam.; Kal bagki, Kan.; Kabul,
CiNGH. ; Bonm^Ba, Burm.
Sub-Himalayan tract, Oudh, Bengal, South India and Burma.
It yields a gum, which exudes copiously from the stem, and is used by
the Nepalese for sizing their ** Daphne" paper.
ALSTONIA.
Alstonia scholaris, B. Br., Apocynaceje.
Vera. — Satidfty chatidn, satwin, satni, Hind. ; Chatwan, ckatinn^ Beng. ;
PurbOy Lepcha; Sakana, Ass. ; Sattni, Cachar ; Sdntdvin, Mahr.;
Pala, wodrase, Tam.; Eda-kida, Tel.; JanthcUla, Kan.; Let-tdp,
Burm.
A tall, evergreen tree, widely cultivated throughout India, and exceed-
ingly useful as it is highly ornamental.
It yields an inferior quality of Caoutchouc or Gutta-percha, which see.
ALTINGIA.
Alting^a excelsa, Noronha, Hamamelidea.
Syiu— LiguiDAMBAR Altingia, Bl,
Vera. — Sildras, Hind. ; Iniili, Ass. ; MSaahe-sdyelah, Arab. ; AsU-lubni
Pers. ; Neriurishippdl, Tam.; Shila-vasam, Tel.; Seldras, Guz. ;
Nan-ta'yok, Burm.
A magnificent tree of the Indian Archipelago, Burma, Assam and
Bhutan ; quite abundant in the Tenasserim- Province of Burma.
ALTIN-
GIA.
2Z
22
23
24
25
Part I. ]
INOGEIS-
sus.
Economic Products of India,
In Java it yields in small quantity an odorous resin^ known in Europe
under the name Storax, and which is obtained by incisions in the trunk,
but is not regularly cultivated. In Burma, the tree is said in the Phar-
macographia to afford a fragrant balsam of two varieties : one pellucid
and of a light yellowish colour, obtained by simple incision ; and the
other, dark, opaque and of terebinthinous odour, procured by boring the
stem and applying fire around the trunk. See LiquidauDd)ar orientalSi.
AMBER.
26 Amber.
A fossilized resin, yielded by trees (?) chiefly pines which grew during
the cretaceous period of geologists, usually found in connection with
tertiary lignites. It is hard, brittle, easily cut, of various shades of
yellow, ana semi-transparent. It is very useful to the physicist, becoming
negatively electric by friction. The Amber supply is chiefly from the
Baltic region, Samland being the great centre. Crude Amber occurs
in commerce in irregular pieces. When ground or heated it emits a
pleasant odour. It is completely soluble in alkaline solutions containing
camphor. On being boiled for 20 hours in rape or linseed-oil, it be-
comes transparent and ductile, and may then be moulded into any
desired form. It is chiefly used for ornamental purposes, for mouth-
pieces of pipes and cigar-holders, for the preparation of a varnish, and for
the manufacture of amber-oil and succinic acid. See Varnish and also
Gum Copal.
[124.] Ammoniacum. See Dorema Ammonlacum, Umbelliferjc.
[230] Am]rgdalus communis, Linn, See Pnmus Amygdalus, BatlL, Rosaceje.
ANACARDIUM.
27 Anacardium occidentalei Linn,, Anacardiaceje.
Cashew Nut.
Vem. — Kaj4, Mahr., Hind.; Hijli Bdddm, Beng.; Mundiri kotfai,
Tam. ; Jidi mamidi, Tel. ; Thi-ko-thayet^ Burm.
Now established in the coast forests of Chittagong, Tenasserim, the
Andaman Islands, and South India, near the sea; naturalised from
America, Ceylon, &c.
Rai Kanai Lai De Bahadur, in his Indigenous Drugs of India, mentions
that the bark of this plant yields a gum.
"This gum occurs in large stalactitic pieces ; it is yellow or reddish and
only slightly soluble in water. It is obnoxious to insects." [Dr, Dymock,)
ANOGEISSUS,
28 Anogeissus latifolia, Wall,, Combretaceje.
Vem. — Dhdwa, dhaura, bdkli, HiND.; Ddbrid, Guz.; Go/ra, Rajputana ;
Daura, Mahr.; Vellay naga, Tau. ; Sheriman, Tel.; Dinduga, Kan.
Found in the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ravi eastward, and Centra]
and South India ; very plentiful in Melghat.
Gums and Resins.
[ Part I
It yields a gum, which is extensively sold for use in calico-printing. It
occurs in clear straw-coloured elongated tears adhering into masses, some-
times honey-coloured or even brown from impurities. As an adhesive
gum it is inferior in strength to gum-arabic, in consequence of which it
commands a much lower price in Europe, the more so since it is nearly
always mixed with the bark of the tree, sand and other impurities, and
adulterated with the brown tears which are probably derived from some
other plant than Anogeissus* In India the reputation of this gum
stands high with the calico-printers, especially of Lucknow, and it is pro-
bable it possesses some specific peculiarity justifying this preference, smce
it is' used with certain dye-stuffs, such as with haldi (Cnrcunui long*),
while gum-arabic or babuf is used with Madder (Rubia cordifolia). Dhawa
or bakli gum is generally collected in April.
ANTIARIS.
Antiaris t03dcaria, Leech, URxicACEa.
The Upas Tree.
Vera. — Jas^nd, rukkd, ckdndala, chdndtikudd, BoM. ; Alii, netavil, Tam. ;
JoBtigri, karwatf jagiiri, Kan. ; RiH, Cingh. ; Hmyaseik, BuRM.
A large, evergreen tree of Burma, the* Western Ghats and Ceylon.
It exudes a white, poisonous resin, used for poisoning arrows. {Gamble,)
Specimens and further information much required.
APOROSA.
Aporosa villosa, BatlL, Euphorbiacea.
VtnL—Ya-fnein, BuRM.
A tree frequent in the Eng. forests of Burma from Pegu to Martaban.
(Kurg.)
Yields a red resin, and the bark is used as a red dye.
AQUILARIA.
Aquilaria Agallocha, Roxb., Thymelace^.
Agallocha, or Aloe-wood, or Eagle-wood.
Vem. — il^ar. Hind., Bom. ; i4^«r«, Beng. ; Vel-i^Hind, Per3» ; Agg^ali'
chandana, Tam. j Agru, Tel. ; Akyaw, Burm.
A large tree of Sylhet and Tenasserim ; distributed to the Malay Penin-
sula and Archipelago.
Wood impregnated with an odorous resm, the much-prized Agallocha,
ARABIC
GUM.
29
30
31
Arabic Gum.
There are many plants yielding the valuable commercial gum, of which
the following may be mentioned —
jst, Picked Turkey or White Sennar, This is obtained from Acada
3enegal*
2nd.Senegal. This is the produce of the same tree as the preceding,
but is obuined from the French colony of Senegal.
[12]
'ART I. ]
Economic Products of India.
vrocAS-
PUS.
32
33
34
35
3rd, — Saukin or Talca. This is the produce of A. Stenootfpa, the best
quality cominef from Sennar on the Blue Nile. Large quantities are
imported into Alexandria and Suez.
4th, — Morocco or Brown Barhary, This is the produce of A. Gmniiii-'
fenu
$th, — East Indian Gum, The gum which reaches Europe under this
name is not of Indian origin. It is shipped from Aden or imported into
Bombay and reshipped to Europe, and hence bears the name of East
Indian Gum. Several Indian plants, but chiefly A* Axabicai do, however,
yield gum-arabic, but they are consumed locally.
dth,-^ Australian Wattle Gum,
ARECA.
Areca Catechu^ Linn., Palmje.
Areca Nut or Betel Palm.
Vem. — Supdri, Hind.; Supdri, gud, Besg, ; Gubdk, Savs, ; Sapdri,
Mahr. ; Kottai pakka, Tam.; Poka-vakka, Tel.; Adiki, Kah,} Kun
or Kunthibin, BuRM.
Cultivated throughout Tropical India.
A decoction of the nut yields an inferior resinous extract, known
sometimes as '* Areca Catechu."
ARGEMONE.
Ai^emone mexicana, Linn,, Papaveracea.
The Mexican Poppy.
Vtxn.^Buro'shidlkdnta, Beng.; Bharbhurwa, kantela, N. W. P.; Kan^
didri, kateli, that kateya, Pb. ; Brahmadundie, Sans. ; Farangidha-
tura, bharamdandi, ddr4ri, kante-dhotura, Dec, Bom. ; Khyda, Burm.
A spiny, herbaceous plant springing up in the cold season and intro-
duced into India within historic times.
The milky sap, on drying, forms a substance resembling opium.
ARTOCARPUS.
Artocarpus Chaplasha, Roxh,, Urticaceje.
Vera. — Chaplash, Beng. ; Sam, Ass. ; Lut-ter, Nepal ; Kaita-da, And.
Toung^einnS, Burm. '
Met with in Eastern Bengal, Burma, and the Andaman Islands.
Kurz remarks that in Burma it yields a tenacious milky Caoutchouc.
A. hirsuta, Lamk,
The Wild Jack Tree.
Vem^'^Rdn^hanasdfhebalsu, pat-pkanas, Mahr,; Ayni, anjalli, Tam. •
Ainif ansjeni, Mal. ; Hebalsu, hesswa, Kan. * '
A lofty tree of the forests of the Western Gh&ts, ascending to 4,000 feet
in altitude.
" The concreted juice forms a waxy, tough, light brown substance, which,
when melted, is used as a cement to join broken earthen-ware and stoned
ware. " (Dymock,) ^
8 '
Gums and Resins,
[ Part I.
Artocarpus incisa, Linn.
The Bread Fruit Tree of the South Sea Island.
Cultivated in South India, Ceylon, and Burma.
Yields the gum known in Ceylon as Ratadel.
A. integrifoliai Z2>f».
The Jack Fruit Tree.
Vera. — Pamis, Hind.; Kdnthdl, Beng.; Panasa, Sans.; Phanasd,
Mahr. ; Ptlla, Tam. ; Palah-maram, Tel.; Peinne, Burm.
«
Cultivated throughout India, and wild in the mountain forests of the
Western Ghats.
The bark yields a very dark-looking gum, with a resinous fracture,
soluble in water. (Atkinson's Gums and Resins,) The juice is used as a
valuable bird-lime and as a cement.
A. Lakoocha, Roxh.
Vtm.—Barkal, Hind.; Depkal, Beng.; Tiiin, Pb.; Lakucha, Sans.;
Lowi, Dec. ; Kammaregu, Tel. ; Myaukldt, Burm.
Outer hills of Kumaun, Sikkim, Eastern Bengal and Burma,
A gum similar tp the preceding is obtained from it.
Asafcetida. ^S*^^ Ferula Narthex, Boiss., Umbelliferx.
ASTRAGALUS.
Astragalus ? sp., Leguminosx.
A gum is exported from Persia into Bombay which Dr. Dymock
regards as the true Sarcocolla of the ancients, and there would seem much
to favour this idea. The gum is known as Aneeroot, Arab, and Pers. ;
Gujar, Bom. Meer Muhammad Husein^ in his Makhgan-ul-Adwiya,
describes the plant >^hich yields this gum as a small thorny shrub known
as Shayakah, a native of Persia and Turkistan.
For some time Sarcocolla was supposed to be obtained from PeaatSL
(Sarcocolla) mucronata, a native of the Cape of Good Hope. It is known
to come from Persia, and it cannot therefore be obtained from species of
Peiuea or Sarcocolla plants, which are found in the south of Africa.
Mr. Baden-Powell mentions Penaea in his Punjab Products, hut, as
pointed out by Dr. Dymock, it is entirely imported into India, coming
from the Persian Gulf. The medicinal virtues of Sarcocolla have long
been much admired by the natives of India, either made into an ointment
and plaster, or into a medicated oil. It is one of the chief ingredients of
the Parsee bone-setter's plaster (lep). The gum is described as aperient,
and a resolvent of corrupt and phlegmatic humours, actine best when com-
bined with myrabolans or sagapenum. It is also supposed to be fattening,
and is therefore eaten by the Egyptian women. This exceedingly useful
gum, which is widely consumed in the East, does not seem to have attract-
ed the attention of Europe to the extent which it deserves.
Balata g^m. See Miusops Manilkara, Don,, SAPOTACBiE.
BALSAMODENDRON.
Balsamodendron Berryi, Amott, Burseraceje.
Vcm.— ?
A tree of the forests on the east side of the Nilgiri^
It is very fragrant, and yields a gum-resin.
BALSAMO-
DENDRON.
36
37
38
[145]
39
[198]
40
Part I. ]
Economic Products of India.
SALSAHO-
DENDRON.
41
42
43
44
f
Balsamodendron lIlvikMl^Hook,
Gum Gugal.
Vem, — Guggul, mukul, BENG.y Hind., and Dec.
Arid zones of Sind, Kattiawar, Rajputana, and Khandesh.
Yields the gum-resin known as Gugul and also as Indian Bdellium,
It occurs in vermicular or stalactitic pieces, is of a brown or dull gfreen
colour, and has a bitter, acrid taste. It is not brittle, and swells when
heated, diffusing a disagreeable odour* It is also used in medicines like
Myrrh.
B. 'HLjTThSL^ NeeS,
Vera. — Hirdbol, bol, Beng., Bom., Hind. ; Vola, Sans. ; Bellaip-polatn,
Tam.
This is at least one of the trees from which the Myrrh of commerce is
obtained, but it does not seem to be determined whether B. Myrrlia is the
plant which yields the true Myrrh or not. The article occurs in the form
of tears of irregular shape and variable size : it is somewhat translucent,
of a reddish-yellow or reddish-brown colour, has an agreeable, aromatic
odour, and a bitter, acrid taste. It is partly soluble in water, alcohol and
ether, and is chiefly used in medicine.
In Bombay — the great emporium of Myrrh— Dr. Dynnock informs
me there are four kinds met with in the bazars, vie, : —
(i) the African Myrrh, known in Bombay as karam or bander^'
karam : this is regarded as the true Myrrh, or that of best
Quality. On the bags containing Myrrh arriving from Africa
tney are opened and sorted into four kinds, of which the best
qualities are re-exported to Europe ;
(2) Arabian, or meetiya, mostly sold in Bombay as true Myrrh, for
which it might easily be mistaken ;
(3) the Siam Myrrh, also called meetiya, from which it can hardly
be distinguished ; it is largely imported in Calcutta and Bom-
bay, where it is known as chinai-bol ;
(4) the Persian Myrrh, the source of which is unknown : in 1882,
Dr. Dymock informs me, 1,000 cwts. were imported into Bom-
bay.
B. Opobalsamum, Kunih.
Balm of Gilead.
Vera. — Balesdn, Arab., Hind.
The famous Balm of Gilead or Balsam of Mecca is imported into
Bombay from Arabia. It is a greenish-yellow oleo-resin of the consist-
ence of honey, used as a perfume and in medicine. The wood (/d-i-
Balesan and the fruit Tukm-i-Balesan aire also imported, and are chiefly
used as medicines by the Yunani Hakims of India. (Dymock,)
B. PlsLjr^ni, Hook, /.
Opaque Bdellium.
Vera. — Hotaly Somali ; Dukh, Arab. ; Meena-harma, Bom.
Met with in North- East Africa.
Yields an opaque, whitish gum-resin, which is used as a soap by the
Arabs and Somalis to kill lice, and in Bombay in the cure of guinea-
worm.
10
Gums and Resins,
[ Part I.
Balsamadendron pubescetiSi Stocks, '
MenL^'Bayi, bat, Beluchi.
. A small tree of Beluchistan, and the hills separating that country from
Sind^ as far as Karachi.
It yields a small quantity of tasteless, inodorous, brittle gum, almost
entirely soluble in water.
B. Roxburgh!!, ^r/i.
Vem.^Gugala, Beng. ; Gugal, BoM.
A small tree of Eastern Bengal, Assam and Berars.
It yields a gum-resin of a greenish colour, moist and easily broken,
having a peculiar cedar-like odour ; it is largely supplied to the Bombay
market from Oomraoti, and is much used by masons to mix with fine
plaster. {Dymock.)
BARLERIA.
Barlena pr!on!t!s, Linn,, Acanthaceje.
Vern. — Kalasunda, vajradanti. Mar.
Madras, Negapatam, the Circars, Kutallam, Dindigul; the Concans;
also Assam, Sylhet and Ceylon.
.Referred to by Mr. Baden-Powell — (Punj, Pred,, I, 4r2)— as one of
the beautiful dark red-brown or black gums apparently contributed by
Madras to the late Punjab Exhibition of 1864.
"The gum alluded to above by Mr. Baden-Powell is most probably a
preparation from the juice. When fresh it is yellow, but afterwards turns
black. It is much used by the cultivators in Bombay to preserve the
sole of the foot from the cracks which are so common in the monsoons."
( Dymock,)
BASSIA.
Bass!a latifoUai JRox^., Sapotaceje.
Vera. — Mahtta, Hind.; Mahwa, Beng.; Madhuka, Sans.; KaHllipi,
Tam. ; Ippi, Tel. ; Honge, Kan. ; Bonam, Mal.
The well-known Mahua tree; indigenous in the forests of Central
India, cultivated and self-sown throughout the warmer regions of India;
very gregarious ; often associated with the Sdl.
It yields a white milky gum from incisions and from cracks in the bark.
The discharge of gum is facilitated by a process of ringing the trees
practised in Chutia Nagpur during the fruiting season. The gum does
not seem to be of any economic value.
B. longifol!a, Willd,
Vera. — Kai illupi, elupa, Tam.; Ippi, pinna, Tel,; Hippe, Kan.; Mu,
CiNGH.
An evergreen tree of South India, and the Coromandel and Malabar
Coasts. This is the Mahua of Guzerat.
Yields an inferior gum known as Ellopa,
B. Mottleyanai l>e VHese,
A tree met with in Malacca and Borneo known as Kotian, and said
to jrield a copious milk juice, which hardens into a kind of Gutta-percha,
which see.
BASSIAb
45
46
47
48
49
SO
II
Part I. ]
Economic Products of India,
BAUHI-
NIA.
51
52
53
54
BAUHINIA.
Bauhinia malabaricai Roxb,y Leguminosje.
Veni.~-ilm//j amlosa. Hind.; Karmai, Beng. ; Katira, Ass.; Koralot
Mar. ; Pulla dondur, Tel. ; Cheppura, Kan.; Bw^chin, Burm.
Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Ganges to Assam, Bengal, Burma,
and South India.
The leaves of this tree are very acrid ; they are eaten by people in
Burma. (Brandts,)
"The young shoots which appear just before the rains are used as a
vegetable in the Konkan ; when cooked they are slightly bitter but very
palatable." {Dymock,)
B. purpurea, Zinn.
Vera. — Kolidr, Hind.; Rakta^kdnckan, Behg, ; Devakdnchand, Mahr. ;
Pedda-ariy Tam. ; Sarul, Kan. ; Mahahlegani, Burm.
Grows in the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Indus eastward^ Central
and South India, and Burma.
Yields a gum called Semki-gond,
B. racemosa, Zam.
Syn. — B. Parviflora, VcJU.
Vera. — Kachndl, gtiridl, ashta, makkuna, thaur, dhordra. Hind. ; Banraj,
Beng.; Kosttndra, taur, Pb. ; Dhondri, bosha, Gond. ; Tfem/a, Ajmere ;
Ambhola, Uriya j Apata, vanardja, Mahr. ; Art, arro, Tel. ; AH, areka,
Tam. ; Palan, Burm.
Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Ravi eastward, Oudh, Bengal, Burma,
and Central and South India.
It yields a gum of which little is at present known,
B. retusa. Ham,
Vera. — Kandla, semla, gwayrcU, kanalla, katilas, HiND.; Kurdl, Pb.;
Nirpa, Tel. and Gond.
Found in the North-Western Himalaya, from the Beas eastward, and
in Central India.
It yields a clear gum called Semla Gum, almost exactly resembling
gum-arabic. It is eaten by the poorer classes, and is used to waterprocS
terraced roofs.
55 B. Vahlii, W. & A.
VertL — Maljan, malghdn, malu, maurain, jallur. Hind.; Ckehur, Beng.;
Shioli, Uriya ; Sungung rik, Lepcha ; Chambtira, chambMi, Mahr. ;
Chambuli, Dec; Adda, Tam.
Sub-Himalyan tract, North and Central India, and Tenasserim.
Yields a copious gum which seems to be of little use.
56 B. variegata, Linn,
Vera. — Kachndr, kolidr, kurdl, kanidr, kdndan, khairwdl, HiND., Padrian 5
Rakta kdnchan, Beng. ; Borara, Uriya ; Rka, Lbpcha ; Kdnchanay
Mahr. ; Segapumunthari, Tam. ; Kanchivalthdo, Kan. ; Bw^chin, Burm.
A small tree met with on the Himalaya fro the Indus eastward and
in the forests of India and Burma.
12
Gums and Resins,
[ Part I
BLUMEA.
This tree, like most other members of the genus, yields the gum known
as Sem or Semla. It is a brown-coloured gum. Sem-ki-fond is, in fact,
a sort of generic name for the gum obtained from the species of Ranhinia.
It swells in water like cherry-tree gum, a very small proportion only being
soluble.
Bdelliunij a myrrh-like resin, of which there are three kinds :—
I St. — Indian, the produce of Balsamodendron Mukml, Hook., in Sind>
in Sylhet and Assam. This substance is obtained from
B. Roxburghii and in Beluchistan from B. pubescens.
Mukul or Gugal (Indian Bdellium ) from Coromandel is the pro-
duce of Boswellla glabra, and that from the Western Hi-
malaya is the produce of Boswellia serrata*
2nd — African Bdellium. This is now believed to be the produce of
liemprichia erythraea, Ehernh, (a synonym for Balsamoden-
dron Katal, Kunth.) It to a certain extent resembles Myrrh,
but is of a darker colour. It is twice the price of the Indian
Bdellium*
Both this and the preceding are given to buffaloes to increase
their milk.
^rd. — The Opaque Bdellium. This is the produce of Balsamodendroii
Playfairii, Hook., which see.
Benzoin or Benjamin. See Styxax BeazoiOy Dyand, Styraceje.
BERBERIS.
Berberis Lydunii Royle, Berbkrideje.
Vem. — Kaskmal, chotra. Hind.; Kushmul, N. W. P.; Kasmal, Simla;
Darhalad (the wood). Bom. ; Ziriskh (the fruit), Pers., and ambarbarees,
Arab. ; RaswanH (the extract).
B. aristata, DC, B. asiatica, Roxb., and B. vulgaris, Linn., can scarcely
be distinguished from B, Lydum, L., even by botanists, and may therefore
be expected to be used indiscriminately by the natives. They are thorny
bushes, common along the Himalayas, B. asiatica, Roxb., coming down to
the lower hills of the plains. Royle says that from B. Lydum^ Z., is pre-
pared the extract known as Rasat, rasaut, rusot in H'mdx, or Rasanj ana in
Sanskrit.
The Sanskrit name Darvi is, in South India, applied to Cosdnium
fenestratumy Colebrook ; but in Northern India it is applied to a species of
BLUMEA.
Blumea balsamifera, DC, Compositje.
Syn.— CoNYZA balsamifera, Linn.
Vera. — Pon ma thein, BuRM.
A sub-bushy plant met with on the tropical Himalaya from Nepal to
Sikkim, altitude i,ooo to 4,000 feet, extending to Assam, Khasia Hills,
Chittagong, Burma, and the Straits. The whole plant smells strongly of
camphor, which may indeed be prepared from it. A warm infusion acts
as a pleasant sudorific, and it is useful expectorant as a decoction.
Dynfiock says that in Bombay the vernacular name bhambarda is a generic
term for all Biumeas.
13
57
[266]
58
59
Part I. ]
Economic Products of India,
BOSWEL-
LIA.
60
Blumea densi^ora, DC.
Syn.— B. GRANDIS, DC,
Vem. — Pung'tna-iheingf Burm.
Found in Tropical Himalaya, Sikkim and Assam, Mishmi and Naga
Hills and Khisia Mountains; also met with in the Tenasserim Pro-
vince.
A few years ago Mr. E» O'Riley prepared camphor from this plant
which was pronounced identical with that imported from China.
BOMBAX.
61 ] Bombax insigtie, Wail.
Vera. — Semul, tkula, Beng.
Burma, Pegu, and the Andaman Islands.
The wood is more durable than the preceding. It yields a brown
gum.
62 B. malabaricumi DC, Malvaceje.
The Silk Cotton Tree.
Vcrn. — Semul, sifnul, simal, skembal, Hind., Beng.; Simbal, shirlan,
Himalayan ijames ; Salmali, Sans.; Bolchu,GARO; Bouro, Uriya ;
Savara, Mahr. ; Illavam, puld, Tam.; Btirga, Tel.j Letpan, didu,
Burm.
Throughout India and Burma, ascending the Himalayas to 4,000 feet
in altitude ; chiefly met with in the hotter forests of East India.
It yields a brown gum (mocha-ras, i,e., juice of ipocha) used in native
medicine. This belongs to the dark or Moringa series, and, like the
other false Tragacanth gums, is of little commercial value.
BORASSUS.
63 Borassus flabelliformis, Zinn., Palma.
The Palmyra Palm.
Vcm.— Ta/, tdla, tdr, Hind.; Tdl, Beng.; Tada, Mahr. ; Panam, pannie,
Tam.; Potu tddi (the male tree), PertH tadi (the female), Tel. ; Tad,
Guz.; Tan, BuRH.
Cultivated throughout tropical India, and beyond the tropics in
Bengal, and the southern part of the North-West Provinces.
Gum obtained from it is said to have been sent from Madras to the
Punjab Exhibition J it is black and has a black shining fracture. (Brandts,)
It deserves more careful examination.
BOSWELLIA.
64 Boswellia floribundaj Endl,, Burseraceje.
The true Frankincense or Olibanum of European Commerce.
Vera. — Kundur, lubdn, thus, Arab., Hind. ; Kunduru, Sans.; Visesh,
esesh. Bom. ; Parangi'shamhirani, Tam.
14
Gums and Resins*
[ Part I
It is probable that not merely the above but several other species yield
Olibanum, of which B. Carterii is probably the most important. They
are trees inhabiting the Somali Coast of Africa to Cape Guardafui and
also the South Coast of Arabia.
The Arabs, as early as the loth century, carried Olibanum to India, and
the Indian names for it have, through the lapse of time, become almost
hopelessly mixed up with those given to the Indian species of this genus,
and also with those given to the Balsamodendrons. It is impossible there-
fore to definitely fix the names of the balsamiferous plants, and Maho-
medan writers distinguish several kinds of the importea or African and
Arabian Olibanum :—
ist,'~'Kundur Zakur or male Frankincense. This is esteemed the best
quality and consists of deep yellow tears. It should burn readily and not
emit much smoke.
2nd, — Kundur Unsa or female Frankincense.
3rd, — Kundur Madharaj, This consists of artificially-prepared tears,
made by shaking the moist exudation in a basket.
4th, — Kishur Kundur, or Kashfa, This consists of the bark of the tree
coated with the exudation. This is the Dhiip of the Bombay market, and,
under that name, forms a distinct article of commerce.
$th,-^Dukak Kundar, or dust of Olibanum, This meets the demand
of the Indian and Chinese markets, the finer qualities of Olibanum being
exported from Bombay, after assortment, to Europe.
Olibanum, as met with in European commerce, may be described as a
dry gum-resin, consisting of tears often an inch in length, and of an ovate
or oblong, clavate or stalactitic form, and mixed with impurities. The
pieces are light yellow to brown or pale green or colourless. The odour
is balsamic and resinous, especially while being burned. In taste it is
bitter and terebinthinous, softening in the mouth. By heat it softens
without actually fusing, decomposing at high temperatures.
Boswellia Frereana, Birdw,
Vera. — Luban meyetii Arab, ; Pdndhri visesh, Bom.
This is the plant which yields the stalactitic Olibanum, a substance
which differs chiefly from the preceding in the absence of soluble gum.
It resembles Elemi.
B. serrata, Rox5.
Syn* — B,TiiijRiFERA,Roxb, ex Fleming; Libanus thurifera, Coleberooke.
Vern. — Salpe, salei, sale, saiga, gunda birzoand, ? luban. Hind. ; Salai,
Beng. ; Sallaki, guggulu. Sans.; Salaphali, Mahr. ; Kungli, gugulu,
morada, Tam. ; Anauku, anduga, parangi, Tel. ; CMV/m, iCan.
It is probable that the name Gugul should have been restricted to this
?Iant, but modern use has extended it to include Balsamodendron Mukul.
'here are two varieties of this plant, both of which yield the so-called
Indian Olibanum.
xst.— serrata proper.
A moderate-sized tree of the forests at the base of the Western Hima-
laya, from the Sutlej to Nepal southward to the Deccan, the Circars and
the Konkans.
This is B. thnrifefa, Roxb., and is characterised by the leaflets being
sessile, pubescent, coarsely crenate; serrate racemes j axillary snorter than
the leaves.
The gum-resin, Salai gugul, occurs as a transparent golden yellow,
semi-fluid substance, which slowly hardens with lime. Mr. Moodeen
Shariff says that when it is found in this massive form it is known as
15
BOSWEL-
UA.
65
66
Part I. ]
BUTEA.
Ecomomic Products of India,
67
Gandahferosah, It is pungent, having a slightly aromatic taste and bal-
samic resinous odour. It becomes opaque when immersed in alcohol or
in water, the proportion of resin to gum being much smaller than in
Frankincense. Tne opaque, soft, whitish mass produced by water when
rubbed in a mortar forms an emulsion. Indian Olibanum' is consumed
almost entirely in Central and Northern India, and it is never exported.
and.— glabra sp., Roxh,
VtttL'^Guguldpd'ckiHu, gugil, Tel.
A moderate-sized tree of North-West India. Leaflets nearly or quite
glabrous, and generally entire or nearly so ; racemes terminal, subpanicled.
It seems probable that this form yields the solid rounded pieces or
tears described by some authors as of Indian origin, owing to its drying
more rapidly than the gum-resin from B. serrata. Royle describes pick-
ing tears off the trees, and states that these burn rapidly with a bright
light, diffusing a pleasant odour.
For further particulars regarding Frankincense, the reader is referred
to Dr. Dymock's Materia Medica of Western India (from which much
of the above information has been obtained) ; to Dr. Birdwood's MonO'
graph of the Genus Boswellia in the Linncean Society's Transactions,
XXVII J to the Pharmacographia (p. 120); Royfe's Illustrations of the
Botany of the Himalaya, p, 177 2 Ainslie, Vol. I^p. 136; Spons' Encyclo'
pcedia*
BUCHANANIA.
68 1 Buchanania latifolia, Roxb,, Anacardiaceje.
Vern. — Ckirauli or Chironji, Pb.; Pidl, murid, kathhilavia, paydla, Garh-
wal; Pidr, paira, pirrahj OuDH; Charu, Uriya; Piydl, ckdroH, Bom. ;
JKatmad, aima, Tam.; Char a, chinna moral, morlt, Tel. ; Lunbo, loneopo^
mda, BuRM.
Grows in the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Sutlej eastward. ^^
A pellucid gum exudes from wounds on the stem (Brandis), more than
half soluble in water. It is reported to resemble Bassora Gum,
It is described as in irregular broken fragments, brittle, pale, horn-
coloured, tinged with brown, tasteless, soluble in water, except a small in-
soluble portion of basorine. It has been pronounced as having adhesive^
properties, similar to the inferior kinds of gum-arabic, and suitable for '
dressing of textiles. The bark is also said to yield a natural varnish.
BUTEA.
69 Butea frotidosai Roxb., Leguminosje.
Vern.— Z?Aa*, palds, kankrei, chichra. Hind.; Palds, Beng.; Paldsi,
bulyeltra^ Nepal ; LahoHng, Lepcha ; Kinsuka, Sans. ; Pordsu, Uriya ;
Pallas, Dec ; Palasa, khdkard. Bom. ; Porasan, Tam.; Modugu, Tel.;
Mutttigu, thords, Kan. ; Pauk, Burm.
Found throughout India and Burma, extending in the North- Western
Himalaya as far as the Jhelam.
It yields a gum which is sold as " Bengal Kino." It occurs in the
form of round tears, often fragmentary. It may be purified by solution in
water. It is of a brilliant ruby-red colour, translucentand brittle, heat
rendering it more so instead of melting it. This gum is generally known
16
Gums and Resins,
[ Part I
as kamarkas in the N. W. P. bazars. With age the gum darkens and
becomes opaque. In native medicine it is largely used as an astringent
as a substitute for true Kino. It is also largely used in tanning.
An aqueous solution of this gum is, by the action of persulphate of iron,
changed into a dirty green colour; a larger quantity occasions a g^een
precipitate. Acids precipitate an orange or dirty yellow pigment from
the solution. A few drops of caustic potash change the colour to crimson,
becoming grey with excess, until the whole of the colour is destroyed.
Similar changes are effected by the action of caustic soda and ammonia.
The addition of carbonates of potash and soda deepens the colour of the
solution, but not so much as caustic potash does. Metallic solutions
like acetate of lead precipitate the whole of the colouring matter.
Attempts were made to fix the colour in the fibre of cotton, silk, wool, &c.,
with different mordants, but the colours, though permanent, were all im-
perfect. This gum, by experiment, has been found to contain a large
portion of tannin. This fact, together with its cheapness, shows that it
would be highly valued in the arts, especially in that of tanning leather.
It is said also to be used in purifying indigo.
Butea superba, Roxh.
Vem. — PaUsa vela. Mar. j Y^l pards, Martaban ; Tige motku, Tel. ;
Samur, Gond; Pauknw^, Bvrm,
A large climber of India and Burma.
It yields a gum like that of B. frondosa.
CALO-
PHYLLUM
70
CALAMUS.
Calamus (Daemonorops) Draco, Willd., Palmje.
Vern. — Dam-ul-akhwain, jaida rumi, hirada kkunt, Hind.; Hird dakkana.
Mar.
k native of the Indian Archipelago.
The drug is sold in dark-red, friable masses, from which a blood-red
powder is obtained; often sold in the bazar in the interior of canes.
This climber yields the' Dragon's- blood of the Indian Materia Medica,
The fruits are clustered, each covered with beautiful imbricating scales,
which are coated with a red, resinous substance. The fruits are placed
in long bags and violently shaken ; the resinous powder is thus separated
and (as it reaches Europe) it is baked into sticks or cakes. Other species
of Calamus also yield the Dragon's-blood, and from Dracoena DracOy
a tree of the Liliaceae and a native of the west coast of Africa, a
similar substance is obtained. This is met with as a secretion at the base
of the leaves. Dragon's-blood is used in varnishing and staining wood.
A similar substance is also said to be obtained from Pterocarpus Draco,
a tree of the West Indies and South America.
CALOPHYLLUM.
Calophyllum inophyllunii Linn., Guttiferje.
The Alexandrian Laurel.
Vem*— ^Sultana champa. Hind., Beng. ; Surar^i, undi (purraya, dugur-
phortJ,SiKD; Pinnay, Tam. j Puna, punas, Tel. ; Wuitui, Kan. ; Vndiy
surangi,h\fiR.', Domba, Cingh.j Ponnyet, BuRM.
71
72
B
17
Part I. ]
Economic Products of India.
CAMPHOR
73
74
75
76
Cultivated in the Western Peninsula, Orissa, South India^ Ceylon,
Burma, and the Andaman Islands.
It yields a black resin, greenish when powdered, which was sent
from Madras to the Punjab Exhibition. {See Baden- PowelVs Punjab Pro'
ducts.) Dr. Dymock informs me that he has prepared the gum by incising
a tree, and that the yield was about an ounce of yellowish-green translu-
cent gum. He further states that it is also obtained from the fruit in
small quantities, chiefly in the form of very small tears. Mr. Gamble, citing
Les Bois de la Nouvelle Calidonie, Sebert, remarks that it gives a
yellowish green pleasantly scented resin.
This resin is very little known in India, and specimens are much re-
quired.
Calophyllum tomentosum, Wight.
The Poon Spar Trek.
Vern. — Poon, strpon, BoM. ; Poon,poone, Mal. ; Pongoo, Tam. ; Sira pone,
Kan.
A large, tall tree of the moist forests of the Western Peninsula, from the
Koncan southward ; Ceylon, ascending to altitude 5,000 feet.
Dr. Dymock informs me this tree yields a black, opaque gum, much
mixed with pieces of bark ; feebly astringent, and very soluble in cold
water. The solution is brownish-yellow, exhibiting a strong blue flor-
escence.
CALOTROPIS.
Calotropis gigantea, R> Br., AscLEPiADEiE.
^Jem* — Maddr, safed-dky Hind. ; Akand, swet-akand, Beng. ; Auk, Nepal ;
Akandd, rtii. Mar. ; Uk, Sind ; Yercum, Tam. ; Yekka^ Kan. ; Mayo-
beng, ma-yo-pin, Burm.
Grows in waste lands all over India^
Yields Gutta-percha. A specimen was sent from Madras to the Punjab
Exhibition. Dr. Riddel {fourn. Agru-Hort. Society of India, Vol, VIII)
first drew attention to this gutta, and was followed by Royle in his
Fibrous Plants, and still later by Mr. Baden-Powell in his Punjab Pro-
ducts, See next species.
C. procerai R- Br.
Vern, — ^^ nvuddr^ Hind. ; Spalwakka, Afg.
Found in the drier parts of India, chiefly in the Sub-Himalayan tract
from the Indus to the jhelam, Oudh, Central India, and the Deccan.
It yields an elastic gum-resin, which is procured by making incisions
in the plant ; this may be used as a substitute for gutta-percha. The juice
is used to destroy the offensive smell of fresh leather, and it is used
medicinally as an external application in the cure of certain cutaneous
diseases. It was reported to yield an active principle called by Dr.
Duncan Mudarine, but this has recently been shown to be incorrect. See
Gutta-percha.
CAMPHOR.
Camphor,
The name *' camphor" is technically given to a number of gum-resins,
more or less resembling each other, derived from (i) Cinnamomum
Camphora, Nees,, the well-known Camphor laurel of China and Japan ;
(2) Dryobalanops Camphora, Colebr., a gigantic tree of the Malay Ar-
chipelago ; (3) Blumea balsamifera, DC. ; and (4) Blumea densiflora, DC,
which see.
18
Gums and Resins,
[ Part I.
CANARIUM.
Canarium bengfalense, Roxh, ; BuRSERACEiS.
Vem. — Goguldhup, Nepal; Narackpa, Lepcha; Tekreng, Garoj Bis- \
Jang, dk^na. Ass.
Eastern Himalaya, Bengal, and Burma.
It yields a brittle, amber-coloured resin, resembling copal.
C. commune, Zinn,
Vem. — Jangli badam, HiND.
A native of the Malay Peninsula, but generally cultivated in India.
The concrete resinous exudation Elemi is chiefly imported from
Manilla. Ainslie says that it has the same properties as Balsam of
Copaiva.
C. strictum, Roxb.
The Black Dammar Tree.
Vem. — Kola dammar. Hind., Beng., Guz. \ Karapu kongiliam, karapu j
dammar, Tam.; Manda-dhup, Kan.; Thelli, Mal.; Nala rojan,
Tel.
A tall tree of South India.
Yields a brilliant resin, used medicinally or as a substitute for Burgundy
Pitch. This is obtained by making vertical cuts in the bark and setting
fire to the tree. Two years afterwards the resin is obtained from the
incisions.
There are i8 Indian members of this genus, and it is probable that all,
or nearly all, yield gums, but the preceding are the gums best known.
Caoutchouc, or India-rubber.
The following are the principal Indian plants which are known to yield
this most valuable substance :—
[24]— I. Alstonia scholaris, K. Br,, Apocynace^.
A common tree widely cultivated throughout the plains of India,
and exceedingly useful, as it is highly ornamental.
[34] — 2. Artocarpus Chaplasha,^oA;6., URTicAcSiE.
A common Burmese tree.
[87]— 3. Chonemorplia macrophylla, G, Don,^ Apocynacba.
Met with in East Bengal.
[gi]_4. Cryptostegia grandiflora, R, Br,, AscLSPiADACBiE.
A common plant of West India.
[115]— 5. Ficus elastica, BL, Urticace^. *
A tree very common in Assam, its western limit being Darjiling.
It yields the Indian Caoutchouc or true India-rubber.
[ii5]— 6. F. lacdfera, Btk,
Yields India-rubber sparingly and of inferior quality.
[117]— 7. F. obtusifoUa, Roxb,
Yields an inferior rubber.
B I
CAOUT-
CHOUC.
77
78
79
80
19
Part I.]
Economic Products of India,
CARETA*
[195]— S. Paimmeria glandulifera, Benth,, Apocynacb^.
An extensive climber on the borders of the tidal forests of Burma,
extending to Malacca, Singapore, Andaman Islands, Java and
Borneo.
Recently this plant has attracted considerable attention as a source
of India-rubber.
[223]— 9. Urceola elastica, Roxb,, Apocynacba.
Yields what is after 5 the best Indian India-rubber, and is to some
extent being experimentally cultivated.
[223]— 10. U. esculenta, Bih,
The same as 9, and often used indiscriminately ; wild in Tenasserim.
[226]— II. Willoughbeia edulis, Roxb., ApocYNACBiC.
A native of Chittagong ; yields fairly good Caoutchouc.
[227] - 12. W. martabanicay Willd,
A native of Tenasserim.
Of the preceding, 5 is the only truly commercial product; 9 and 10
have been experimented with, ana, with the others, may be utilised in
future.
The following are the Caoutchouc-yielding plants from other parts of
the world, well known commercially i —
1. Castilloa elastica, Urticace^s. Central American Rubber.
2. Hevea, various species, EupHORBiACEiE. The Para Rubber.
3. Landolphia, various species, Asclepiadace^. The African Rubber.
4. Manihot Glaziovii, Euphorbiacea The Ceara Rubber.
A glance at these lists will show that Caoutchouc is obtained from only
four natural orders, — Euphorbiacese, Urticaceae, Asdepiadaceae, and
Apocyxiaceae, — ^and the arrangement of these orders as given is that of their
importance in the supply of rubber.
CARAPA.
81 Carapa moluccensis. Lam., Meliaceje.
WtttL-^Poshtir, dhundhul, Beng.; Kandaianga^ Tam. ; PinU-6n,
BURM.
4
Coast of Bengal, Malabar, Burma, and Ceylon.
It yields a clear, brown, brittle resin.
CAREYA.
8a Careya arborea, Roxh,, MyRXACEiE.
Vera. — Kumbi, khumbi. Hind.; Gummar, GoNO; Boktok, Lepcha; Dam-
bel, Garo; Kumbha, Mar.; Aymay pailapoota'tammi, Tam.; Budd"
durmi, dudippi, Tel.; Gavuldu, Mysore; Banbwe, Burm.
Found in the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Jumna eastward to Ben-
gal, and Burma, and in Central and South India.
It yields a brown gum, specimens of which, and further information,
much required.
It forms with water a tolerably thick mucilage of a dark-brown colour.
20
Gums and Resins,
[ Part 1
CASSIA.
Cassia auriculata, Linn,^ Leguminosa.
Vcm. — Tarwar, Hind., Dec; Tangedu, iangar, Tel.; Avarike, Kan.
A shrub of Central and South India.
It is said in Spons* Encyclopcedia to yield a medicinal resin, very
scarce ; but Dr. Dymock tells me he has never seen it, although he has
frequently handled the bark.
C. Fistula, Linn.
The Indian Laburnum.
Syn. — Cathartocarpus Fistula, Pers,
Vera. — Afftaltds, Hind.; Sundali, bandarlaii, Beng.; Kiiwdli, kiioli,
shimarra, sim, warga, N. W. P. ; Alash, karangal, kidr, alt, Pb. ;
Gurmala, Guz. ; Sandari, Uriya; Raj birij, Nepal; Sonalu, Garo;
Sunaru, Ass. ; Bandolai, Cachar j Jag£arwah,j^aila, karachu, C. P. ;
f, koJk,
BURM.
Bdhavd, Mar. ; Kone, sirikone.
Tam.; Reylu, Tel.; Ngushwe,
Grows in Sub-Himalayan regions and throughout India and Burma.
The gum yielded is used as an astringent ; said to have been contri-
buted from Travancore to the Paris Exhibition. It exudes a red juice
which hardens into gum. This gum is generally called kamarkas ; its
economic uses, if any, are at present unknown to authors on Indian eco-
nomic science.
CEDRELi
83
84
CASUARINA.
Casuarina equisetifolia, Forester, Casuarinaceje.
The Beefwood of Australia.
Vera, — ^ooreefur, mujj'um, SiND, ; Chouk, Tam.; Serva, Tel,; Kdsrike,
Mysore ; Aru, Mal. ; Tinyu, Burm.
Coasts of Chittagong, Burma, the Malay Archipelago, North Australia,
and Queensland.
Reported to yield a good resin.
85
CEDRELA.
Cedrela Toona, Roxh., Meliaceje.
The Toon Tree.
Vera. — Ttin, mahanim. Hind, j T'&niy Hn, Beng. ; Drawi, Pb. ; Maha limbu,
Uriya; Potna, Ass.; 7«^a, kudaka. Mar.; Kal kilingi, Nilgiris;
Tundu, Kan. ; Thitkado, Burm.
Grows in Sub-Himalayan forests, Bengal, Burma, South India, and
Sikkim.
It yields a resinous gum, of which little is known at present.
86
Nees von Essenbeck has published an account of some experiments
with the bark, which indicate the presence in it of a resinous astringent
matter, a brown astrmgent gum, and a gummy brown extractive matter,
resembling Ulmina. {Dymock.)
21
Part I. ]
Economic Products of India.
CINNA-
MOMUM.
.87'
89
90
91
92
CEDRUS.
Cedrus Deodara, Loudon, Coniferje.
Deodar ; Himalayan Cedar.
Vem.— ZJiir, deoddr, daddr, Kashmir, Garhwal, Kumaun; Kelu, keolu
kilar, Himalayan names; Nakhtar, Afg. ; Giam, Tibet.
Grows in the North- Western Himalaya.
It yields a true resin, and, by destructive distillation, an oil, dark-
coloured and resembling tar. Used medicinally. The wood is sold in
the bazars for medicinal use.
88 Cement (Euphorbu Cattimandoo).
CHICKRASSIA.
Chickrassia tabiilaris, Adr, fuss,, Meliaceje.
Chittagong Wood. *- *
Vcm. — Chikrassi, Beng. ; Bo£^a poma, Ass. j Papka, Bom. ; Agal, aglay,
Tam. ; Madagari vembUf Tel. ; Dalmara, Kan. ; Arrodah, And. ; Yinma,
BURM.
Found in Eastern Bengal, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, and South
India.
It yields a transparent, amber-coloured gum, said to have been sent
from Madura to the Indian Museum in 1873. (Spans' Enc)
CHLOROXYLON.
Chloroxylon Swietenia, DC, Meliaceje.
Satin Wood.
Vem.—Behra,girya, bihri, C. P.; Mtldiidad, bur 4s, Tam.; Billu, Tel.;
Huragalu, MYSORE ; Burute, Cingh.
Found in Central and South India, and Ceylon.
It yields a gum and a wood-oil, specimens of which are required.
C HONEMORPHA.
Chonemorpha macrophylla, G. Don., ApocvNACEiE.
Syn. — EcHiYTES macrophylla, Roxb.
Vem. — Gar bardero. Hind. ; Yokchounrik, Lepcha ; Harki, Sylhet.
A large climber with milky sap, met with in North and East Bengal
and Burma.
It yields a kind of Caoutchouc, which see.
CINNAMOMUM.
Cinnamomum Camphora, Nees, LAURACEiE.
One of the sources of the Camphor of Commerce.
Vera. — Kaffir, Arab., Pers., and Hind.; /iTar^iir, Beng. ; iJTa/fJr, Dec ;
Karuppuram, sMdan, Tam., Tel ; Payo parank, Burm.
A tall tree, with smooth, shining leaves, a native of China and Japan.
Camphor is a crystalline volatile substance prepared by boiling
chips of the wood in a retort. The chemical substance passes off with
the steam and condenses upon straw placed in the summit of the retort
for that purpose. It is afterwards purified by sublimation and made
into cakes.
22
Gums and Resins,
[Parf I
CITRUS.
Citrus Aurantium, Linn,, Rutaceje.
The Orange.
Vem. — Narangi, naringi. Hind.; Kamla nibu, Bemg. ; Suntala, Nepal;
Kitchlif Tam. ; Kittali, Tel.
Cultivated in many parts of India^ but to a large extent in Sikkim
and Sylhet.
Supposed to yield a gum : the yield is very scanty and of no im-
portance. Sent from Masulipatam to be exhibited in Madras in 1855.
C. decumana) Willd,
The Shaddock or Pumelo.
Vern. — Mahd nibu, chakotra. Hind. ; Bdtdvi nebu, Beng.; Papanasa, Bom.;
Shouk-ton-oh, BuRM.
Introduced into Ijjdia frpm Java; cultivated in most tropical countries.
Said to yield scantily an unimportant gum. Exhibited in 1855 in
Madras.
C. me6iC3L^ Linn,
The Citron ; Lemon.
Vern. — Bijaura, Bora nimbu. Hind. ; Begpura, korna nebu, lebu, nebu,
Beng.; Jambira, Sans. ; Bijap^ra, Bom.
Wild in Burma, Chittagong, "Sitakund Hill," Kh^sia, foot of the
Himalaya, ascending to 4,000 feet; in the hot valleys of Sikkim, ascending
to 4,000 feet.
Said to yield scantily an unimportant gum. Sent from Masulipatam
to the Madras Exhibition in 1855.
COCHLOS-
PERHUH<
03
94
95
coccos.
Coccos nudfera, Linn,, VKuum,
The Cocoa-nut Palm.
Vern. — Narel, Hind.; Narikel, Beng.; Tenna, ienga, Tam.; Narika-
dam, Tel. ; Pol, Cingh. ; Ong, BuRM.
The stem of this well-known tree is in Tahiti said to yield gum. It
forms large stalactitic masses, red-brown, translucent or transparent.
(Spans' EncycL) It would be exceedingly interesting to learn if this gum
is known to the natives of India.
COCHLOSPERMUM.
Cochlospermum Gossypium, DC, Bixine^.
Vem. — K^rnbi, gabdi, galgal, Hind.; (the grum) Kathalya gond, Bom. ;
Gfingtt, Tel. ; Tanaku, Tam.
Grows in forests at the base of the North- Western Himalaya, from the
Sutlej eastward, in Central India, Deccan, and Prome district, Burma ;
commonly planted near temples.
It yields a clear white gum (Katira), which, according to Baden-
Powell, is used in shoe-making. It may be used as a substitute for gum
tragacanth. There is very little demand for gums of these classes,
23
96
97
Part I. ]
Economic Products of India,
CUPRES-
SUS.
98
CONVOLVULUS.
Convolvulus Scammonia, Linn,y CoNvoLvuLACEiB.
SOAMMONY.
Veau—Sdk muniya, HiND.
A gum-resin imported through Bombay from Europe by European
druggists. It is obtained by incision from the living root. It occurs in
irregular pieces of an ash-grey colour and rough exterior. When broken,
it presents a resinous surface, and of a shining black colour when dry.
It has a cheesy odour and flavour. The bazar Scammony in Bombay,
Dr. Dymock tells me, is all false, and is made at Surat.
99 Copal Gum, or Gum Animi.
A hard, transparent substance, resembling Amber, found as a natural
exudation from certain trees. This substance is chiefly obtained from
Zanzibar, the produce of Trachilobium Hornemannlanum, Hoyne, Legu-
MiNos^. It is yielded by the trees at the present day, but the commercial
substance may be said to be a half-petrified condition. This is known as
Fossil Copal, and is regarded commercially as much superior to that ob-
tained from living trees. It occurs in immense masses, found buried in the
sand, far away from any living trees, and chiefly in the coast sands. There
are other Copals sometimes met with. Brazilian Copal is obtained from
Hymenaea Courbaril* Madagascar Copal from Trachylobinm verrucosa.
West African Copal is furnished by Guibourtia Copalifera, and Indian
Copal from Vateria indica, which see. The Australian and New Zealand
Copal is the produce of DaiiuBara australis (Coniferae). It forms large
solid masses, often found in places where the trees are not now found, and
in New Zealand is known as Kawri. There is a specimen in the Bengal
Economic Museum of this gum.
CORDIA.
100 Cordia Rothii, J^om. &f Sch., Boragineje.
Vem. — Gondi, gondni, Hind.; Lidr, Sind; Gondani, Mar.; Narvilli, Tam.
Grows in the dry zones of North- West and South India.
The bark, when wounded, yields a gum, prepared at Coimbatore.
CRYPTOSTEGIA.
loi Cryptostegia grandiflora, i?. Br,, Asclepiadaceje.
A common plant of West India, said to yield an inferior quality of
Caoutchouc.
CUPRESSUS.
102 I Cupressus torulosa, Don,, Coniferje.
Himalayan Cypress.
Veiti. — Devi'didr, Ravi; Gulla, Simla; Sarru, Tibet.
The wood yields a resin, and is often burnt as incense.
24
Gums and Resins.
[ Part 1
CYCAS.
Cycas Rumphiiy Miq,y Cycadaceje.
Vem. — Mondaing, BuRM.
An evergreen palm -like tree frequent in the beach forests of the sea-
coast of South Tenasserim and the Andamans.
Exudes a good sort of resin used medicinally. {Kurs>)
C. siamensis, Mtq.
An evergreen, low, stemless, palm-like tree frequent in the Eng and
dry forests of the Prome district.
Exudes a peculiar whitish gum like tragacanth. (Kurs*)
DALBERGIA.
Dalbergia cultrata, Grah.
Vera. — Yindaik, BuRM.
A tree of Burma.
Exudes a red resin. {Kurz.)
D. paniculata, Roxb., Leguminosje.
Vera. — Dhohein, Hind. ; Katsirsa, Oudh ; Pdsi or phasi, Mar.j Paichalai,
Tam.; Potrum, Tel. ; Tapoukben, Burm.
Grows in the North- Western Himalaya, from the Jumna to Oudh,
Central and South India.
The tree yields a gum.
Dammar Gum.
A name given to a group of gums of which the most characteristic
may be said to be Dammara orientalis» a native of the Moluccas;
D. Australis, a native of New Zealand; Indian Dammar is the commercial
name for the gum of Shorea robusta (which see) ; Black Dammar is the
gum of Canarium strictum (which see), and also of Poon-yet (which see),
and Rock Dammar is the commercial name for the gum of Hopea odorota
(which see).
DAMMA-
RA.
Z03
ZO4
105
Z06
107
DAMMARA.
Dammara alba, Rumpk.j Conifer's.
It is met with in the Moluccas.
Yields the resin called Dammatf which should be distinguished from
Kala Dammar or Poon-yet, There are various species belonging to this
genus, which yield the true Commercial Dammar, but none are natives
of India.
Dextrine.
A chemical substance present in most grains, having the formu-
la C12 Hje OiQ. Wheat contains 4*5; wheat-bran, 5*52; barley, 6*55 ; rye-
bran, 779; malt, 8-23. In commerce the term is applied to the substance
artificially produced by the transformation of starch. It is largely used
in calico-printing, paper-glazing, gumming envelopes and postage stamps.
25
108
109
Part I. ]
Economic Products of India.
DIOSPT-
ROS.
ZIO
III
112
"3
DICHOPSIS.
Dichopsis elliptica, Benth,, Sapotaceje.
Syn.— Bassia elliptica, DoIb.,- Isonandra Acuminata. {Drury*s Useful
Plants.)
'Vtra.^'Paunchoti pala, Tam.; Panchonta, Kan.
A large tree of the Western Gh&ts, extending from Bombay to Kanara,
and ascending to an altitude of 4,000 feet.
This is the tree which yields the Indian Gutta-percha, a substance which
has attained a certain amount of popularity as an adulterant for Singapore
Gutta. It is stated that as much as 20 to 30 per cent, may be used with-
out its characteristic properties being destroyed. To General Cullen must
be attributed the honour of having brought this substance prominently before
the public, recommending, amongst many other uses, its adaptability as a
cement. Balfour describes the gum as obtained by tapping the trees —
a process quite different from that resorted to in the Malay Peninsula.
D, Gutta, Bth, &• Hoohf.
Indigenous in Singapore and the Malay Archipelago. It formerly
existed in abundance in the southern part of the Malay Peninsula; it
extends to Sumatra, Borneo, and probably the other islands of the Malay
Archipelago. {Kew Report, 1881.)
Yields the *• Gutta-percha " of commerce, exported to Europe from
Singapore and the Malay Archipelago. See Gutta-percha.
D. obovata, Clarke.
Syn. — Isonandra obovata. Griff,
An evergreen tree extending from Tenasserim to Malacca and
Penang.
Kurz says it yields a fair sort of Gutta-percha.
D. polyantha, Benth.
Syn. — Isonandra polyantha, Kure,
Vem. — Tali, Beng. ; Sill-kurta, Cachar.
A tree 30 to 40 feet in height, occurring in Sylhet, Chittagong, and
Kurz says it produces a good quality of Gutta-percha in large quan-
tities, probably not inferior to that of Singapore. The flowers are eaten.
(Keenan.)
DICHROSTACHYS.
114 Dichrostachsrs dnerea, W. & ^., LEouMiNosiE.
Vem. — Vurtuli, Hind. ; Vadatalla, Tam. ; Velturn, Tel. j Andara, Cingh.
Grows on dry, stony hills in South and Central India, and in Bajputana.
DIOSPYROS.
IIS Diospyros Embryopteris, Pers,, EBENACEiE.
Vem.— Gad, makur-kendi, Beng., Hind.; Kendu, Ass.; Tentburni,
Mar.; Tumbika^ Tam. }Tumil, tumika, Tel. ; Timberee, Cingh,
Found throughout India and Burma, except the arid and dry zones in
the Punjab and Sind.
26
Gums and Resins,
[ Part
The fruit yields a gum, used in book-binding, and as a substitute for tar
to make boats water-proof. It is a dark-brown, rather earthy-looking
resin, with a bright fracture. It should be determined whether the resin
can be obtained from the bark of the tree as well as from the rind of the
fruit.
" The extract of the fruit is of the colour and consistence of shell-lac."
{Dymock.)
Diospyros melanoxylon, Roxb.
Vem. — Tendu, kendu. Hind. ; Kend, Beng. ; Tumbi, Tam. ; Tumi, Tkl.;
Balai, Kan.
Found throughout India, but not in Burma.
DIPTERfl
CARPUS
ZZ6
DIPTEROCARPUS.
Dipterocarpus alatus, Roxh,, Dipterocarpeje.
Vem. — Garjan, Beng.; Kanyin, Burm.
Chittagong, Burma, and Andaman Islands.
It yields a wood-oil and a dirty-brown resin.
D. incanus, Roxd.
Chittagong.
It yields a wood-oil or balsam.
D. bevis, Ifam,
SyU. — Placed under D. Turbinatus, Gaerin., in Fl. Br. Ind.
Vem. — Kanyin, Bubm.
Found in the tropical forests throughout Burma.
It yields a resin and a large quantity of wood-oil.
D. tuberculatus, Roxb.
The Eng. *
Vera. — In, Burm.; Sooahn, Taleing.
Chittagong and Burma.
It yields no wood-oil, but exudes a clear yellow resin. (Kure,)
D. turbinatus, Gaerfn, /.
The Garjan-oil Tree.
Syn.— D. L^vis, Ham,, in part as in Fl. Br» Ind,
Vera. — Garjan, Beng.; Kanyinni, Burm.
Found in Eastern Bengal, Chittagong, Burma, and the Andaman
Islands.
It yields a wood-oil or balsam used in painting houses and ships.
D. zeylanicuS) Thwaites,
VfXtU^Hord^ CiNGH.
A large tree met with in Ceylon up to altitude 3,000 feet,
wood-oil and gum-resin. (Gamble.)
It gives a
27
117
118
119
120
121
122
Part I.]
Economic Products of India.
DYEBA.
123
DOONA.
Doona zeylanica, Thwaiies, DiPTERocARPEiB.
Vem. — Doon, CiNGH.
Central provinces of Ceylon,
It yields a large quantity of colourless gum-resin, which, dissolved in
spirits of wine or turpentine, makes an excellent varnish. Specimens of this
gum, as well as of the varnish, much required; also further information.
124
125
126
127
DOREMA.
Dorema ammoniacum, Don,, Umbelliferje.
Vem. — Ushak, Pers.
A native of Persia, particularly of the provinces of Farsistan, Irak, and
Khorasan.
This plant yields (a part at any rate of) the gum-resin imported into
India under the name of Ammoniacum. It is used as a stimulant, and
a mild expectorant; also externally. It occurs in tears and masses,
the tears being from two to eight lines in diameter, of a pale, cinnamon-
brown colour, breaking into an opaque, shining, white surface, with faint
odour, and bitter, nauseous taste. It forms a milky solution when mixed
with water. It easily softens with heat, and burns with a disagreeable,
pungent odour.
"The roots {Boi) are imported into Bombay and are used as incense by
the Parsis. They are the false or Indian Sumbal of European commerce.
{Dymock,)
DRYOBALANOPS.
Dryobalanops Camphora, CoUhr,, DiPTSRocARPEiE.
Baras Camphor.
Vera. — Bhimseni-kapur, BoM.
A tree of Sumatra.
Yields Borneo camphor.
An oil also exudes through its fissures and cavities, and is carefully
collected. Dr. Dymock informs me that camphor is used as incense by
the Jains in Bombay.
DYERA,
Dyera costulata, Hook./., ApocYNACEiE.
D, lasiflora, Hook. /.
Sir J. D. Hooker, in the Linncean Soctety*s *^ournal. Vol. XIX, p. 2g3,
gives a brief history of these plants, while founding the new genus to
which they are referred, a genus named in honour of Professor Dyer, the
Assistant Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
D. costulata was first collected by Griffith in Malacca, and has since
been re-collected both in Malacca and in Sumatra. D. lasiflora seems
confined to Singapore.
These interesting trees have been shown to be the source of the gutta-
jelutong of commerce.
28
Gums and Resins.
[ Part 1
EL£AGNUS.
Elsagnus hortensiSi M. Bieh., Eueagneje.
Vcm.— ^Aiij/j*, N. W. P.5 Santij^ Afg. ; Sirshing, Tibet.
A small tree of Ladak, Baltistan, and Afghanistan.
The fruit is eaten and a spirit distilled from it in Yarkand. It yields a
transparent gum.
EL-ffiODENDRON.
Eteodendron glaucum, Pers., Celastrinea.
Syn. — E. RoxBURGHii, W, & a,; E. paniculatum, W, & A.i Nkerija
DICHOTOMA, Roxb, in FL Ind.
Vern. — Mira?tdUfjanwa,PB,; Bakra, skaunriya, chauli, daberiy mdmri,
N. W. P.; Bhutdpdld, Mar.; Karkava, Tam,; Nirij a, Tel, ; Nerrelu,
CiNGH. V
Grows in the Sub- Himalayan tract, from the Ravi eastward, Central
and South India.
It is supposed to yield the gum called Jumrasi, It occurs in roundish
tears about \ inch in diameter, rough or cracked on the surface. Taste-
less, forming a sherry-coloured solution.
Elemi Gum.
There is considerable doubt as to the plant or plants from which this
substance is obtained. It seems to be a member of the Burseraceae. It is
generally supposed to be a species of Idea or of Amyiis or of Canarium*
(It should not be confounded with Animi, for which see Copal.)
ERIODENDRON.
Eriodendron anfractuosum, JDC, Malvaceje.
Syn, — Bom SAX pentandrum, Koxb.
'VertL'^HaHan, senibal, kuntan, Hind. ; Shwet-sim^l, Beng. ; Saphe^
tasavara. Mar. ; Elavamaram, Tam. j Pur, Tel.
A large tree, common on the Coromandel Coast.
It yields a black and opaque gum, known as Hatian-ke-gond, sent
from Madras to the Punjab Exhibition.
ERYTHRINA.
Erirthrina indicai Lam,, Leguminosje.
The Indian Coral Tree.
Vem. — Pangra, panjira. Hind. ; Palita mandar, Beng. 5 Pdngdrd, Mar. ;
Murukd, Tam,; Modugu, Tel.; PinUkathit, Bukm.
Cultivated throughout India and Burma; wild in Oudh, Bengal,
South India, and Burma.
It yields a dark-brown gum of little importance.
EUCALYPTUS.
Eucalyptus Globulus, LahUL, Myrtaceje.
Vern. — Kurpoora mar am, Tam.
The blue gum tree of Tasmania; introduced into India and cultivated
in Madras, especially on the Nilgiris.
39
EUCALYl
TUS.
Z28
129
130
131
132
133
Part I. ]
Economic Products of India,
EUPHOR-
BIA.
134
135
136
137
138
EUGENIA.
Eugenia caryophyltea, Wight, and E. Jambolana, Lam,,
Myrtaceje,
Vera. — ydman, Hind. ; ^dm, Beng.
Both are said to yield a gum, somewhat resembling Ktno,
EUPHORBIA.
Euphorbia antiquorum, Linn,, Euphorbiaceje.
Vera. — Tidkara, Hind.; Tekata sij\ Beng.; Skidu, Mechi ; Daluk^
CingH. ; Shasaungpyathatf BuRM.
A bush with three-angled branches and stems, found on the arid hills
above Coimbatore, and on the lower dry slopes of the Himalaya from
Kashmir eastward.
It yields a niilky juice, used as a medicine,, and regarded as a
powerful cathartic. This is the resinous substance known in Europe as
EuphoitMum ; it is prepared by boiling down the fresh milky juice. The
true or original nnpnorbium isHhe gum of E. resinifera, supplied to
Europe from Morocco and Barbary. It is chiefly used in the preparation
of the anti-corrosive paint used for the bottom of ships. It closely resembles
gutta-percha ; it is partially soluble in oil, and may be applied to steam
joints instead of red-lead. The gutta-percha-like substance has been called
Cattmando {Baden- Ponuell). This gummy substance is the Doof of the
Hindus, a much-prized medicine.
E. Cattimandoo, Elliot.
Vera. — KatH mandu, Tel.
A small tree with five-angled stems.
The milk yields the true Ca^^twflw^M used as a cement; common in
Vizagapatam district. This contains sufficient caoutchouc to make it a
profitable enough source of supply.
** Fluckiger has obtained from this plant, as also from E. Tinicalli,
EupHORBON, the active principle of the officinal Euphorbium, and it is
probable that most of the Indian species will yield a gum of the same
properties as commercial Euphorbiuiii." {Dr. Dymock.)
E. neriifolia, Linn.
Syn. — E. LiGULLARTA, Roxb.
Vem. — Mansa \sij, Beng. ; Gangicku, Pb. ; Nivadunga, mingut, Mar. ;
Thohur, SiND ; Shasaung, Burm.
A small tree wiHi spirally twisted stem, cultivated near villages
throughout India, and in some parts of the country regarded as sacred.
The milk is used in native medicine like the preceding ; it yields a gum
or gutta-percha-like substance on boiling.
E. pulcherrima, WHld.
Syn. — Poinsettia pulcherrima, Grahm.
Cultivated in gardens on account of its crimson floral leaves, which
appear about Christmas.
It yields freely a milky sap, which hardens into a black gum, or
may be boiled down to a sort of gutta-percha.
Specimens of the gums, c^tta-perchas, or caoutchoucs of the Indian
Ettphorbias are much required, as also information as to their preparation
and uses.
30
»^ Gums and Restns,
[Part
Euphorbia resinifera. see No. zzj, and under Gutta-percha.
H. Tirucalli) Linn.
'Vemm^'Sehund, HiND. ; Lanka sij\ Beng. ; Tiru kalli, Mal. ; Skasoung
leknyo, BURM.
A small tree without round stem. The wood is strong and used for
veneering and toys. The milk is acrid ; twigs thrown into water intoxicate
fish. Dr. Riddell, writing of this plant, says the milk when it " hardens
after boiling becomes brittle; whilst warm it is as ductile" as mudar
gutta-percha. The juice is, however, very difficult to deal with, as it
causes excruciating pain if it gets into a cut in the skin or into the eye.
On this account it is said to be used criminally to destroy the eyes of
certain domesticated animals.
EXC^CARIA.
Ezcaecaiia Agallocha, Wi'lid,, Euphorbiacea.
Vcrn. — Gangwa, gear, goria, Beng.; Tayan, ka-yan, Burm.
A small evergreen tree of the tfdal'Shores of Bengal, Burma, and the
Andaman Islands.
Wood contains a poisonous sap, which causes the eyes of men engaged
ill hewing down the trees to become swollen. It hardens into a black
caoutchouc-like substance.
FERONIA.
Feronia Elephantum, Oorrea, RuxACEiE.
The Wood-apple.
Veni. — Bilin, kai'belfUiKD.} Kath-bel, Bekg.; Kavatha, Mar.; Katoree*
SiND; Vallanga, Tam.; Velagd, Tel,; Hman, ma-kan, Bvrm.
Found in the Sub-Himalayan forests from the Ravi eastward, in
Bengal, South India, and the Chanda district of the Central Provinces.
It yields a brownish or reddish, with a small proportion of clear yellow,
gum soluble in water ; said to have been sent from Madras to the Pun-
jab Exhibition. Ainslie says that it is used by dyers and painters, par-
ticularly miniature and chintz painters. It is also employed in making
ink and varnish, and by brick-layers in preparing certain cements and
plasters. It occurs in irregular tears, semi-transparent or brownish. The
Pharmacopoeia of India pronounces it as superior to gum-arabic for
medicinal purposes.
'^ It forms a stronger mucilage than gum-arabic, but is not identical with
it. It is precipitated by acetate of lead." (Dymock.)
FERULA.
Ferula alliaceai Boiss., Umbelliferje.
Syn. — F. ? PERsicA, Willd.
Vera. — Hing, Bom. and Hind.; Hingu, Sans.; Anjudan, Kashmir;
Kyam, perungaj/am, Tam. The names of this plant are used also for
any of the following Asafcetida-yielding species.
Dynnock, in his Mat, Med. of Western India, reports that this plant
supplies the Asafoetida which is most used by the native^ of India, and in
which a large trade is done in Bombay. It is a solid brown gum, con-
tained in skins mixed with impurities and certain portions of the plant.
31
FERUU
139
140
H"^
142
Part I. ]
Economic Products of India.
FERULA.
X43
X44
145
The thick, fleshy roots of the Asafoetida-yielding plants are cut or scratch-
ed, when a milky juice exudes. This hardening forms the foetidly-
scented gum-resin. By Eastern doctors this has, from the remotest times,
been held in cp-eat esteem, and was once regarded as worth its weight in
silver. In England its use as a medicine has of late years greatly dimi-
nished, although it is still much used in other countries of Europe.
Ferula Galbaniflua, Boiss.
GaLBANUM (which see).
Veni« — Jawaskir, khassuch, gaoshir, bireeB, Pers.
The names Barsfod, kuineh, Arab., and Bireja or Ganda-biroaa, Hind*>
are sometimes applied to this gum, but more frequently to the gum ot
Cedrus Deodara.
A native of Persia from which the gum is imported into Bombay and
re-exported to E^pt and Turkey as ^awashir. It is not used in India.
Tne yawashir, as met with in India, is not dry agglutinated tears, but
is a yellow or greenish fluid, generally mixed with stems, flowers, and fruits
of tne plant. It has an odour between that of Levant Galbanum and
Sagapenum.
The ancient Hindu physicians were unacquainted with this substance,
and the names more recently given for it are those referred to above as
the vernaculars for Cedar gum. It seems quite clear that the Persian
JFawashtr was not identifled with the Galbanum of the Greeks, although in
Mahomedan works on medicine, Galbanum is by name repeatedly refer-
red, the synonyms used being Barsad and Kinneh, This may be account-
ed for by the fact that in olden days the Persian Jawashir may not
have been imported into Bombay, Our steam-ships have, in many other
instances, destroyed old-established routes of exportation, and, deflecting
them into new and more convenient channels, have produced many curious
instances of importation and re-exportation. (Dymock; Pharmacogra-
phia, &c.)
F. Jaeschkiana, Va/ke,
The Flora of British India remarks on this species : " Regel
Schnnalh thinks that this plant probably produces the Asafcetida of com-
merce; this may be so, as it is an abundant species in Kashmir and very
abundantly supplied with oil; but it is not the Asafcetida of Linnaeus.
It is probable that the gum-resin referred to as F. Narthexin India may be
largely the produce of this species.
Yields a gum-resin, which, Aitchison says, is applied to wounds and
bruises by the inhabitants of Kurum valley.
F. Narthex, Boiss., FL Orient.
Generally supposed to be the Asafcetida of Commerce.
Syn. — Narthex Asafcetida, Falc. in Trans. Linn, Soc, XX, 285-
Vera. — Hingra, BoM. ; AnghuBeh-i-lari, Pers.
Afghanistan, also imported into India from Persia.
The Flora of British India, speaking of this species, remarks : " This
is certainly not Ferula Asafcetida, Boiss., /. c, which is Scorodosma foeti-
dwa, Bunge, Whether it is F. Asafoetida, Linn,, is a doubtful point."
Dr. Dymock tells me that from specimens received he believes Scorodos-
ma fcetidum, Bunge, to be the source of Afghan Asafcetida. Scorodosma
foetidum is said to yield the Caspian Asafoetida. Indian Asafoetida
or hingra is chiefly imported from Afghanistan. While it seems doubt-
ful as to the actual source of this substance, the true Asafoetida of Europe,
it is probable the natives of India would not regard it as such ; the gum-
resin of F. alUacea is held in much greater esteem.
32
Gums and Resins,
[Part I.
The gum-resin occurs in irregfular masses, opaque, white when broken,
and ultimately becoming brownish-pink. Sometimes met with in India in
the form of a ferruginous powder.
It occurs also in tears, or flat pieces, or ** stone " formed b)r mixing
' with sand. It is recognised by its bitter, acrid taste, and by its fcetid
odour. It is used in medicine.
FICUS.
Ficus bengalensis, Lmn.y Urticacejc.
The Banyan Tree.
SyiL — F. Indica, Roxb.
Vera. — Bor, bar, her, bargai. Hind.; Bur, 5m/, Beng.; ^<>rar, Nepal;
KangjU Lepcha ; Banket, Garo ; Bot, Ass. ; Boru, Uriya ; Ala, Jam. ;
Mdrt, peddi'mari,TEL,;Ahlada,KAii,i War, vada. Mar. ; Panyaung,
BURM.
A large tree, jvild in the East Himalayan tracts, planted throughout
India.
It yields an inferior caoutchouc ; by the natives made into bird-lime.
F. elastica, Bi.
The India-rubber Tree.
Vera. — Bar, aitah bar, Beng., Ass.; Kagiri, Khasia; Lesu, Nepal;
Nyaungbawdi, BuRM.
North-Eastern Himalayas, eastward to Assam, and Arracan. Govern-
ment has a large plantation of it in Assam.
The tree yields the India-rubber of Indian commerce, ^ee Caoutchouc.
F. lacdfera^ Roxb.
Vera. — Yokdtlng, Lepcha ; Prab, pkegran, Garo ; Bur, Ass. ; Nyaunggyai,
Burm.
An epiphytic tree of North-East Himalaya, East Bengal, Burma, and
South India.
It yields an inferior form of caoutchouc. {Gamble.)
F. obtusifoliaj Roxh.
V&aLrr-Krapchi, Mechi ; Date, Magh. ; Nyoung-kyap, Burm.
A small-leaved, epiphytic tree of North and East Bengal and Burma.
Yields a good form of caoutchouc. (Gamble.)
F. religiosa, Lmn.
The Peepul.
Verxu—Pipal, Hind. ; Aswat, Beng.; Arasa, Tam. ; Bdi, Tel.
Wild in the Sub-Himalayan tract, Bengal, and Central India.
The barkyields a tenacious milky juice, which hardens into a substance
resembling Gutta-percha. (Gamble.)
Frankincense. See BoswelUa fioribunda.
c
FRANK-
INCENSE*
Z46
147
148
149
150
[6*]
33
Part I. ]
Economic Products of India.
6ARCINU.
[135]
[151-162]
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
Galbanum of the Greeks.
A gum obtained from Persia, sparingly met with in Upper India.
Considerable doubt still exists as to the plant or plants from which this
substance is derived, but it is generally supposed to be from Ferula
Galbaniflua, the Khassuch of the Persians, and from F. rubiicaulis. The
former is said to be gathered by the inhabitantsof the district of Dema-
vend, and the latter by the inhabitants of Hamadan. Dymock adds,
however, further information on this point. He says : " Persian brokers in
Bombay state that the Galbanum plant is very abundant between Shiraz
and Kirman, and there would seem to be no reason to doubt that this
market (Bombay) is supplied from that district."
" The Galbanum of European commerce is an entirely different drug,
and is known as Levant Galbanum.** {Dymock,)
Ganib0S6« See the various species of Garciiiia> Guttifeils.
GARCINIA.
Garcinia Cambogia, Desrouss,, Guttiferje.
Vem^^Aradal, Kan, j Heela, Burghers {Nilgiri Hills),
West Coast and Ceylon.
This tree yields a yellow gum, insoluble in water, but soluble in spirits.
It is, therefore, likely to prove useful as a varnish, but not as a pigment.
G. cornea, Linn,
East Bengal and Burma.
It yields an inferior kind of Gamboge.
G. Cowa, Roxb,
VertL^Cowa, Hind. ; Taungthal4, Burm.
East Bengal, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, and the Andaman Islands,
It is said to yield a kind of Gamboge of a somewhat paler colour than
that produced by G. Morella* {Gamble.)
G. eugeniaefolia, Wall,
Eastern Peninsula, Singapore, Malacca. {Griffith,)
Heifer says that the stem exudes a green varnish ; and, Griffith, that
the juice of the fruit is milky,
G* heterandra, Wall,
Vem. — Thanat'iaw, Burm.
Hills of Burma up to 3,000 feet.
It yields a superior kind of Gamboge. (Kurg,)
G. loniceroides, T, And.
Swamp forests in Pegu.
It yields a small quantity of inferior Gamboge,
G. Mangostana, Z/»«.
The Mangosteen.
A specimen of this gum was sent to the London Exhibition of 1862
from Malacca, O'Shaufihnessy says that the gum is obtained from
the rind as well as from the bark. The rind is a popular remedy for
diarrhoea and dysentery.
34
Gums and Resins,
[ Part L
Garcinia Morella^ Desrouss.
The Gamboge Tree.
Syn. — G. PiCTORiA. Bedd,, the form met with on the Malabar and Canara,
Mysore and the Western Coast.
Vera. — Aradal, punarH puli, Kan.; Gokatti, Cm gh. ; Makki, Tam»
Forests of the Khasia Hills, East Bengal, and the west coast of
Ceylon.
The tree produces the true Gamboge, which is used in medicine,
and in the arts as a paint. The chief trade supply is obtained from
Siam in the form of cylindrical pieces or sticks mto which it has been
melted. In Ceylon, Gannble says, it is collected by cutting off thin
slices of the bark, about the size of the hand. Upon the exposed surface
the gum collects, and is scraped off when sufficiently dried. Dymock
says : " There would seem to be no doubt the Gamboge has never been
collected in India as an article of commerce, and that it is only from a com-
paratively recent date that the drug has been known in this country.
The Ussarah't-Rewand of Arabic and Persian books is, probably speaking,
an extract of Rhubarb." The name has now been given to Gamboge also.
GARDE-
NIA.
158
G. stipulate^ T, And.
Vcm# — Sana-kadan, Lepcha.
Sikkim and Bhutan, up to 4,000 feet.
The tree and fruit yield a yellow gum, which does not seem to be
used, (Gamble.)
159
G. travancorica^ Beddome.
Vera. — Malampongu, Tinnevelly.
Forests of Travancore and Tinnevelly.
Every portion of the tree yields an abundance of bright yellow
Gamboge. (Beddome,)
G. Wightii, T. And.
South India.
The Gamboge of this species is very soluble and yields a good
pigment. (Dr. T, Anderson,)
160
i6z
G. xanthochymus, Hook./.
Syn. — Xanthochymus pictorius, Roxb.
Vera. — Dampely Hind. ; Tepor^ Ass. ; Jhdrdmbi, Mahr. j Maiav), Burm.
East Himalaya, East Bengal, Burma, South India.
" It yields a large quantity of indifferent Gamboge." (Roxburgh.)
162
GARDENIA.
Gardenia coronaria. Ham.
Vera. — Yeng-kkaty Burm.
A tree met with all over Burma from Chittagong, Pegu, and Martaban
down to Tenasserim.
Yields a yellow wax.
c I 35
163
Part L]
Economic Products of India,
GURJUN.
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
Gardenia gummifera, Linn. /,, Rubiaceje.
Vera. — D^kdmdli, katnarri, F^iND., Guz.; Chitta maita, gaggaru, Tei.. ;
Chitta, kambi, Kan.
A large shrub of Central and South India.
It yields a yellow gum-resin. Ainslie calls this Chumhtpisim, The
resin occurs in the form of earthy-looking masses of a dull olive-green
colour. The odour is peculiar and offensive .
G. lucidai Roxb.
Vera. — Dikdmdli, HiND., Guz. ; Kumbi, Tam. ; Karinga, Tel.
Found in Central and South India, and Chittagong.
The gum is hard, opaque, yellow, greenish or brown, with a strong
smell, and is used in the treatment of cutaneous disease, and to keep oS
flies and worms. {Gamble.)
G. obtusifolia, Roxd.
Vem.— Yingai, BURM.
A small, deciduous tree of Burma.
It yields a yellow, pellucid resin.
GARUGA.
Garuga pinnatay Roxh.y Burseraceje.
Vera. — Ghogar, Hind,; jfiiw, Beng.; Kharpat, Pb.; Koordk, Bom.;
Karre vembu, Tam. } Chinydp, Burm.
Grows in the Sub- Himalayan forest from the Jumna eastward.
Central and South India, Chittagong, and Burma.
The clear, greenish-yellow exudation of this tree, called curvambu
(exhibited in Madras in 1855), contains a small proportion of resin and
some oil ; it has a terebinthiaceous odour and taste.
Gluta travancorica, Beddome, ANACARDiACEiE.
GOSSYPIUM.
Gossypium herbaceunii Linn., Malvace-b.
The Common Indun Cotton.
A small specimen was exhibited in Madras in 1855.
This may be a mistake for G. arboreum, if not for Bombax nuda-
b&ricuiB.
Additional information and specimens would be very interesting.
GREVILLEA.
Grevillea robusta, -fir«««., Proteace-b.
The Silk Oak.
A native of Australia ; grows well in India ; a fine avenue may be seen
in the Calcutta Botanic Gardens running toward the great Banyan tree.
Yields a gum, like Moringa> of a vinous-red colour.
Guijun.
Balsam or Wood-oil.
This valuable substance is the produce of several Burmese trees, of
which Dipterocarpus l»vis and D. tarbinatus are the most important,
which see.
36
Gums and Resins.
[ Part I.
GUTTA-PERCHA.
Gutta-percha.
A commercial term for the inspissated milky sap of several plants^ of
which nearly all (or at least all the important ones) belong to the natural
order Sapotacee. The word gutta-percha is of Malayan origin \ it signi-
fies the gum or gutta of the tree known as percha. The gutta-percha of
commerce is, however, chiefly the gutta-taban or Dichopsis Giitta, a tree of
Perak. As it reaches the market, however, this is larg^ely adulterated,
often consisting of the inspissated saps of some five or six different plants
mixed together, of which a fig and bread fruit tree, yielding inferior India-
rubber, are most probably the largest adulterants. Gutta-percha seems
to have come into the notice of Europe in the year 184.5 (from the Straits),
its important uses soon causing an immense demand. It is principally
used in coating telegraphic cables, it being a perfect insulator, while of
such a nature as to withstand, in a remarkable degree, the action of water.
It is in fact much more durable when entirely submerged than when
exposed to a moist atmosphere. About 10 years have been stated to be
the period it will withstand the variations of climate in the air ; 20 years
if enclosed in iron tubes ; but 20 years, when it has been submerged, have
no appreciable effect upon the article. This is due to the fact that under
the influence of light and air it slowly becomes oxidised, being converted
into a brittle resin soluble in hot alcohol. This is the great defect of
Gutta-percha, for, when oxidised, it loses its plastic nature. Under water
and at great depths in the sea, it is, however, very durable, hence its value
as an insulator for submarine cables. Chemically, gutta-percha is almost
identical with India-rubber, but it differs physically, being tough and
inelastic.
Since the date Gutta-percha was made known to Europe, perhaps no
substance has developed more rapidly, and, with India-rubber, its uses
may be said to be so many and so important as to make it perfectly indis-
pensable to commerce.
The immense demand has caused an extended enquiry all over the
globe with the view of expanding the field of supply or discovering sub-
stitutes in sufficient abundance likely to meet the demand without
endangering the extermination of the supply of plants. As far as Gutta-
percha is at present concerned, there cannot be a doubt but that a few
years more will suffice to eradicate the supply from the Straits Settlements.
This prospect is an alarming one, and one m which not only the Colonial
Government should take the most decided steps within its power, but one
which should excite a reaction in India. There does not seem to be the
slightest reason why our tidal forests should not, to a large extent^ be made
to meet the demand. There cannot be a doubt but that the true Gutta-
percha plant would thrive in many of our almost wasted forest tracts were
It to be experimentally introduced.
Dr. Dennys, in a report submitted to the Straits Government, urges the
absolute necessity of Government taking over the responsibility of pre-
serving and renovatine the Gutta-percha forests. He calculates that by
planting the waste lands in Singapore, in about 20 years 100,000 trees of
the true Gutta-percha plant would yield ^(450,000. There seems every
reason to hope that if simply planted with other trees in our sub-tropical
forests on the low hills near the sea an enormous revenue might in the
future be obtained without any cost of cultivation whatever more than the
mere ordinary conservancy charges which are being incurred in any case.
The question of Gutta-percha supply is quite independent from that of
India-rubber. When about 20 years old the trees are cut down and
ringed in spaces a foot wide and 15 to 18 inches apart. The upper end
of the tree is cut off, as this is said to cause bleeding more freely. Buckets
37
GUTTA-
PERCHA.
172
Part I. ]
Economic Products of India,
GUTTA-
PERCHA.
are placed below the ringed portions to collect the sap* This is carried
away and boiled until it solidifies ; in some cases water and salt are
added to assist solidification. Thus when mature the Gutta-percha tree is
simply felled, cultivation being relieved of the delicate process of sucking
the sap from a living tree (an operation exceedingly difficult and expensive
with India-rubber), and resolving itself consequently into a systematic
plantation in which so many trees are annually renewed. If the coast
hills of India are climatically suited to the Gutta-percha tree, there would
therefore seem every reason to expect a rich return were Government to
request the Forest Department to plant out so many trees per annum in
such forests as may be found suitable for this purpose.
Another interesting feature which the increasing demand for Gutta-
percha must solve is the possibility of (in a simple way) transforming the
milky sap of some of the numerous wild'plants of India so as to render
these serviceable as gutta substitutes. In the following enumeration of
the Gutta-percha-vielding plants will be found a few on which it would seem
highly desirable that systematic experiments should be performed with this
object. If it could be possible to utilise the milk-sap of many of our wild
EnphoiUas or of Calotropis gigantea, an immense increased source of
wealth would be thereby brought to light.
[24] — I. Alstonia scholoiis, R. Br,, Apocynacbjb.
Vern. — SaHdn, satwin, Hind ; Chatwan, Beng.
A tall, handsome^ evergreen tree, common on the Sub-Himalayan tract,
from the Jumna eastward, ascending to 3,000 feet in altitude. Plentiful
throughout India and Burma in a state of cultivation.
One of the many forms of this tree has recently been discovered to be
the source of the GuUa^pulei of Singapore. This tree has long been
regarded in India as yielding an inferior India-rubber.
[44] — ^2. Bassia m^ttleyana, De Vriese, Sapotacea.
A tree of Malacca and Borneo, known in the vernacular as kotian.
Mr, Mottley says that this tall and straight tree, when wounded, yields a
copious flow of milky juice which hardens to a brittle, waxy resin, readily
softened by heat. This has been described as an inferior kind of gutta-
percha.
[6x]— 3. Calotropis gigantea, R, Br,, Asclepiadtacejb.
The madar or akanda, a plant scarcely to be distinguished from the
following species, the properties and uses of which are identical, and both
these plants may therefore be discussed jointly, C. gigantea is most
abundant in the lower provinces and Eastern India, while C procera is
the species chiefly met with in Upper or Northern and Central India.
[62]— 4. C. procera, R. Br.
Syn, — C. Hamilton I, Wall,
Vern, — Akand, ak, madar, HiND. 5 Akunda, Beng. ; Auk, Nepal. ; Arka,
Sans. ; Atishar, Arab. ; Kharak, Pers. ; Akda, Mahr. ; Yercum, Tam.;
Jilledu, Tel. ; Mayo-bin, Burm.
Small shrubs, the former sometimes becoming almost a bush, common
everywhere throughout India, in waste lands, after luxuriating on the
poorest soils, and largely cultivated as a hedg[e in some parts of the country.
The fibre is perhaps the finest in India, but is difficult of separation.
The inspissated and sun-dried milky sap from the stem resembles Gutta-
percha. The madar is in fact the most interesting and most hopeful plant
not belonging to the natural order Sapotaceae, which can be said to yield
a substance resembling Gutta-percha ever likely to obtain a commercial
38
Gums and Resins.
[Part I
reputation as a gutta-percha substitute. Dr. Riddell, the Superintendent
Surgeon to the Nizam's army, was apparently the first to separate and
experiment with this gum ; his results having been published, in the first
instance, by Captain (the late distinguished Colonel) Meadows Taylor in
a letter to the Secretary, Agri-HorticulturaJ Society of India, Vol. viii.
Afterwards Dr. Riddell republished his discovery in the Bombay Times
for 1852. As these letters may not be accessible to persons likely to be
interested by this subject, I take the liberty of republishing the more
important parts narrating the actual experiments : —
GUTTA-
PERCHA.
*'My dear Sir, — I observe in the last number of the Society* s Transactions that
the mudir {Asclepia gigantea) affords a very valuable kind of hemp or flax; and I
have now the pleasure to communicate to you another valuable property it possesses,
which has been lately discovered by a friend here, under whose permission I make
the present communications to ^ou.
''Dr. Riddell, the Officiating^ Superintendent Surgeon of the Nizam's Army,
had for some time been employed in extracting or determining^ by chemical experi-
ments the well-known medicinal properties of this plant, and ouring his investigation,
having had occasion to collect the miUcy juice or sap, and expose it to the air, found,
as it gradually dried, that it became tough and nard, ana not unlike gutta-percha.
This induced him to treat the juice as that of the gutta-percha tree is done, and the
result has been the obtaining of a substance apparently precisely analogous to gutta-
percha, of which I have the pleasure to send you a specimen, bearing the impression
of his seal, marked No. i.
*' The mode of preparing this substance is as follows ;~-
" The juice or sap to be collected by incision. An open slit may be made in the
back of the plant and a pot tied to it, when it will flow into it; or it may be collected
by cutting the back and catching as much as flows out at once. Dr. Riddell
calculates that ten average-sized plants or bushes will yield as much juice as will make
a pound of gutta-percha substance, but it is not known yet how far the plant will
bear tapping without injury, nor how often, or at what intervals, the extractions of
juice might be made.
''The juice extracted may either be exposed to the sun in a shallow vessel, or
left to dry m the shade : by the former process, the substance becomes a little darker
than by the latter.
" When it has attained a tough consistency, it may be well worked up in very hot
water with a wooden kneader, or boiled; either process serves to remove an acnd
property of the juice, as also all other matter but the ^utta-percha itself. It is
believea that the more it is boiled and worked up, the harder it will eventually become
when cool.
" Comparison with the true gutta-percha gives the following results: —
"Sulphuric acid — chars it.
** Nitric acid — converts it into a yellow resinous substance.
" Muriatic acid — has very little effect upon it.
" Acetic acid — has no effect.
" Alcohol— ditto.
** Spirit of turpentine^lissolves it into a viscid glue which, when taken up between
the finger and thumb, pressed together, and then separated, shows numberless
minute and separate threads.
" The above chemical tests correspond exactly with the established results of the
real gutta-percha.
"The substance, however hard it may have become, becomes immediately flexible
in hot water, and readily takes any form required, receiving and retaining impressions
of seals, ornaments, &c. It has been made into small cups .and other vessels which
are not found to alter in form.
*' A test I suggested myself was, would it unite with gutta-percha, and this was
satisfactorily proved in my presence. A piece of the real gutta-percha of similar
aze, with a piece of the new substance, was softened in hot water, and united readily.
" The tests by acids on the mixed substance did not differ from those on either of
the two original substances. • • * • • #,# *
^ " If the * muddir ' could be profitably grown for its hemp alone, it is evident, if
this new substance proves in practice what it now appears to be, that an acre of
cultivation of it would produce a large quantity of juice and thus materially enhance
its value. The poorest land suffices for its growtti, but I have no doubt that if
cultivated and plentifully irrigated, not only would the yield of juice be larger, but
the growth of the plant, and the fineness of its fibre when made into hemp, materially
increased." {Meadows Taylor, Agri.'Horii, Society's Journal, Vol. VIII,)
39
ART I. ]
Economic Products of India,
QUTTA-
'ERCHA.
Dr. Riddell subsequently wrote :
" As rejpards my experiments with the * mudddr ' juice, they are as follows :—
Having collected about i8 fluid ounces I had it strained through a cloth, and exposed
iz\ ounces of it to solar evaporation on a flat dish. In three days it became firm^
separating itself from the dish and easily removed. I then placeo it in boiling water,
and worked it well about with a spatula, and when cool enough to handle, kneaded
it with my fingers; when cool I found it to weigh a little more than six ounces. I
then boilea it, and, as it cooled, worked it well again : and on weighing the substance,
found it had lost one ounce. It was then puU^ out into shreds andl>oiled a second
time, kneading it whilst cooling, and four ounces two drachms, apothecaries* weight,
was obtained of what I call ' muddir ' g^tta-percha.
*'The next experiment was with four ounces of the juice, which weighed four
ounces apothecaries' weight, and placing it in a basin, I poured about one quart of
boiling water on it. stirring it up, and then leaving it to stand, when it broke into
curds which fell to the bottom. I then i)artially pour^ oS. the fluid, and filtered the
residue through paper, and on its being sumciently dry to be removed, found it to
weigh one ounce six drachms. It was then worked well m hot water two or three
times, and formed into a mass which gave six drachms, thus losing one ounce. On
the whole it will be seen that the most economical method of preparing the juice
is by solar evaporation, the residue being neariy double to that of the second experi-
ment. "
Mr. Liotard publishes, in his Memorandum on the materials in India
suitable for the Manufacture of Paper, the opinion of Professor Redwood
upon Madar-gutta. The Professor considers it possesses many properties
in common with Gutta-percha of commerce. The specimen so repKjrted
upon was collected by Captain G. E. Hollings, Deputy Commissioner,
Snahpur (in the Punjab) in the year 1853, little more than one year after
the date of the original discovery of this Gutta. We have learned nothing
further in 30 years, and uncountable riches of fibre and gum have all the
while been wasting along every roadside and over every rubbish heap.
[87] — 5* Dichopsis elliptica, Benth, Sapotace^.
The panchoti, a large tree of the Western Ghats, yielding the
Indian gutta-percha.
[88]— 6. Dichopsis Gutta, ^^/^ 6* /r^oi^
The Finest Gutta-percha.
A large tree, indigenous to the Straits and Malayan Archipelago.
The enormous demand for Gutta-perchas has exterminated this exceed-
ingly valuable plant from all accessible places. It flourishes most on the
sides of the hills near Perak.
There are two forms, one with red flowers known as tuban-merut, and
the other with white flowers, tubart'Pateh, The young trees require
shade and a rich well-drained soil, hence the preference for hill-sides.
No special period is observed for collecting the gutta. Full-grown
trees, say 20 years old, are hewn down and tapped all along at dis-
tances of 18 inches. The yield is variously estimated at from 10, 15,
20, or even 40 cathies (a cathi is \\ lbs.) a tree. Allowing 15 lbs. to be a
fair average yield, to afford the amount exported from the Straits in 1875
there must have been destroyed 600,000 trees. The demand continues
to exceed the supply, and if a protecting hand be not extended over the
Gutta-percha forests, extermination must be inevitable.
Singapore and Penang are the chief collecting dep6ts.
[88]— 7. Dichopsis 6bovata, Clarke.
An evergreen tree of Tenasserim, extending to Malacca and Penang.
Kurz says it yields gutta-percha.
[89.1 — 8. Dichops polyantha, Benth,
VenU'-Tali, Bbng ; Sill'kurta, Cachar.
40
Gums and Restns.
[ Part I
A tree, 30 to 40 feet in height, occurring in Sylhet, Chittagong, and
Pegu. Kurz says it produces a good quality of gutta-percha in large quan-
tities, probably not inferior to that of Singapore.
9. Gutta Siindek, the second best form of gutta-percha, is at present
unidentified. It occurs abundantly in the Malay Peninsula. M. Beau-
visage identified it as Keratephorus Leerii, Husk,^ but the Kew autho-
rities regard this as incorrect, and Dr, Trimen, who, in the Ceylon Botanic
Gardens, has succeeded in obtaining young seedlings, thinks it may
prove a species of Payena.
[99]— 10. Dyera costolata. Hook. /., Apocynack-k.
[100]— II D. laziflora. Hook. /.
Trees which inhabit the forests of Malacca, Singapore and Sumatra.
They yield the gutta-jelutong of commerce,
[106] — 12. Euphorbia Cattimandoo, Elliot, Euphorbiacba.
Vem.—KaH Mandu, Tam.
This yields the Catimandu cement of the Madras Presidency. It
contains sufficient caoutchouc to make it a profitable source of supply,
if not of India-rubber, at least of gutta-percha.
[X07] — 13. Euphorbia neriifolia, ^mn.
Vem. — Mansa-sij,
Yields a milky sap which, on drying, much resembles g^tta-percha,
and for which there seems every probability of its being used as a sub-
stitute.
[108] — 14. Euphorfoia pulcherrina, Willd.
Dr. Riodell recommends this, as also the next species, as suitable
for the preparation of g^tta-percha.
[109] — 15. Euphorbia resinifera.
This plant yields the gum known as Euphorbiam, now largely used
as an anticorrosive paint for the bottoms of ships j it comes chiefly from
Morocco and Barbary. Its resisting the action of water depends upon
its resemblance to gutta-percha.
[no] — 16. Euphorbia TirucalH, Linn.
Vem. — LankasiJ, Beng. ; Sehud, Hind. ; Tiru kalli, Mal. ; Shu'soung-
leknyo, Burm.
A small tree cultivated throughout India and used as a hedge.
Dr. Riddel I says this yields a fairly good gutta-percha.
[159] — 17. Mimusops manilkara, Don,^ SAPOTAcsiB.
The Sapota Tree.
Largely cultivated on account of its fruit in Bengal ; yields the Mexi-
can chicle-gum, a substance closely resembling gutta-percha.
[i66]~x8. Payena Maingayi, C.^.C, SAPOTACEiS.
A tree of Malacca and Penang, said by Maingay to abound in gutta-
percha.
In drawing up the above lists of g^tta-yielding plants, I have borrow-
ed largely from the Kew Report for 1881 ; from Spons' Encyclopcedia,
and from journal of the Agri.-Hort. Society: the Government Proceed-
ings; and Jkfr. Baden-PoweU's Punjab Products,
41
GUTTA-
PERCHA.
Part I. ]
Economic Products of India.
ISONAN-
DRA«
173
174
175
HARDWICKIA.
Hardwickia binatai Roxb,, Leguminosje.
Vera.— i4«7a«. Hind., Mar.; Acha, alti, T am, ; Naryepi, yapa, Tel.;
Kamrd, Kan. ; Parsid, Singrowli.
Pound in the dry forests of South and Central India, as far north as
the Banda district of the North- West Provinces.
It yields a gum.
H. pinnata^ lioxb.
Vem.—Koldvu, TinjiKVELhH } Afatdyen samprdni, Travancore; Yenne,
Manjarabad.
Found on the Western Gh&ts from South Kanara to Travancore.
Exudes a red sticky substance, similar to Copaiba Balsam. It is a
thick, viscid fluid, used medicinally in India as a good substitute for
Copaiba.
Hog-gum.
This is chiefly obtained from Symphonia globulifera, Linn., Guttifer^e,
Persian Hog Tragacanth. See Prunus Amygdalus.
HOLIGARNA.
176 Holigarna longifolia, I^oxb., Anacardiaceje.
Vem. — Barola, Beng. ; Khreik, Magh. ; HMagiri, BOM.
A tall tree, native of Eastern Bengal, Chittagong, and Pegu. The
Bombay form seems most probably to be H. Arnoottiana, Hook.f,
It yields a dichromic exudation, which causes blisters. This, on
hardening, forms a sort of gum-resin.
HOPEA.
177 Hopea odorata, Roxh., Dipterocarpeje.
The Rock Dammar of Commerce.
Vera. — Rimda, And.; Thingan, Burm.
Found scattered in the evergreen forests of British Burma and the
Andaman Islands.
It yields a yellow resin, from which the Andamanese prepare a sort
of wax. Specimens and additional information much required. {See
Poon^yet.)
ISONANDRA.
178 Isonandra obovata, Griff., SAPoxACEiE.
Vera.-?
An evergreen tree of Tenasserim.
It yields a sort of gutta-percha. Gamble, who mentions this fact, seems
doubtful whether the plant should not be referred to Dichopsis.
42
Gums and Resins*
[Part
JATROPHA.
Jatropha CurcaSi Linn,, Euphorbiaceji:.
Vera. — Bag*bherenday safed ind. Hind., Beno.; Kaat-amunck, Tam.;
Tkinbawkyetsu, Burm.
Indigenous in America; cultivated in most parts of India, especially in
Coromandel and Travancore.
Dr. Dynnock informs me that when wounded a viscid juice flows from
this plant, which gradually dries into a substance resembling shell-lac in
colour and consistence. The juice is used by the natives like collodion to
close wounds.
laCT
179
JUNIPERUS.
Juniperus communiSi Zm«., CoNiFERiE.
WtnL,^Nikh,pethrth benth(h betar, lang shfir, chichia, Himalayan names.
North- West Himalayas, ascending to 14,000 feet.
Wood highly resinous.
J. excelsa, M. Bieb.
Himalayan Pencil Cedar.
Vcm. — Dh4ptPaddin, N. W. P.; Chalai, sHkpa, luir, sMtrbuia, Hima-
layan NAMES; Dkupi, Nepal; Apurs, Beluchistan.
Arid tract of the North- West Himalaya and Western Tibet, ex-
tending eastward to Nepal, and in the mountains of Afghanistan and
Beluchistan.
It yields a resin, from which Dhup is prepared in India. {Atkinson.)
Dr. Dymock informs me that the Duhp of Bombay commerce is Boewellia
bark imported from Aden, See Boswellia*
J. recurva, Ifam.
Wem^—BetHr, bheddra, g^ggal, agdni, N. W. P. ; Weiyar, bettor, phw
In, Pb.
Sikkim and Bhutan. One of the great sources of DMp or incense in
India. (Atkinson.) The resinous twigs are used for incense.
Kino. See Butea frondosa, Roxh,, and Pterocarpus Maraupium, Roxh.^
Leguminosa.
180
181
z82
[69] [23c
LAC.
A resinous incrustation, caused by the parasitic action of an insect.
Coccus Lacca. The twigs so encrusted are known as stick-lac. When
broken off from the twigs and washed in water, the resin breaks up into
small particles, known as seed-lac s while the water used in the washings
yields lac-dye. Seed-lac, when melted over a fire and squeezed through a
lon^ sack into troughs, spreads out into thin flakes known as shell'lac.
If dropped into rounded masses, it is button-lac ; if into larger pieces, it is
sheet-tac or piece^lac.
43
183
ART I.]
Economic Products of India.
LAC.
BCOND
1ST LAC.
i^ommon).
LSSAM
lC trbb.
tn ffood
Lac,
mmou.
nunon.
The following are the plants on which the Lac insect is found, and
specimens of each, together with all available information and any addi-
tional trees, will be most acceptable : —
X. Acada arabica, Willd, (Leguminossc). The Babul or Kikar ; Gamble, 1$!.
" In Sind and Guzerat yields large quantities of lac."
a. Acacia Catechu, Willd, (Leguminosae).
3. Albizzia ludda, Benth., Silkori, Bbno.
4. Aleurites moluccana, Willd. (Euphorbiaceae). The Akroi, introduced from
Malay, now almost wild, especially in South India.
5< Anona squamosa, Linn, (Anonaceae). The Aia, a tree introduced from the
West Indies.
6. Butea frondosa Roxb. (Leguminosae). The Dhak or Palas,
7. Butea superba, Roxb, (Leguminosae). A climber, scarcely distinguishable
from the tree B.frondosaf except by its habit.
8. Carissa Carandas, Linn. (Apocynaceae). Var. spinarum, sp., A, DC,
9. Celtis Roxburghii, Bedd, (Urticaceae). Eastern Bengal, Central and South
India.
ID. Ceratonia SiUqua (Leguminosae). The Carob Tree ; now almost naturalised
in the Punjab and South India.
zz. Croton Draco, Schlech. (Euphorbiaceae).
Z2. Dalbergia latifolia, Roxb, (Leguminosae).
zj. Dalbergia paniculata, Roxb, (Leguminosae).
Z4. Dichrostachys dnerea, W, & A, (Leguminosae). The Virtuli, a shrub of
Central and South India.
Z5. DoHchandrone Rheedii, Seem,, a small tree of Burma and the Andaman
Islands.
z6. Eriolaena Hookeriana, W,&A, (Sterculiaceae). (Eriolcsna speciabiles yields
fibre.)
Z7. Erythrina indica, Linn, (Leguminosae).
z8. Feronia Elephantum, Correa, (Rutaceae).
Z9. Ficus bengalensis, Linn, (Urticaceae).
20. Ficus comosa, Roxb.^ in A^sam.
21. Ficus CordifoUa, Roxb,; Gamble, 33$; Assam Lac.
22. Ficus elastica, Bl, The India-rubber Tree (the Bar),
23. Ficus glomerata, Roxb,
24. Ficus infectoria, Willd, The Pakar or Keol, (Voung buds are eaten, and
the bark yields a fibre.)
25. Ficus lacdfera, Roxb, A native of Sylhet, the Ruthal Bui.
26. Ficus religiosa, Linn, The Aswai or Pipal, (The Gori or Deomuga silk-
worm feeds upon it.)
27. Garus^ pinnata, Roxb, (Burseraceae), The Garuga or Kaikar.
28. Kydia calydna, Roxb, (Malvaceae). A small tree, the Pola, The inner
bark yields a good fibre.
29. Lagerstroemia parviflora. Book. f. (Lythraceae). The Bakli or Sida (one
of the trees upon which the Tasar silk-worm is found).
30. Mang^fera indica, Linn, (Anacardiaceae). The Mango, in its wild state,
often yields lac.
31. Nephelinm Litchii, Camb, (Sapindaceae). The Litchi.
32. Ougeinia dalbergioides, Benth, (Leguminosae). The Sandan,
44
Gums and Resins.
[Part
33. Prosopis j^dgera, Linn, (Leguminosae). The Jhand of the arid zones of
the Punjab and Guzerat ; a very useful tree, being the chief steam-fuel in
those regions.
34« Pterocarpus Marsupiiim, Roxh, (Leguminosae). The Bija or Kino tree, a
native of Central and South India.
35. Pithecolobium dolce, Benth. (Leguminoss). The Dakhini habid, a tree
introduced from Mexico.
36. Schiiaa crenata, Korth, (Ternstrcemiaceae). An evergreen tree of Burma.
37. Schldchera tiijaga, Willd. (Sapindaceae). The Kusum, Koosum, or Ku-
sumb. This is the most important of all the lac trees. It is a native of
the Sub-Himalaya, Central and South India, and Burma.
38. Shorea robusta, Gaertn. (Dipterocarpeae). The Sdl Tree. The ease with
which this plant coppices, and its power of endurance and rapid growth,
make it one of the best trees for lac cultivation.
39. Shorea Talura, Boxb. A native of Mysore; sometimes called S, laccifera
or Vatica laccifera,
40. Tectona grandis, Linn. (Verbenaceae). The Teak-wood, a native of Cen-
tral and South India and Burma.
41. Termiiialia tomentosa, W. & A, (Combretaceae). The SaJ, piasal, or asan.
42* Zlzyphus Jujuba, Lam, (Rhamneae). The Ber or Kul, Although the lac
yielded by this tree is inferior in quality, the ease with which it may
De propagated makes it a good lac-yielding tree, suited specially to the
Punjab.
43* Zizyphus zylopyra, Willd. (Rhamneae). The Kai-ber.
The following are the specimens of Lac in the Bengal Economic Museum ; the trees
from which derived cannot be determined :—
Stick Lac, Nos. 2005, 2010, 2024, 2025, 3706, 3707, 4072, 4089, 4416, 4417, 4482,
4630, 5009, 5034, 6410, 7661, 8106, 8867, 8871, 9087, 9088,
9089,9090,10960,11500, 1 1859, 1 1 996, 12067,12208,12263,
12264, 12265, 12564, 12715, 12716, 12717, 1 27 1 8, 12756, 12757,
12758, 12759, 13107, 13397, 13398.
Sesd Lac, Nos. 1362, 2006, 201 1, 2218, 3060, 4010, 4433, 4677, 6364, 7662, 9507,
10887, 12261, 12714, 13399, I3400* »340i, 13402, 13403.
Shell Lac, Nos. 2008, 2013, 2022, 3439,9091.
Piece and Button Lac, Nos. 2014, 3438, 7663,7731,8107,9092, 11881,12760.
Sealing Wax, Nos. 3430, 3431, 3432, 3433, 3434, 3435, 3436, 3437, 12963.
LAGER*
STRCEML
KINO-LAC
BEST LA<
TRBB
KUSUM
CHUTIA
NAGPUS
MADRAS
LAC.
Prindpal
PUNJAE
LAC.
LAGERSTRCEMIA.
Lagerstroemia FIos-Regins, Retz.
Syn.— L. Regin^, Roxb.
Vera.— y^rtf/, Beng.; Ajhary Ass.; Tamana, Mahr.; Kadali, Tam.;
Challa, Kan.; Pyinma, Burm.; Mtirute, Ciugh,
Found in East Bengal, Assam, Burma^ and on the West Coast, ex-
tending north to Ratnagiri.
It yields a gum-resin.
184.
L« I>arviflora9 Roxd., Lythracejb.
Vera. — Bdkli, jhaura, sida. Hind.; Sida, Beng.; Kanhil, Lbpcha;
Lahana bodaraj Mahr.; Chinangi, Tel. ; Zaungbale, Burm.
Grows in the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Jumna eastward, in Oudh,
Bengal, Assam, Central and South India.
It yields a sweet gum-resin.
45
185
Part I.]
Economic Products of India,
HAGA-
HANGA.
I86
X87
188
X89
I
Lagerstroemia tomentosai PresL, LTTHRACEiE.
Vcm, — Leea, Burm.
A large deciduous tree of Burma; frequent in Pegu and Martaban.
Exudes a red resin. {Kurg.)
LIQUIDAMBAR.
Liquidambar orientalis, Miller, Hamamelidea.
Liquid Storax.
Vera. — Sildras, HiND. andBoM. ; Miah'sayelah, Arab, ; Silkaka, Saks. ;
Neri-arishippdl, Tam.
A handsome tree, resembling a plane, often growing to the height of
40 feet and forming forests in the south-western part of Asia Minor.
Liquid Storax or Rose Malloes is imported into Bombay from Asia
Mmor, and is much used in Hindu medicine. It is largely exported from
Bombay to China, where it has for many centuries been used as a medi-
cine, having been formerly carried into China by the Arabs as far back
as during the Ming dynasty, A.D. 1368- 1628.
The method of Extraction of Liquid Storax is curious. It is carried
on by Turcomans. They strip off the outer bark and reject it. The
inner bark is then scraped off and thrown into pits until a sufficient
quantity has been collected. By boiling in a copper vessel the resin is
aifterwards separated from the residue. The boiling is said to be done with
brackish water. The residual bark is then placed in hair bags and subjected
to pressure, when a further proportion of the oleoresin is obtained. The
dried and compressed bark is then made into cakes, and constitutes the
fragrant cakes formerly common and well known in Europe under the
name of Cortex Thymiamatis. The resin is opaque and semi-fluid.
{Pharmacographia,) Dr. Dymock, in his Materia Medica of Western
India, says that in Arabic and Persian works there are three kinds gene-
rally described— 75^, that which exudes naturally; 2nd, that which is
obtained by pressing the bark ; and 3rd, that which is obtained by boil-
ing it. These three kinds are, however, not distinguished in commerce.
Mahomedans regard Liquidambar as tonic, resolvent, suppurative and
astringent. It is a favourite application in swellings and in orchitis, and
recently has got a continental reputation in the cure of scabies, for which
purpose it is mixed with linseed oil. See also Altingia ezcelsa, Noronha,
MACARANGA.
Macaranga indicai Wight., EupHORBiACEiE.
Vern. — Bout a, Beng. ; Lai mallata, Nepal ; Modala, Ass. ; Chanda,
Mahr.; DagdakH, Mechi.
Sikkim, Khasia Hills, Andamans and the Western GhAts.
It yields a red gum-resin. This same gum is also given by an allied
species M. denticulata, Miill, (Taungpetwun, Bom.), but in such small
quantities that it hardly deserves mention as a gum-yielding tree. The
same may also be said of M. gfumiaiflua* MiilU
M. tomentosa, Wight.
Vera. — Chanda, BoM. ; Vatii kanni, Tam. j Chentkakanni, Mysore.
Western GhlLts.
Yields a gum, used medicinally, and for taking impressions, (Gamble,)
46
Cunts and Resins.
[Part
MANGIFERA.
Mang^ifera indica, Linn,, Anacardiaceje.
Venu — Am, Hind.; Ghariam, Ass.; Amba, Mahr. ; Mad, mangos, Tam.;
Matnadi, Tel. ; Thayet, Burm.
Wild on the Western Ghits j cultivated all over India.
Its bark yields a g^m.
Mecca Balsam. See Balsamodendron Opobalaamum, Kunth,, Bur-
SlSRACEiE.
MELANORRHCEA.
Melanorrhoea usitata. Wall., Anacardiaceje.
The Black Varnish Tree of Burma.
Vera. — Khe%h Manipur; Thitse, Burm.
Found in Manipur and Burma.
The black varnish made from this plant is much used by the Bur-
mese in their lacquer-work as a size in gilding, for writing in palm-leaf
books, and for many other purposes (Gamble.) Specimens of this gum
and varnish, as also articles prepared with it, are much required from
Burma, and it is hoped special attention will be given to this subject so
as to secure a good representation.
MELIA.
Melia Azadirachta, Linn.
The Neem Tree or Margosa Tree.
Syn. — Azadirachta indica, Adr. Juss.
Vem.— iVim., Hind., Beng. ; -ff^tem, Kumaun; Kohutnba, Guz,; Nimba,
Mahr.; Veypam, Tam.; Yapa, Tel.; Thinbawtamaka,B\j rm^
Planted and self-sown throughout the greater part of India and Burma,
A gum, used as a stimulant, exudes from the bark. Birdwood in-
eludes it among the gums which make up the Gum Gattie of commerce.
The Nim tree is largely cultivated in North India around villages, owing
to a very widespread belief, which even some Europeans have faith in,
that the vapour from the tree is a preventative against fever.
M. dAzedarachy Linn., Meliaceje.
The Persian Lilac, Bastard Cedar, or Bead Tree.
Vtxn.—Drek, bakdin, betain. Hind. ; Ghora-nim, Beng.; Chein, Sutlej;
Mdlvembu, Tam. ; Ta-ma'ka, Burm.
Commonly cultivated throughout India, and believed to be indigenous
in the outer Himalaya and Siwalik tract.
M. sempervirensi Sw.
This species is often given as a synonym for M. azedirach, Linn.
Vem.'^Bukhain.
A sum sent from Madras to the Punjab Exhibition, of which Mr. Baden-
Powell says that " it looks like Mochras.**
47
MELU.
190
[43I
191
Z92
193
X94
Part I. ]
Economic Products of India.
HORUS.
195
196
197
198
MIMUSOPS.
Mimusops Elengi, Linn., SAPotACEjE.
Vem. — Bakul, bohl, Beng. ; Maulser, maulsari. Hind.; Ovali, Mahr. ;
Magadam, Tam.; Khaya, Burm.; Bokal, mugali, Kan.
Wild on the Western Gh&ts as far north as Khandalla, N. Circars,
Burma, Andaman Islands, and Ceylon. Most probably only cultivated
in other parts of India.
It yields the Pogada gum of Madras. {Spons* Enc.)
M. hexandra, Roxb.
Wenu^Rdnjana, Mahr.
Yields, when wounded, a white opaque gum, which is made no use of.
M. indica, A. DC.
Vem, — Khir,khirni,i\iiil}.i Rain, Meywar; Palla, kannu-palle, Tam. •
Pa^lepanlo, Tel. ; Palu, Cingh. ' *
Mountains of South India, extending in Central India to the sand-
stone hills of Pachmari, north of the Godavari.
Yields a gum*
M* manilkaray Don.y Sapotackss.
The Sapota, Sapodilla, Bally Trek or Neesberry.
Syn. — AcHRAS Sapota, Linn.
Vern. — Simi, elupi, Tam. ; Sima, ippa, Tel. ; Twottapat, Burm.
A tree largely cultivated in Bengal for its fruit. It yields a sub-
stance resembhng gutta-percha which, in Mexico, is known as Chicle-gum.
On mixing with gutta-percha or rubber, this gum is said to render theni
brittle, and thus to destroy one of their most useful properties. Several
other American species of this gum yield similar gums, of which M*
globasa may more particularly be mentioned as yielding Gum Batata.
MORINGA,
199 Moringa pteiygospermai Gaertn., Moringaceje.
The Horse-Radish Tree.
Vem. — Soanjna, sanjna. Hind. ; Sajna, sujana Beng. ; Shegava, Mahr. ;
Marunga, Tam.} Danthalon, Burm.
Wild in the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Chenab to Oudh ; com-
monly cultivated in India and Burma.
It yields a gum which is white when it exudes, but gradually turns to
a mahogany colour on the surface; used in native medicine. It
belongs to the tragacanth or hog-gum series and of no European com-
mercial value, and is one of the gums often called mocharas.
MORUS.
200 Moms indica, Linn., URxiCACEa:.
One of the Mulberry Trees.
yenL.—Tutri, Hind.; T4t, Beng.; T41, Pb.; Chhota kimbu, Nepal;
Nuni, Ass. ; Posa, Burm.
Sub-Himalayan tract; cultivated throughout India.
48
Gums and Resins.
[ Part \.
Chiefly cultivated on account of its leaves^ upon which the Assam Pat
(Bombyz teztor} silk-worm is fed. Atkinson, in his Himalayan Dis-
tricts, p, 7S3, mentions this plant as yielding gum. Specimens and further
information much required.
MYRISTICA.
M]rristica COrticosai Hook,^ /., and Th,, Myristicejc.
M. Longifolia, Wall.
Vern. — Zadeitbo, Burm.
Evergreen trees of Burma. Exude a red resin. (Kure^)
NERIUM.
Nerium suaveolens (?) Apocynacejs.
A red gum sent from Madras to Punjab Exhibition under this name.
I can nnd no mention of N. suayeolens in botanical works ; specimens
for identification of both gum and plant would be very interesting.
ODINA.
Odina Wodiefi Roxb., Anacardiaceje.
This is known in Europe as Ging or Kuni Gum.
Vem.-^Kiamil, kim^, jhingan, mowen^ Hind. ; Jiyal, lohar bkadi, Beng. ;
Thingan, jiban, sindan haralU, N. W. P.j ShimH, moya, Mahr. j Wodier,
Tam. ; Gumpini, Tel.j Kaikra, Gond; Nab4, Burm.
Grows in the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Indus eastward, and in
the forests of India and Burma.
The dark-red g^m of this tree was sent to the Punjab Exhibition from
Madras. Roxburgh describes the gum as resembhng pieces of glue.
As it exudes from the tree it is white (kanne-ki^gond), 5ter falling to the
ground it becomes black {jingan-ki'gond). The former is much more
valuable than the latter. This gum is often used with the gum of Ano-
S^dssm latifolia in calico-printing, and the Brahmins of Bengal use it to
stiffen their Brahimincal strings. It is found exuding from the trees
in great stalactitic masses about October, the thin tips of which are per-
fectly translucent. The larger masses resemble dirty jelly, quite soft
and very adhesive, drying rapidly, leaving a varnished-like appearance
on the fingers or finger nails. With age it becomes black and rapidly
degenerates into a powder.
Olibanum. See BoswelUa floribunda, Endl., Bursbracba.
Opobalsamum. See Balsamodendron opobalaamvm, Kunth., Bursbr-
ACEM.
OPOPANAX.
Opopanax chironeum, Rock., Umbelliferjs.
A gum-resin said to be imported into Upper India from Persia, and
used in native medicine. The gum occurs m small round tears, yellow
outside and whitish-yellow withm. It burns with a peculiar odour, and
D 49
OPOPA.
NAX.
201
202
203
204
[6+]
[43]
205
Part I.]
Economic Products of India.
PENTACE.
206
207
208
209
2X0
2ZZ
has a bitter taste,
vinegar, or water.
India.
It forms a milky solution when mixed with spirits.
Dr. Dymock informs me he has never seen this gum in
OSTODES.
Ostodes paniculata, BL, Euphorbiaceje.
Vera. — Bepari, Nepal, } Palok, Lepch a,
Sikkim and Khisia Hills.
Yields a g^m, used as size in paper manufacture. A considerable de-
mand for gums and resins suitable for the paper trade already exists and
is certain to increase. It would therefore be very valuable were samples,
sufficiently large to admit of their being tested, to be supplied, accompanied
with information regarding annual amount likely to be available, ana price.
OUGEINIA.
Ougdnia dalbergioideSi Benth.^ Leguminosje.
Vera* — Sdndan, asainda, tinnas, Hind. ; Shdnjan, pdnaHf Oudh; Ban-
dhona, Uriya; Dargu, tella motku, Tel. ; Telus, Khandesh.
Grows in the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Sutlej to the Teesta,
Central India and West CoasL
The tree yields an astringent red gum. The bark also is astringent,
and is used to poison fish.
PARAMERIA.
Parameria glandulifera, Benth,, Apocynaceje.
Vera. — Taline-no-thee, BuRM.
An extensive climber on the tidal forests of Burma, extending to
Malacca, Singapore, the Andaman Islands, and distributed to Java and
Borneo.
Recently this plant has attracted considerable attention as a source of
India-rubber, said to be equal to American rubber. {Dr, Romanis,
Burma,)
PARKIA.
Parkia insignis, Kurz^ Leguminosje.
Vera. — Myouk-tanyei, BuRM.
A tree met with in the tropical forests of Martabar east of Tonghoo.
Exudes a red resin. (Kurg.)
PAYENA,
Payena Maing^yii C, B. Clarke, Sapotaceje.
A tree of Malacca, yielding gutta-percha, which see.
PENTACE.
Petitace burmannica, j^urz, Tiliaceje.
W&nU'-Thitka, BuRM.
An evergreen tree frequent in the tropical forests of the eastern and
southern slopes of the Pegu Yomah and from Martaban down to Upper
Tenasserim.
Exudes a red resin. (Kurg,)
50
Gums and Resins.
[Part I.
PHCENIX.
Phoenix ^Ivestris, Roxb., Vkuum,
Vem,—Khajur, khaji, saltna, thakU, HiND. ; Shindi, Mahr. ; Periaeet-
cham, Tam. ; Pedda eita, Tel. ; Seindi, Bbrar.
Wild and cultivated throughout India.
It yields a gum little known.
PHYLLANTHUS.
Phyllanthus Emblica, Lmn,, Euphorbiacea.
Vera. — Daula, amla, amlika, aura. Hind. ; Amla. ambolati, atnulaH
Beng.; Atnbal, ambit, Pb.; Ambari, Garo ; Amluki, Ass. ; Anvald, Mahk ;
Nelli, nellekai, Tam. ; Zibya, BuRM.
A tree of the forests of India and Burma.
It yields a gum.
PINUS.
Pinus excelsa, Wall, Coniferje.
Venu—Raisalla, kail. Hind.; CkCr, ckil, Pb.; Vara, Kashmir } Purni,
Afg.
Grows on the Himalayas.
The plant is very resinous ; the wood is used for torches, and from it
turpentine is prepared.
P. Gerardiana, Wall.
Vem. — Chilghoga, Afo. i Chiri, kashti, ri, kannucli, Himalayan names.
Grows on the inner dry and arid North- West Himalaya.
The seed forms an article of food in Kan^war, and the tree yields resin.
Major Longden extracted excellent tar from the chips. Gordon says that
it anords abundance of fine turpentine, and the cones exude a copious white
resin.
P. kaSSrSLj Rqyle.
Vem.^Dingsa, Khasia; Tinyu, Burm.
Khisia Hills, Chittagong, Burma, and Manipur, descending to 2,000
feet in altitude.
It is rich in resinous matter,
P. longifoliai Roxb.
The Long-leaved Pine.
Vem.^Chil, chir, Pb. J Salla, sapin, kolan, GuRHWAL and KuMAUN;
Gandha bieosa. Bom.
Grows on the outer North- Western Himalaya, and in Sikkim and
Bhutan.
Yields a true oleo-resin, which, when distilled, forms turpentine ; tar
also is prepared from it. There are two kinds of resin : (i^ the berja sort,
which comprises the tears exuding naturally from the bark ; and (2) the
bokhar berja, or the resin produced by making deep and long incisions
into the sap-wood. In Bengal the resin is known under the name of
Gandhbiroza,
Dr. Dymock informs me that the native doctors in Western India
distil an oil from it which they call khunro-oil ; it is used in gonorrhoea.
PINUS.
2Z3
2Z4
2x5
2Z6
2Z7
D I
51
Part 1.]
Economic Products of India.
PITHE-
COLO-
BIUM.
218
219
220
22Z
223
224
PIPER,
Cubeba, Linn,^ PiPERACEJE.
CuBEBS, Eng. ; CuBEBES, Fr,
Syn. — CuBEBA Officinalis, Miq,
Vem»—Kabab'chini, Beng. ; Val-milaku, Hind. ; Kankola, Mahr. ; Taka
tniriyala, T AM,; Sinban'karawa, Tbl.
Wild in Java; introduced into India, or cubebs imported.
A gum-resin may be prepared from this plant.
PISTACIA.
cabulica, S/ocks., Asacarbiacem,
Vcr n . — Mastaki,
Dr. Aitchison {Linncm Society's Journal, XVIII, p. 42) says that this
small tree is occasional from Thai to Sh^lizan.
The resin is known in Europe as Bombay mastic ; it comes to Bombay
in small boxes from Afghanistan.
P. integerrima, /. L. Stewart.
Vera. — Kakrasinghi, Beng. ; Kaka, kakkar, kangar, tungu, Pb.
A tree, with rough bark, met with on the Sulaiman Range, the outer
North-Westem Himalaya, extending eastward to Kumaun. Altitude
6,000 feet.
Is said to yield a gum.
P. Lentiscus, Linn.
A shrub of the Mediterranean regions, imported into India.
It yields the mastiche of Chios. It occurs in small brittle tears of a pale,
yellow colour, fragrant when heated. This substance is used in medicine,
and as a varnish in the arts. It contains a small portion of volatile oil,
about 90 per cent, of a resin soluble in alcohol, and about 10 per cent,
of a resin insoluble in cold and soluble in hot alcohol.
P. Terebinthus, Linn.
This plant is a native of North Africa ; from it is obtained a semi-fluid
resin known as Chian Turpentine. Of late years this has attracted con>
siderable attention in Europe in the treatment of uterine cancer. This
semi-liquid resin is obtained by making incisions on the stem and
branches. The plant is found cultivated (or wild) in Egypt, Palestine and
Algeria, and might easily be introduced into India with profit, since there
is a growing demand for Chlan Turpentine.
P.vera, Z/««.
The PiSTACHio-NUTS, which are imported into India from Afghanis-
tan, form the fruit of this tree.
A gum also is said to be obtained from this plant*
PITHECOLOBIUM.
Pithecolobium lobatum, Benth., Leguminosje.
Veni. — Tanyin, BuRM.
An evergreen tree met with in the forests from the Pegu Yomah and
Martaban down to Tenasserim. Frequently cultivated by the Burmese.
Exudes a blackish resin. iKurz,) P. Saman exudes a dear yellow gum.
(r. W. Oliver.) *
52
Gums and Resins,
[Part I.
POINCIANA.
Poinciana elata, Linn.^ Leguminos^:.
Vtm.—Sankdsura, Mahr.; Padenarayan, Tam.; Sunkeswar, Tel.;
Nirangi, Kan.
Found in the forests of South India and the Western Peninsula ;
planted elsewhere. It was introduced from Madagascar, and is now found
planted all over India. . , ^ , .. . . r,., ^
The gum was sent from Madras to the Punjab Exhibition. The tree
yields gum.
PONGAMIA.
Pongamia glabra, Vent,^ Leguminos^:.
Wem.—Karanj, papar. Hind.; Dalkaramcha, karanja, Bkng.; Pong,
Tam. ; Kanga, Tel. ; Thinwin, Burm. ^ . „ ,
Grows in the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Ravi eastward, in Bengal
Burma, Central and South India. , c ^ n^ n^^^orlr
It yields a thick, black, opaque gum. (Spans' Enc,) Dr. Dymock
writes me to say that he has never seen any gum on this tree, and that
gum does not exude when the tree is wounded.
Poon-yet or Pwaioget. See Pwenyct
POPULUS.
Populus balsamifera, Lmn., Salicine-«:.
Vem.^Phalsh, makkal, Pb. ; Berfa, changma, W. Tibet.
A large tree of the inner arid Himalaya and Tibet. 8.000 to 14,000 feet.
The leaves and the branches are full of balsamic juice, which also
exudes from fresh cuts between the bark and the wood. (Gamble.)
PROSOPIS.
Prosopis glandulosa, Torr.y Leguminos^.
The " Mesquit or Algaroba of Texas.'
A native of the mountain regions of Western Texas. Successfully in-
troduced into India by the Department of Agriculture and Commerce of
the North-Western Provinces.
It yields a large quantity of gum, resembling gum-arabic, often used
as a mucilage in making jujubes.
PROSOPIS.
225
»»
P. spicigera, Lmn,
Vem^-Shamu Bkng., Mahr., Uriya ; Jhdnd, khdr, Pe. ; Samada, samt,
kandi, oTkundi, SiND; Khijra, Rajputana; 5#mru, Guz.; Perumbt,
Tam
A moderate-sized tree of Punjab, Sind. and the Western Peninsula.
It yields a gum, similar to gum-arabic.
53
[241]
227
228
229
Part I.]
Economic Products of India,
PRUNUS.
230
PRUNUS.
Prunus AmygdaluSi BailLy Rosaceje.
The Almond.
Veni. — (Var., Sweet Almonds) Bdddm, (Bitter Almonds) Kurwe-
bddam. Hind., Bom. ; Vddatn-kottai, Jam. ; Kashappu vadam kottai,
Tel. ; Loue-ul-murr, Arab.
This tree yields the Badam or Hog Tragacanth exported from Persia
into Bombay, and re-exported to Europe. It is used as a substitute for the
true Tragacanth. The Ho^-gum of European commerce is obtained from
a tree (Symphooia g^lobuUfera, Linn,, GuTTiFERiE), a native of tropical
South America and the West Indies, and recently discovered in Africa.
23* P. armeniaca, Linn.
The Apricot.
Vcrn.— C/rtlaW, khubani, aard dlu. Hind.; Hart, gardalu, shir an, kusk,
Pb.
Cultivated in the Western Himalaya.
The tree yields a gum similar to Tragacanth, This, with all the
gums from the members of this genus, is known commercially as Cherry
gum. Of this series the gum from the true cherry is the most valuable,
being more soluble than the others, and used commercially in France.
232
233
234
P. Cerasus, ZiW«.
The Cherry.
Syn. — P. CAPRONIANA, DC,
Vcm.— ii/ii bain, or Alu-bu-ali, Pers. ; Kerdsya, Arab. ; Gil6,s, olchi, Pb.
Is generally cultivated in the North-Western Himalaya.
Yields cherry gum. The kernels are sold for medicinal purposes ;
they contain a small quantity of prussic acid, and are supposed to
strengthen the nervous system.
P. communis, Huds,, forma AL(JCHA.
The Plum.
Syn.— P« ALOOCHA, Royle; P. bokariensis, Royle,
Vcm.— i4/ooAoMrfr<i, Hind., Bom., Pers. j Alucha, olchi, shaft dlu, Pb. ;
Alpo-gdda'paeham, Tam.
Cultivated from Garhwal to Kashmir in the Western Himalaya.
Yields a yellow gum not of any value ; it somewhat resembles gum-
arabic, and is often known as Persian gum. , . . •.
The Bokhara plum is largely used m a dry state, and m fact it may
be regarded as the officinal plum of India. It is sub-acid, digestive and
aperient, and may be advantageously used in the preparation of medi-
cal confections.
P. PaduSy Linn,
Yem,—Pd.ras, kalakat, zambu,dudla, Pb. ; Hlo sa hlot-k4ng, Lkpcha.
Himalaya, from the Indus to Sikkim.
Yields sparingly an inferior gum.
54
Glims and Resins,
[ Part I
P. persica, Benth. &f Hook,
The Peach.
Vcm.— i4rj*, nor^ Pb. % Ghwaresktai, Afg. j SMftalik, Pers.
Commonly cultivated throughout the Himalaya and in Upper Burma.
Yields scantily an unimportant gum.
P. PudAura, Roxd.
Vem. — Paddam, pdya,iiiKD,; Ckamiari, ameUgack, Pb.; Padma-'kasia,
Bom ; Kongki,\ns.FCHA,
Wild in the Himalaya, from the Indus to Assam and the Khisia Hills.
It yields an abundant ^um, not used for an^ economic purpose.
It seems probable that it is the twies of this lant which are sold in
the medicine shops on account of the bark containing a small quantity
of a substance resembling prussic acid.
PWENYET
235
23IS
PTEROCARPUS.
Pterocarpus indicus, WUld,, Leguminosje.
Vera. — Padauk, BuRM. ; Chalanga-da, And.
A lofty tree of Burma and the Andaman Islands.
Yields gum-kino. {Kure,)
P. macrocarpus, Kurz,
Vera. — Padauk, BuRM.
A deciduous tree of the Eng and upper mixed forests of Martaban and
Tenasserim.
Yields a red resin, a sort of gum-kino (Kurtf,)
P. Marsupium, Roxb.
Vera. — Bija, bifasdr, sdlbia. Hind.; Asana, Mahr. ; Byasa, Uriya; Ven-
gaif Tam. ; Yeggi, Tel.
Found in Central and South India, extending northward to the
Banda district of the North- West Provinces.
It yields the red gum-resin called ** Kino " — a valuable astringent,
much used in medicine. The Malabar Kino was sent from Madras to
the Punjab Exhibition. This is an astringent extract which practically
should not be classed with gums and resins. The juice is extracted when
the tree is in blossom by making longitudinal incisions in the bark, The
juice is collected in a receiver and dried. The hardened juice consists of
blackish-red, angular, pea-like grains, partially soluble in water, but
almost entirely in spirits of wine. It is used medicinally, and might be
used as a source of tannin if sufficiently cheap.
PUNICA.
Punica Granatum, Lmn., Lythraceje.
The Pomegranate ; Granades, Fr, ; Granats, Ger.
Vera. — AnOit^ darim. Hind.; Ddltm, Kumaun; Shajratur-rumtnan.
Arab.; Darakhte-nar, Fers. ; Attdr, Dec. ; Dalimba, Mahr ; Madalaich,
chedi, Tam.; Danimma-chettu, Tel.; Thal4, Burm.
A small tree, wild in the Sulaiman Range (altitude 3,000 to 6,000 feet),
and the Salt Range; cultivated in most parts of India and Burma.
Pwenyet or Poonyet.
Pwenyet or Pwainget, sometimes called Black Dammar.
55
vu
23
239
240
24.1
*ART I.]
Economic Products of India.
SAPIN-
DUS.
242
243
A honeycomb black resin, met with in Burma, formed bj^ a Hymenop-
terous insect (Trig^ona Icriceps). This insect seems to obtain the resinous
matter from the following plants : Hopes odonta, Roxh^ the Thingan of
Burma; Dipterocarpiis lo^ds, turbmatM, Geertn,(^\aBwiM^ Ham,), the Wood-
oil Tree, the Kanyengnet : and CaniuiwB bengalense, Roxh.s and pro-
bably also from Shorea obtusa, Thitya, which exudes a white resin.
It must, however, obtain its resinous supply chiefly from the first two of
these, as the others are not common. It constructs its hive in the
hollows or bifurcations of trees, the crevices of rocks, or on the ground.
A trumpet-shaped entrance is constructed of the resinous matter, pro-
truding often for about a foot in length, and gracefully widening to about
the same extent. To obtain the hive, the trees have, in the majority of
cases, to be hewn down, each yielding^ about 4 lbs. The principal use of
Poon-yet is for caulking boats, for which purpose it is mixed with earth-
oil or petroleum. It is first boiled in water; thereafter it is kneaded with
petroleum until it attains the consistency oi putty.
Specimens of this resin, and also a perfect hive, should, if possible, be
procured from Burma, together with all the Dammar resins met with in
Burma.
RHUS.
Rhus succedaneai Linn,, Anacardiaca.
Vera. — Tairi, arkol, nurku, Pb.; Raniwalai, Nepal; Serknyok, Lbpcha.
Himalaya, from the Jhelam to Assam, and the Khisia Hills.
The seeds yield a pure white wax, made into candles in Japan.
The stems of this and also R. varnicefera are in Japan and China
scratched at the age of 4 or 5 years. From these incisions an exudation
is obtained which constitutes the varnish used in Japanese and Chinese
lacquer work.
SACCOPETALUM.
Saccopetalum tomentosunii Hook,/., & T, T,, ANONACEiB.
Vera. — Kirna, karri, Hwd, ; Hoom,BoM,; Chilkadudu, Tel,
Oudh and Gorakhpur, Behar, Central India and the Western Ghftts.
A large tree with straight stem ; bark an inch thick ; leaves used
as fodder.
It yields a gum belonging to the false tragacanth or hog-g^m series.
SAGABENUM.
244 Sagabenum or Sagapenum or in the older writers Serapinum.
Iskabena is a Persian name for a gum-resin occurring in small, rounded
or oblong pieces, of a yellowish-brown colour, supposed to be derived from
a species of Farula. The Persian article is quite distinct from the Levant
Sagapenvm. Specimens and further information should be obtained
from Bombay.
SAPINDUS.
245 Sapindus MukoroSSi, Gaertn., Sapindaceje.
Syn^^S. DETERGENS, Roxb,
Vera. — Ritha, dodan, kanmar. Hind.
Cultivated throughout North- West India and Bengal.
A gum obtained from this tree was sent by the Madras Forest Depart-
ment to Amsterdam.
56
Gums and Resins,
[ Part I
Sapindus trifoliatus, VahL
The Soap-nut Tree.
Syn. — S. EMARGINATA^ VaM,
Vern. — Rithot Hind.^ Mahr. j Bara riiha, Bbng.; Pounanga, Tam. ; Pu-
vella, CiNGH,
Often cultivated in Bengal, South India, and Ceylon.
It yields a gum. The fruits (Ritha) are largely used for washing silk.
SCHLEICHERA.
Schleichera trijuga, Willd,, Sapindaceje.
Vera. — Kosum, gausam, HiND.; Piisk&, Tel.; Pdvd, Tam.; Kusumb,
Mahr. ; Gyo, Burm.
A large deciduous tree of the Sub- Himalayan tract from the Sutlej
eastward. Central and South India, and Burma.
Exudes a yellowish resin. Lac is produced on the tree. (Kure.)
SCORODOSMA.
Scorodosma foetidum, Bunge, Umbelliferje.
This is supposed to be the source of the commercial Asafoetida of
commerce, which reaches Bombay from Afghanistan. It seems probable
that the Persian supply of this substance is obtained from Ferula Narthez,
Boiss., which see.
SEMECARPUS.
Semecarpus Anacardiunii Lmn,,/. Anacardiace^:.
Marking-nut Tree,
Vera. — Bhilawa, bh^la, HiND. ; Bhela, bhelaiuki, Bbng. ; Bibhd, Mahr. ;
Shaing, Tam. ; Jiri, Tel. 5 Chyai beng, Burm.
Sub- Himalayan tract from the Sutlej eastward to Assam and Chitta-
gong, but not to Burma ; ascending 3,500 feet in altitude.
The tree yields a gum, a sample of which has been sent by the Madras
Forest Department to the Amsterdam Exhibition. Brandis says that
*' the pericarp Is full of an acrid juice which is used in native medicine.
A black varnish is made from it, and, mixed with lime water, it is used for
marking linen,"
S. panduratu^^ ITurz.
Vem.—Che, Burm.
A tree of Pegu and Martaban.
Yields a black resin. (Kure,)
S. travancorica, Bedd,
Vera* — Naiu sengote, Tam.
A tree of the Tinnevelly and Travancore Hills.
It abounds with the same caustic black juice as the preceding.
SESBANIA.
Sesbania grandiflora, Pers,, Leguminosje.
Syn. — ^SCHYNOMENE GRANDIFLORA, Ro»b. ; AgATI GRANDIFLORA, DesV.
Vera.— J?a5«a, Hind.; Buka, bak, Beng.; Shevari, agasta, Mahr ; Agati»
• Tam.; i4wm, Tel.; -P<i«/{!^an, Burm.
Cultivated throughout India and Burma, a doubtful native.
57
SESBA-
NIA.
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
ART I.]
Economic Products of India,
HOREA.
A handsome small tree with pink or white flowers. It is said to yield
scantily a dark-coloured gum resembling Kino ; the bark is very astrin-
gent.
SHOREA.
253 Shorea nervosa, Kurz, DiPTERocARPEiK.
A Tenasserim species, yielding a clear yellowish resin of the qualities
and smell of Colphony. {Kurz,)
254 S. obtusa, Wall
VertL'^Thi'ya, Burm.
A large tree of the Eng forests of Burma,
Exudes white resin.
255 S. robusta, Gaer/n.
The SXl Tree.
Vern. — ^d/j sdkoh, sdla, sakhu, salwa, Hind.; Bolsal, Garo; Teturl,
Lepcha; Bakwa, Nepal; Korok, Oudh; GAgal, Tel.
North-east moist and intermediate zones : Sub-Himalayan tract, from
the Beas to Assam ; eastern part of Central India, from the Ganges to the
Godavari, extending westward to the longitude of Mandla, with an out-
lying patch on and around the sandstone hills of the Pachmari Range.
A large, gregarious tree, often covering certain interrupted tracts, with-
out the existence of connecting patches. Very abundant in Chutia Nag-
pur, and often associated with the Mahda.
The tree, when tapped, exudes large quantities of whitish aromatic resin,
used in native medicine ; also as an incense, and to caulk boats. It occurs
in small rough pieces, from a pale creamy colour to a dark brown, nearly
opaque, and very brittle. "In some places in the upper Teesta forests,
large pieces, often 30 to 40 cubic inches in size, are found in the ground
at the foot of the trees." (Gamble.) It has no taste or smell, to a small
extent soluble in alcohol, almost entirely so in ether, and perfectly so in
turpentine and the fixed oils. It is chiefly used as a substitute for dam-
mar by boat-builders.
In Bombay the resin is called Rdl. There are several resins bearing
this name ; Dymock regards the one obtained from this plant as the true
Rdla of the Sanskrit writers.
The conservation of the sk\ forest has put a stop to the practice of
notching the trees and thereby made the supply of sal resin in large quan-
tities quite improbable. Dr. Dymock informs me that Bombay is supplied
with rdl from Singapore ; it is probably from the Eastern Archipelago,
and is imported in large quantities. It occurs in large stalactitic masses,
of a pale creamy colour to yellowish brown, nearly opaque. This is
a remarkable fact, incalculable quantities of this most useful gum are
allowed to go to waste in the forests at our very door, compelling us to
import our supply from the Straits. It would thus seem that we have
deprived a large community of a former source of subsistence and driyen the
supply of the natural products of the forests to other countries.
58
Gums and Resins.
[Part I.
Shorea siamensis, Miq.
Syn.— Pentacme Siamensis, Kurs,
Vem. — Ingyin, BuRM.
Common in the In forests of Burma, especially in those of Ava and
Prome.
It yields a red resin.
S. Tumbuggaia, Roxb.
Syn. — ^Vatica Tumbuggaia, W. & A.
Vera* — Cangu, congo, tumbugaif Tam. ; Thambd, Tel. ; Vanboga, Malayan,
Cuddapah and North Arcot districts.
It yielcfc a Dammar, which is used as a substitute for pitch. (Gamble.)
SKIMMIA.
Skimmia Laureola^ Ifook. /., Rutace^:.
Vem. — Kedar-^atH {Gangoirt), Ner, barru, Pb. ; Nehar, gurl patat
KuMAUN; Chumlani, Nepal; timburnyok, Lepcha.
An extremely aromatic shrub found throughout the temperate
Himalaya from Marri to Mishmi, altitude 6,000 to 10,000 feet ; Khasia
Mountains, altitude 5,000 to 6,000 feet.
The leaves are burnt as incense. (J, F, Duthie,)
SOYMIDA.
Soymida febrifugal Adr. fuss,, Meliaceje.
The Indian Red Wood.
Vem. — Rohan, Hind.; Rohina, Beng.; Shem, Tam.; Sumi, Tel.
A large deciduous tree of Central India and Deccan.
The deep red bark is half an inch thick, very astringent and used in
native medicine ; it contains a gum,
SPATHOLOBUS.
Spatholobus Roxburghiii Benth,^ Leguminosje.
Syn.— Butea parvi flora, Roxb.
Vera. — Mala, mulu, maula. Hind. ; DebrelarOf Nepal ; Tetrobrik, Lepcha ;
PauknwSy BURM.
Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna eastward to Bengal, and Burma.
This plant exudes a red gum, resembling " Kino,"
SPONDIAS.
Spondias mangifera, Pers,, Anacardiaceje.
The Hog Plum.
V'em. — Amraf amara, ambodha. Hind. ; Atnna, Beng. ; Tongrong, Garo;
RaTP-ambatMAHR.iKatmda, Tam. ; Aravintamddi, Tel, ; Gwe, Bvrm,
Found growing in the Sub-Himalayan tract, ascending to 3,000 feet
in Sikkim ; in the dry forests of South India and Burma ; rare in Central
India.
It yields a gum, somewhat resembling gum-arabic, but darker in colour.
A sample was supplied by the Madras Forest Department to the Punjab
Exhibition.
59
SPONDIAS.
256
257
258
259
260
261
Part I.]
Economic Products of India.
ITYRAX.
262
263
264.
265
266
SPONIA.
Sponia orientalis, Planch., Urticaceje.
Syn.— Ckltis orientalis, Linn.
Vera. — Badu manu, C. P. ; Kooail, Nepal ; Jupang, Ass. ; Mini, Tam. •
Gada-melli, Tel. ; Garklu, Kan. '
Himalaya, from Nepal eastward; Bengal, Burma, Central and South
India. A small rapid-growing tree.
The coarse amphak cloth of Assam is made of this tree. The bark
yields a fibre and a gum.
STERCULIA.
Sterculia urens, Roxh., Sterculiaceje.
Vera. — G^M, k&lu, giilar^ Hind.; Odla, Ass. ; Kalru, AjMiR ; Pdndr4ka,
kdvali, Mahr. ; Karai, Guz. ; Vellay p4iali, Tam.; Talbsu, Tel.
Sub-Himalayan tract from the Ganges eastward, common in forests
throughout India and Burma.
It yields a gum called Katila or Kattra, This belongs to the pale or
Tragacanth series. It is inferior but is issued to the Government hospitals
in Bombay instead of Tragacanth. It has been repeatedly valued in
Europe, and has been pronounced worth only some 20 shillings a cwt.
Dr, Dymock, however, informs me that under the name of Karat-
gond it is largely used in Bombay in the manufacture of native sweet-
meats.
S. villosa, Roxh.
Vem. — Udaly udar. Hind. ; Gul-bodla, Pb.j Vake-nar, Tam.
Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Indus eastward ; common in forests
throughout India and Burma.
It yields a white pellucid gum, exuding freely from scars on the bark.
It resembles the preceding, and, like it, is at present commercially value-
less. It is only slightly soluble and has no adhesive properties.
STEREOSPERMUM.
Stereospermum suaveolens, DC, Bignoniaceje.
Vem. — Pdral, padal, padidlu HiND^ Mahr. ; Par 14, Beng. ; Parari^
Nepal ; Paari, Tam. ; Kala^goru, Tel.
Sub- Himalayan tract, from the Jhelam eastward, ascending to 4,000
feet; Bengal, Burma, Central and South India.
The root and the bark are used in native medicine as a cooling de-
coction.
The bark yields a gum, one of the dark-coloured Hog or Tragacanth
series.
STYRAX.
Styrax Benzoin, Dryand, Styrace^.
Vem> — Luhdny Hind. {Luban is more properly applied to Olibanvm).
Grows in the Malay Archipelago.
60
Gums and Resins.
[ Part I
Yields the true "Gum Benzoin," which is used in medicine, in per-
fumery, and in the composition of incense. It is produced by incisions
into the bark, and it occurs in lumps of small masses of tears, or of a
brownish mass with or without tears. It has an agreeable odour, and is
soluble in rectified spirit and in solution of potash. It contains from
76 to 80 per cent, of resin, a volatile oil, and an acid known as benzoic
acid. Tne whitish varieties are generally used for medicinal purposes,
being used chiefly in pulmonary complaints. It is burnt as an incense
by the Roman Catholics, Buddhists, and Hindis in their worship. The
smoke it gives out acts as a disinfectant and drives away mosquitoes and
sandflies.
Two kinds of Benzoin are met with in the London market, viz., Siam
Benjamin and Sumatra Benjamin. {Dymock.)
Styrax officinale, Linn,
A native of the Levant, Asia Minor and Syria.
Yields the resin **Storax." This is a solid substance somewhat re-
sembling Benzoin. This pleasant and fragrant substance has been a
favourite from the days of Dioscoroides and Pliny. It has practically been
exterminated. The young twigs do not yield the resin, and where met
with the plant has been ruthlessly lopped, and thereby reduced to a
bush. The resin Storax is now practically unknown. Liquid Storax, see
Liquidambar orientalis, Milier,
TAMARIN<
DUS.
267
S. semilatum, Roxb,
Vern. — Kum-jameva, Beng. ; Chamo, Lepcha.
A small tree of Eastern Bengal, Sikkim, and Chittagong.
Yields gum.
268
S. virgatum. Wall.
A small tree of Eastern Bengal.
Yields gum, like Benjamin or Benzoin, of inferior quality.
269
SWIETENIA.
Swietenia Mahagoni, Linn., Cedrelacej:.
Cultivated in Bengal and as far north as Saharanpur; a native of
Jamaica and Central America. Originally introduced into India in 1795
but not propagated to any extent until 1865, when Dr. Anderson sowed
8,000 seeds, from which 460 plants were obtained. These were planted in
the Darjiling forests and in Bengal, the latter succeeding well.
Is said to yield abundance of a superior silvery-looking gum.
TAMARINDUS.
Tamarindus indica, Linn,, Leguminos^.
Vein. — Amli, ambit, tmli. Hind. ; TinHri, ientul, Beng. ; Ckincka, Mahr. ;
Puli, Tam.; Chinta, Tel. ; Karangi, Mysore; Magyi, Burm.
Cultivated throughout Burma and India as far north as the Jhelam.
61
270
271
*ART L]
Economic Products of India.
'ERMINA-
UA.
272
273
TAMARIX.
Tamarix articulata, VahL, Tamariscinea.
Vera. — FariLStfama, narlei, Pb. ; Asrelei, Sind.
Found along rivers and the sea-coast, almost throughout India.
Yields a small quantity of gum.
T. dioica, JRoxb.
Vera. — Lai jhau, Beng. ; yhau. Hind.; Lei,pilcht, Pb. ; Gag, Ido, Sind.
Found along rivers and the sea-coast, almost throughout India.
It yields a gum which appears nodular, transparent m the central speck
of each tear, and opaque on the circumference.
TAXUS-
Taxus baccatai Linn,, Coniferje.
Vera. — Birmi, Kashmir; Tckeiray gulab, "Sepal ; Sarap badar, Afg.
Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, and the Khisia Hills,
The gummy exudation forms a portion of the incense used in Tibet.
TECTONA.
Tectona g^andis^ Linn,, Verbenace^.
The Teak Tree.
Vem.^Sdgun, Hind, j Singuru, Uriya ; Sdj, sal, Arab., Pbrs.; Tekku,
tek, Tam.; Teku, Tel. ; Jddi, Uga, Kan. ; Jdti, Mal. ; Kyiin, Burm.
Found in Central and South India and Burma.
This is the most important timber tree of India and Burma, used for
ship-building, railway sleepers, carpentry and furniture. The wood yields
an oil, which is used medicmally, and from the bark a gum is said to exude.
Mr. G. E. Evans is of opinion that the wood-tar from this tree con-
tains all the substances that are present in coal-tar, but in different pro-
portions. If used like coal-tar, it would produce much less permanent
effects.
TERMINALIA,
Terminalia Arjuna, Bedd., Combretaceje.
Vera. — Anjan, arjun, arjuna. Hind.; Arjun, Beng.; Vella marda, Tam.;
^r/wn, Mahr.; Yermaddi^TEi.,; Taukkyan, Burm.
Sub-Himalayan tract, Oudh, Bengal, Burma, Central and South
India.
It yields a brown translucent gum.
T. belerica, Roxh.
Vera. — Bahera, bkaira, behara, HmD, ; Bakera, Beng.; Babela, Pers. ;
Yeld, Mahr. ; Tani, Tam.; Tani, Tel, ;Thitsein, Burm.
Sub-Himalayan tract from near the Indus eastward; the forests of
India and Burma.
It yields copiously a gum which, apparently, is of no economic use.
62
Gums and Resins,
[Part I
Terminaia Chebula, Retz.
Wem, — Harra, harara. Hind.; Haritaki, Bbng.; Hiradd, Mahr. ;
Kadakoi, Tam. ; Karaka, Tel.
Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Sutlej eastward; Bengal, Assam, Chit-
tagong, Central and South India.
Yields a gum,
T. tomentosa^ W. esf A.
Vem. — Saj, sein, asan, assain, asna, Hind.; Piasal, asan, Bbng.;
Karra, marda, Tam.; Maddi, Tel.; Taukkyan, Burm.
Sub- Himalayan tract, from the Ravi eastward, ascending in some
places to 4,000 feet; Bengal, Central and South India^ and Burma.
It yields a brown g^m,
THESPESIA.
Thespesia populneai Corr,, Malvaceje.
The Portia or Tulip Tree.
Syn.— Hibiscus populnbus, Willd.
Vem. — Parsipu, Hind.; Poresh, Bbng.; Ports, Tam.; Gangarayu,
Tel.; BenditGuz,; Sur ey a. Cm gh.
It is found in the coast forests of India, Burma, and the Andaman
Islands. Planted throughout India.
Said to yield a gum, which was sent from Madras to the Punjab
Exhibition, and which is probably the yellow milk of the capsules dried.
Tragacanth.
A gum obtained from several species of Astnisalus, inhabiting South
Europe, Asia Minor, and Persia.
Used in the arts as a substitute for glue. It is of a dull white colour,
translucent, inodorous, and tasteless. In India the following gums are
used as substitutes for Tragacanth : —
Cochlospermuffl Gossypiusa,
StercuUa urens, and
Hog Tragacanth, the produce of Prunvs Amygdalus, imported into
Bombay from Persia.
TRICHOSANTHES.
Trichosanthes cucamerim, Lmn., Cvcvkbttacem.
Vem. — JangU'chachinda, Hind. ; Ban-patol, Bbng. ; Parula, Mahr. ;
Pipudel, pudel, Tam.; Chyad-poUOyTEU
A gum said to be from this plant was sent from Madras to the Punjab
Exhibition. This seems doubtful; specimens in confirmation much
required*
Turpentine.
An oleo-resin, obtained chiefly from various species of Conifene.
Several turpentine oleo-resins are also obtained from Anacardiacese^ of
which may be mentioned the Chian or Cyprian Turpentine. See Pinus
and Pistachia.
63
TURPEN-
TINE.
278
279
280
281
283
Part I.]
Economic Products of India,
VENTILA-
GO.
284
285
286
287
288
URCEOLA.
Urceola elastica, Roxb,, and U. esculentOi Benth.^ Apoctnaceje.
VtOL— Kyetpaung, Burm.
An extensive, woody climber in the forests of Tenasserim and Pegu.
Recently Mr. G. W. Strettell has experimented with this plant as a sup-
plier of caoutchouc, and it seems likely to become useful. Specimens of
the rubber much required; also further information.
Varnish.
Various substances used In solution with spirit, or in the natural con-
dition, or liquified by heat. Of the commercial varnishes the following
may be mentioned as the more important in use v —
jst, — Lac or Spirit Varnish, see Lac.
2fid, — Burmese Varnish, Melanorrhoea usitata, which see.
j^^,— Cingalese and Indian Varnish, Smecarpus Anacardium,
which see.
>i^/i.— Japanese Varnish, Rhas succeedanea, which see.
^th.—Uoon Varnish, Doona Zeylanica, which see.
VATERIA.
Vateria indica, -£j'««., Dipterocarpeje.
The White Dammar of South India, or Piney Varnish, or
Indian Copal.
Veni« Kakruba or sandras, Hind.; JRdl, Bom.; PineymarantyTAM. ;
Dupa maram, Kan. ; Dupadu, Tel. ; Hal, Cingh. (See also Shorea
robusta.)
Western moist zone; Western Ghats, from Kanara to Travancore,
ascending to 4,000 feet. ^u d - .. d- n
On wounding the tree the resm known as the Petnt or Ptney Dammar
is obtained. X>t, Bidie reports that under the influence of gentle heat it
combines with wax and oil, and forms an excellent resinous ointment.
Dr Dymock, in his Materia Medxca of Western India, says : RaX is
imported into Bombay from Singapore in casks and bales, value R6
oer cwt " It forms an excellent varnish resembling Copal. It is also
burnt as a candle, giving off smoke with a pleasant smell. Specimens
varv in colour, denseness, and fragrance. Some are of a light-greenish
colour, homogeneous, vitreous on fracture, while others are of a yellow
amber colour and vesicular.
VATICA.
Vatica lanceaefolia, Blume,
VeitL-^f^Aa/, it/oa/, Sylhet ; P«nMi^j/ij, Burm.
A large tree of Eastern Himalaya, Assam, East Bengal, Chittagong, and
^Produces the Ghund of the Brahmins, a strong-smelling balsam. (Kurz,)
VENTILAGO.
Ventilago madraspatana, Gartn. Rhamne^,
Vem.-'Iiaktapita, Beng. ; Lokandi, BoM,-, Papli, Tam., Kan.; Yerra
chicuLli, Tel. ; Chorgu, Hyderabad.
Central and South India and Burma.
It is said to yield a gum.
64
Gums and Resins.
[Part
WILLOUGHBEIA.
Willoughbeia edulis, RoxL, Afoctnkjb.
VtaL^LuHam, Beng.
A large climber of the forests of Chittagong with edible fruits.
It yields a form of Caoutchouc, which see.
W. martabanica, Wtlld.
A native of Tenasserim.
Said to also yield caoutchouc,
WOODFORDIA.
Woodfordia floribundai Salish., Ltthraceje.
Syn. — Grislea tomentosa, Roxb,
Vera. — Ddwi, dhaula, dhaura, santka. Hind.; DkewH, Oudh; Dakir,
Nepal ; Jatiko, Uriya ; Dhauri, Bom. ; Jargi^ Tel. ; Phulsatti, Mar.
Common throughout India, ascending to 5,000 feet in the Himalayas.
Balfour says the gum of this plant is collected largely in Harauti and
Mewar. It appears to resemble gum tragacanth and to swell in water.
Specimens required for examination.
Wood-oil. See Gurjun and the various species of Dipterocaipns.
WRIGHTIA.
Wrightia tinctoria, R. Br., Apocinace-e.
Vem.^Dudhi, Banda; Pdld, Tam.; Tedlapdl, Tel.; Kala kudu. Mar.
Rajputana, Central and South India.
ZIZY-
PHUS.
289
290
291
[117-122]
292
XYLIA.
Xylia dolabriformis, Benth,, Leguminosje.
Ironwood Tree of Pegu.
Syn.— Mimosft xylocarpa, Roxb,
Vfsai.—Jamhu, Hind.; Boqu, Ubiya; Irul, Tam.; Konda tangedu,
Tbl,; Pyinkado,B\3KtA,i Jambe, Kan.
Chanda District, South India, Arracan, Burma.
It yields a red resin.
ZIZYPHUS.
Zizyphus Jujubai Lamk,, Rhamneje.
Vcm.— S^, *«^r. Hind. ; Kul, b4r, Beng.; Bora, Mahr. ; Zin, Burm.;
Rengha, regi, Tel. ; Yellande, Tam. ; Yelchi, Kan.
Cultivated throughout India and Burma.
Said to yield gum.
Z. nummularia, W. & A.
Vera. — Malla,bir, fhari, kanta, N. W. P.; Nundo^angro ^SiiiD, ; Parpalli,
Kan. ; Karkanna, Afg.
Drier parts of North- West India and the Deccan.
Said to yield a gum.
E 65
293
294
295
\RT I. ]
Economic Products of India.
ZIZY-
PHUS.
296
297
Zizyphus rugosa, Lamk.
Syn. — Z. L ATI FOLIA, Roxb,
Vem. — Dhaura, OuDH; Suran, C. P.; Rukh baer, Nbpal ; Tarana, Mahr.
Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Ganges eastward; Burma, Central
and South India.
Said to yield gum.
Z. vulgaris, Lamk.
Syn. -Z. PLEXuosA, Wall.
Vern* — SinjH, simli, ban. Hind.
A shrub or small tree of the Punjab, ascending to 6,000 feet in altitude ;
cultivated in Bengal.
Said to yield gum.
Government of India Central Printing Office.— No. i B. S.— 13- 11 -83. -500.
Part II.
DYES, TANS, AND MORDANTS.
ECONOMIC PRODUCTS OF INDIA
EXHIBITED AT THE
Calcutta Intjcmati0nal €xhibiti0n, 1883-84-
Part II.— Dyes, Tans, & Mordants.
ABIES.
Abies Webbiana, LindL, Conifera^.
Vera. — Pal4dar, rewari, Jhelam; Bddar, Kashmir; Rag,Te,tosh,spunt
pun, Himalayan names.
A lofty, evergreen tree found on the Himara)ra, from the Indus to
Bhutan, altitude 7,000 to 13,000 feet.
Mr. Duthie, Superintendent Botanic Gardens, Saharanpur, has drawn
my attention to the fact that Veitch in his Manual of Conifer <s, states that
'* a beautiful violet dye is extracted from the young cones " of this plant.
It is remarkable that neither Stewart, Brandis, nor Gamble allude to this
dye, while in Gordon^ s Pinatum occurs the following: "It is called RaUsulla
(fragrant fir) and Gohrea-sulla (fragrant or indigo fir) by the Gorkhalis
on account of an indigo or purple pigment being extracteci from the young
cones. ** It would be exceeciingly interesting to have this dye properly
confirmed by first information and specimens of the dye stiff or cloths
dyed by this process.
AbiT) or the white perfumed powder which is mixed with the red Gulal
powder and used at the Holt festival.
I St. — The Bengal Holi powder is prepared from Curcama Zedoaria,
Roscoe, and sappan wood. Dr. McCann publishes from the records of
the Bengal Economic Museum as the practice adopted in Mymensing
in his Dyes and Tans the following description : —
** The skati is washed and pounded in a dheuki. The powder
is then put into an eartnen vessel full of water and allowed
to rot. The water is afterwards poured off, and the powder
is dried. It is then mixed with the juice extracted from
bakram wood. This turns it red, and it is called Abir or holt
powder. Shati is gathered for this purpose in the month of
Poos (December-January.) "
The practice which seems to prevail in most other parts of
India is to prepare the two powders quite distinct from each
other and to mix them as required. Dr. Dynnock has favoured
me with the following list of Ahir powders : —
ABIR.
Part IL]
Economic Products of India.
ACACU.
2nd, — A whitish Ahir made from the following : —
Andropogon muiicatiia.
Hedydiiam spicatum.
Csaalpifila Sappftn.
Sor^g^hun Tulgftre (flour.)
jrJ.— The buff-coloured Hindi Gulal knowp as Ghisi contains, in
addition to the above, the following : —
Cerasos (Pninus) Mahaleb.
Artemisi ▼ulgatis*
Ce4nia Deodaia.
Cufcuiaa Zedoaria.
Cloves.
Cardomums.
4ih, — Deccan Ahir or Bukka is of a black colour and in addition tq all
the above it contains the following : —
Aquillaria Agalloduu
Costus root (Saussurea Lappa), C.B.C., formerly Aucklandia
Costus, Falc.
Jatamaiisi*
Charcoal.
$th, — The Ahir of the Jains is of a pale yellow colour. It is galled
VasaUshepa : it is made of Cssalpinia Sappana*
Carthamus tinctoria (saffron).
Musk.
Camphor.
Voight in his Hortus Sub, Calc. states that Tfapa bispinosa (the Sin-
gara nut) is used as an Ahir. " During the Holi festival a red dye is
made of it mixed with the yellow dye procured from the flowers of Butea
frondosa. Drury quotes this paragraph without acknowledgment, but 1 can
find no other mention of this, and presume the flour of the Singara nut
is simply used in place of floiir being coloured with the gulal.
ACACIA.
Acacia arabica, waid,, Leguminosje.
The Indian Gum Arabic Tree.
Yem.^Babiil, kikar, I;liND., BoM., Pb. ; Bdbld, Beng, ; Babbar, SiND. ;
Kar^-veylam, Tam. ; T^ma, netta tiima, Tel.
A small, thorny tree, common every where in India; cultivated in Pegu
Division, Burma.
The bark is a powerful astringent, and is one of the tanning substances
most extensively used in India. There seems no good reason why this
might not compete with the Australian, Wattle-bark if once made pro-
perly known ; its cheapness, as compared with the Wattle, would more
than compensate for a slight inferiority in quality. The pods and the
bark yield a brown or black dye, with alum as a mordant. Balfour says
the legumes are used as a substitute for the more expensive dye-stuffs,
and for communicating shades of drab. Salts of iron deepen the black
dye. The seeds, pods, and leaves are' also used in tanning, but more
rarely than the bark. Leather tanned with babul is of a buff colour.
Dyes, Tans, aficl Mordants.
[ PARt II.
Acacia Catechu, waid.
Catechu, Cutch, Eng. ; Cachore, Fr.
Vera.-^ Kkair, hatha, Hind., Dec. ; Kha^er, kuth, Bbno. ; Khadira, Sans. ;
Khoira, koir. Ass.; Kashukatti, vodalai, karangalli, bagd^ wodalior,
Mashu, kaiii', Tam. ; Podala'tnanu, kanchu, Tel. ; Kachu, Kan. ; Sha,
BURM.
The Gum-resin Catechu is g^enerally called Kathd, katht tliND,, BoM., BSNO.,
Pb. ; Katta-kambUf Tam.; Khadira, Sans.
A tree, 30 to 40 feet high, abundant in the forests of India and Burma.
It yields a valuable extract similar to Gambier; used as an astringent
in medicine, and in dyeing and tanning. This is known as Gum Catechu ;
it possesses 45*55 per cent, of dark-coloured mimotannic acid. A solution
of Catechu is, by the action of lime or Of alum, changed into a dull red
colour, which constitutes a fairly good dye, and is used for that purpose
in some parts of India; the gum may be used or the heartwood broken
up and boiled with the lime*
The bark is also used as a tan*
A. condnnai DC:
Vem. — Rtthd, kochi. Hind.; Ban-rithd, Beng. ; Aila, r assaul, Ovdh ;
Sikekai, shika. Bom., Dec; Shaka, Tam.; Chikaya, gogu, Tel. ; Sig^,
Kan.; Kenbun^htRiA.
A climbing shrub found in South India, Bengal, Assam, and Burpi^.
Ainslie first described the properties of the pods ; they are largely used as
a detergent, especially in washing the hair; they are also deobstruent and
expectorant. ,
Balfour says the bark is used for dyeing and tanning fishing nets in
South India.
Confirmation of this, and specimens, required.
A. decurrensy Willd,
The black or common Wattle-bark of Australia, now much used for
tanning. It is being experimentally cultivated in India. See Wattie-
Bark.
A. Famesianai WHld.
"V^erti,' — Vilayati iikar, mtavaii 6db4l, g4'ktkar, gand-ffdhm^ Hind. ;
Guya bdbMay Beng. ; Gudodbla, Bom. ; Vedda vala, Tam. ; KusturU
Tel. ;' Pali, Kan. ; Hnanlongyaing, BuRM.
A small, thorny tree or shrub with sweetly-smelling flower-heads known
as Cassie in periumery ; common throughout India.
Christy, in his Nt^ Commericial Plaftts, includes the biark of this
tree among the Indian tans. It is not much used in India, but is
reported to be sometimes used in Dabca, mixed with salts of iron. It
gives an inky dye. Th6 ^ods are ^Iso Used in some parts of B'eng^ as a
dye-stuff. {McCann.y
A. Intsia, Wtild,
Vtm.^Arhai'ka'bSly SutleJ ; itairaf, Kumaun ; Harrari, Nepal; Payir
rik, ngraem rik, Lepcha ; Korinta, Tel. . > . ^
A large climber, met with on the outer Himalaya from the Chenab
eastward, altitude 4,000 feet, and throughout the lower hills of India
and Burma.'
The bark or the fresh leaves of this plant are said to be used as an
auxiliary or astringent in dyeing with MoRiNDAor Lac, giving brightness.
(McCann.) The bairk is also lised as a substitute for soap to wash the
hair. {Gamble.)
A I 3
AbACtA.
4
8
Part II.]
Economic Products of India.
JEOLE.
9
10
ZZ
Z2
Z3
Acacia leucophlcea, WHld.
Venu — Rer4k^raunjy karir, rohani, safed kikar. Hind. ; /i4rtn;, Raj-
PUTANA ; Hewar, Mar. ; Sharab-ki-kikar, Dec. ; Raundra, Banswar a ;
Vel'velam, Tam. ; Harwar, tella-tvtma, Tel. ; Bilijdli, Kan. ; Tanaung;
BURM.
A tree met with in North, West and South India and Burma.
The leaves are used in dyeing, and give a black colour. The bark is
also used for dyeing in Burma and gives a red colour, but mixed with
other barks gives black. (Prof. Romanis,)
achyranthes.
Ach]rr«uithes aspera, Linn., Aharantacex.
A shrub 3 to 4 feet ; found all over India, ascending to 3,000 feet, A
troublesome weed in gardens throughout the year.
The ashes of this plant are used as an alkali in dyeing.
ADENANTHERA.
Adenanthera pavonina, Linn., Leguminosa.
Red Wood or Red Sandal Wood.
Vern. — Rakta-^kandan, rakta kanchan, ranjana, Beng. ; Thorali gunja,
Mahr. ; Ani kundamani, Tam. ; Bandi gurivenda, Tel. ; Manjadi,
Kan. ; Rechedd, And. ; Yweygyi, Burm.
A small, deciduous tree met with in Bengal, South India, and Burma.
Sometimes called Red Sandal Wood.
The wood is used as a dye.
ADHATODA,
Adhatoda Vasica, Neesy Acanthaceje.
Vera. — AHis6., Hind. ; Bdkas, vasuk, Beng. ; Adulasa, Mahr. ; Arus,
Sans. ; Adhatodai, Tam. ; Adasara, Tel. ; Teesha, Naga; Kath, Nepal.
A small, sub-herbaceous bush, often gregarious, found everywhere in
Bengal, and in the Sub-Himalayan tract, ascending to 4,000 feet in
altitude.
A yellow dye, obtained from the leaves by boiline, is used for dyeing
coarse cloth. It gives a greenish-blue when combined with indigo. This
property is not apparently known to the Nagas, who cultivate the plant
to shade the approaches to their villages. I repeatedly asked if they pre-
pared a dye from it, and was told that they did not, but that they used it
for divining.
iEgle Marmelos, Correa., Rutace-s.
The Bael Fruit Tree.
Vera. — B^l, Hind., Beng. and Bom. ; Sriphal, Sans. ; Vilva-pagham,
Tam.; Bilva-pandu, maredu, patir, Tel.; Bilapairi, Kan.; Okshit,
Burm.
A small tree, found in cultivation all over I ndia, often curiously sending
up off-shoots from the roots, which in time become trees.
Dyes, TanSy and Mordants,
[ Part II.
ALKAUS.
A yellow dye is obtained from the rind of the fruit 5 the unripe rind is
also used along with myrabolans in calico-printing.
ALBIZZIA.
Albizzia Lebbek, Benth.y Leguminosj;;.
Vetn. — Siris, sir as f sir in, sirai, tantaij gar so » kalsis, HiND. ; Siris, sirisha,
Beng, Mahr. ; Suree, Sind. ; Vaghe, Tam. ; Dirasan, darshanoy Tel. ;
Kal baghit bengha, Kan. ; Kokko, Burm. ; Beymadd, gachodd. And.
A large, spreading tree, found wild or cultivated in most parts of India.
The bark is used m tanning leather,
A. lophantha, Benth.
An Australian tree, now largely grown in India ; naturalised on the
Nilgiri Hills.
The bark may be used in tanning.
A. procera, Benth.
Syn. — Mimosa elata, Roxb,
Vera. — Sa/ed siris, gurar, karo, gurbdri, gurkur^ gof'sOt Hind.j Koroi,
Beng., Ass. ; Karalluy kini, Mlit Bom. ; Khili, GA.ro ; Takmur^ Lep-
cha; Kanalu, Dec; Konda vagke, Tam.; Pedda-pattseru, Tel.;
Bdrddf And. ; Sit, Burm.
A large tree of the Himalaya, from the Jumna to Bengal, Central Prov-
inces, Guzerat, South India and Burma,
The bark is sometimes used as a tan.
Alg:arobilla.
Tan obtained from an American species of the genus Prosopls, of
which P. pallida, Kunth, is the most important. See Prosopis.
Alkalis or Alkaline Ashes.
These salts are largely used in India as mordants, but rarely in a
pure form. They are derived from the ashes of many plants, chiefly the
following : —
Abros precatorius— Gunja, Kunch. See list of Medicinal Products,
[xo] Achyrantes aspera — Apamirga, Ap5ng.
[12] Adhatoda Vasica— Vasaka.
Alstonia scholaris — ^Saptaparni, Chhatin.
Amarantus spinosa.
Anthroenemum indicum — Moq.
Bambu Ash.
Butea frondosa — Palasa.
Caesalpinia Bonducella — Pritika.
'Caroxylon foetidum— ^0^.
„ Griffithii— iff?(7.
Calotropis gigantea — Ark^, Akanda.
Cassia Fistula — Aragvadha, Sond&l,
Cedrus Deodara — Davaddru*
Euphorbia neriifolia — Snuhi.
Euphorbia Tirucalli— Lankasij.
Eiythrina indica — Paribhadra, Palita-miidir.
Gmelina arborea — Gambhari.
Holarrhena antidysenterica — Kutja, kurchi.
Lu£fa aegyptiaca — Koshataki.
Musa sapientum — Kadali, Kela.
14
X5
z6
17
z8
I
Part U.],
Economic Products of India.
ALOIL
«9
Neifiim odonim— Karavira.
Penidilaria spicata— Bajra.
Plufflbas^o z^lanica— Chitraka.
Pongamla glabra — Karanja.
Sallcornia bracUata — Roxh.
Shorea robusta — Asvakarna, Siil.
Stereospermim soaTeolent^PataU, iiral.
SuoBda indica^ifo^.
Suoeda nudiflora — Moq.
Symplocos mcemoaa — Lodhra^ lodh.
Vallatiadicbotoiiia — Alsphota, happur-mali.
Vitex Ncgimdo, Linn, Samalu.
Of minerals alum and sdjimdti (a mixture of carbonate of potash
and soda, found as a natural earth) are those most used.
.See Ausdliariea of Dyea.
Alkanet
The root of Ancbnaa tinctotla of China.
A red dye, much used in colouring liquids. The alkanet of Sikldm is
obtained from Onosma Hookerl, Clarke (which see) ; Dr. Dymock in-
forms me that a root is imported from Afghanistan as an alkanef which
he thinks may prove a species of Amebia*
ALNUS.
20 Alnus nepalensisy B. Bon,, Cupuliferje.
The Nepal Alder.
Vera* — Kohi, Pb.| Udesh, Kumaun; Udis, uHs, Nepal,; Kowal, Lepcha.
A tall, sparsely-branched, deciduous tree, whose leaves soon become
completely perforated by insects. It occurs from the Ravi eastward,
between 3,000 and 9,000 feet in altitude, to the Khisia and Naga Hills.
The bark is used for dyeing and tanning. By the Naeas and Mani-
puris it is used in combination with Rubla ffiirirtm^nft^tt and K. cordifolia to
deepen the colour. See Rubia. It is also said to enter into the com-
position of native red inks. (Stewart,)
2i , A. nitida, Endl.
Vera. — Shrol, saroli, sawdli, chdpu, rajdn^ Hndash, Pb. ; Paya udeshy
Kv MAVH } Gira, Afg.
A large tree, met with in the Punjab HimaUya.,
The bark is used for dyeing and tanning.
ALOE.
Aloe vera, Z/««., Liliaceje.
Indian Aloe, JEng.; Aloes, Fr,; Aloe, Germ.
Syn. — A. BARBADENSIS, ift7/«'; A. PERFOLIATA, Roxb.', A. VULGARIS,
(Bauhin), Lam.
Vem, — Ghikuwdri, kumdri, Hind. ; Ghirta-kumdri, firta-kunvdr, Beng. ;
Ghiria-kumdri, kanyd. Sans. ; Sibr, Arab. ; Stbr, bole-siyah, Pers. ;
Eliya (the vesm) kora-kand {i\\e. plant); /^^>maW, Dec; Kanvdr,kora
kand, kora-phaa, Sind; Ka/riya^olam, kattdli, kala-buntha, Tam.5
Musham bdram, Tel. ; Mok, Burm.
Mr. J. G. Baker, in the Linncean Society^ s Journal^ Vol. XVIII*
6
Dyes, Tans, and Mordants.
[ Part II
ALP INI A.
p» 1769 has established the synonyms above given, and formed under
this species two varieties. Bentley ^Trinnen, in their Medicinal Plants,
reduced all the names for the forms of this species to mere synonyms,
under the name of A.vulgariSy Lam» I regard Mr. Baker as correct,
and the varieties formed by him are well known to the natives of I'ndia.
Var. offidnalis, sp.,Forsk,
SyiU — A. RUBESCENS, DC, ; A. INDICA, Royle,
Vem.—Kumari, Hind.; Gkikawdr, N. W. P. 5 Ghirfa-kanvdr, Beng.;
Sirrughd, kuttalay, Tam. {see Ainslie) ; Ndbatussibr, d4lsi, Arab.;
Dura-khte-sibr/PERS, .
This is the form met with in a semi-wild condition in Bengal and the
North- West Provinces. It has beautiful reddish and orange flowers,
with the bases of the leaves purple-coloured and so dilated as to have in
all probability suggested the name A. perfoluita.
Var. littoralis, sp., Koenig.
Vem. — Chhdtd-^akus-pattahy chhoid-kanvdr, HiND., DEC; Chhetd^jangli'
dnanoshf Beng. ; Shiru-katrdgh-ai, Tam.; Chinna-kalabanda, Tel.;
Dhdkutd kunvdra, BoM.; Ndni-komdri, Guz. U« C« Dutt says that
this plant vias not known to the Sanskrit authors, but Ainslie gives it the
Sanskrit name of kumari.
This is altogether a much smaller form, having yellow flowers in simple
spikes, with the bases of the leaves not half so broad as in the preceding^
and always of a pale green colour. It has become quite naturalised on
the coast of the south of the Madras Presidency.
In Spon's Encyclopcedia there occurs an account of the preparation
of the dye " Chrysammic Acid.'* It is prepared by heating 8 parts of
nitric acid with i part of Aloes. After the violent action has subsided, a
second proportion of Aloes is added to the mixture until the fumes of
Hyponitric acid subside. The mass is then poured into water, when
Chrysammic flakes settle in the bottom of the vessel. These are washed
' several times in water. The crystals change their colour under vary-
ing circumstances, giving a purple colour to silk, black to wool, and
pftnk' to linen. A French firm nas recently used it to give a beautiful
brown, known as vegetable brown, which is produced through the agency
of sulphuric acid. This dye is bright ; it resists strong alkaline action ; it
combines with most of the anilines and other dyes, economizing them and
rendering them thoroughly fast ; and it is not expensive.
It would be exceedingly interesting to know if the existence of this dye
is known to the cultivators of the Indian Aloes, and if it has ever been
extracted in India. As the uses of this dye will probably be greatly deve-
loped, it seems desirable to make the process of preparation known.
Information, and specimens of this dye, much required.
ALPINIA.
Alpiiiia Galangai Swz,y Scitaminea.
The Greater Galangale, ^«^.; Galanga Port.
\enL»'^Kulanjdn, kMinjdna,' kara-kalijah, or kara-kulin/dn. Sans., Ben.,
Hind.; Pera-rattai, Tam.; Pedda-dumpa-rash'trakaniy akl. ; ' Pculago^
jt, BuRM.
A perennial plant native of Sumatra and Java, now cultivated in
East Bengal and South India.
Mr. Buck says that this root-stock is imported into the North- West
Provinces from the Punjab, and is used in calico-printing along with
Myrabolans.
22
23
H
Part IL]
Economic Products of India.
ANOOE-
ISSUS.
25
26
27
28
29
ALTH.£A.
Althaea officinalis^ Linn.^ Malvacea.
The Marsh Mallow.
Vcm.— Gm/ Ma»><?, Hind, and Bom.; Shemai-tuti, Tam. The fruits are
Tukm-i'khitnU, Pkrs. and Bom.; the roots Resha-i-khitm/, Pkrs. and
Bom.
A native of Kashmir and the Punjab Himalayas.
Often cultivated in Indian gardens for its flowers, rarely for its dye,
a rich blue, obtained from the leaves. A. Rosea, Linn, the Holly Hock,
yields the dye even more freely than A. ofiSdnaUs, Z., and may also be
used for the preparation of this dye and is met with plentifully in Kashmir.
Information as to whether this dye is actually prepared in India would
be exceedingly interesting.
Alum.
VtttU--PhiikarL Hind.; Pkatkiri, Beng.; SphaHkdri, Sans.; Pati-karam,
Tam., Tel. Kyaukchin, Burm.
The most common Indian mordant.
Information of existence in India or trade in this valuable salt would
be most acceptable. Mr. Buck says it is imported into the N. W. Pro-
vinces from Calcutta, and is much used as a mordant in dyeing, especially
with madder and turmeric.
"According to Dr. Brandis alum can be obtained from shale which
exists in abundance in the Shwegyin District in Burma." y. C. Hardinge,
Esq., Secy,, Agri-Horticultural Society, Rangoon,
AMARANTUS.
Amarantus spinosuSi Wind , Amarantacejj;.
Vern. — KatUd-nati, or Kdnta nuHa, Beng.; Rdnie-mai, rdntemdtha,
Dec ; MuUukkirai, Tam. /
Dr. McCann, in his Report on the Dye-stuffs of Bengal, states that in
Cuttack the ashes of this plant are used in dyeing with MaUotus phi-
lippinensis.
ANACARDIUM.
Anacardium ocddentale, Linn,, Anacardiaceje.
The Cashew Nut.
Vwi,—Kdj4, Hind., Bom.j Hijali bdddm, Besg.; Mundiri-koitat, Tam. ;
yidimamidi, Tel. ; Kempu girus, Kan. ; Tki-hothayet, Burm.
A high tree, 30 to 40 feet ; originally introduced from South America,
now established in the coast forests of India, Chittagong, Tenasserim, and
the Andaman Islands, and over South India.
The bark may be used for tanning. The pericarp gives an oil, called
"Cardol, " which is very astringent, and is used by the Andamanese to
tan or colour fishing nets, so as to preserve them. Dr. Dymock informs
me that this oil is called Deek in Goa, where it is much used as a tar for
boats and nets.
ANOGEISSUS.
Anogeissus acuminata, Wall., CoMBREXACEiE.
Syn.— CoNocARPus acuminata, Roxb.
Vem.-^Chakwa, Beng.; Panchi, past, Uriya; Numma, T\m,; Pdchi
mdnu,pashi,pansi, Tel, ; Phds, Mar, ; Ydn, Burm,
A large, deciduous tree in some districts of Bengal, Orissa, South
India, Chittagong, and Burma.
8
Dyes, Tans, and Mordants,
[Part II.
The leaves are used in Gamsur for tanning. (Gamble.)
Anogdssus latifolia, Wall.
Syn— CoNocARPUS latifolia, DC,
Vem. — Dhdwa, dhdurUf kakliy Hind. iDdurd, Mahr.; GSlra, goldia^ dkokri
dau, Rajputanaj Vellay naeuynammet Tam, ; Sherimanu, chertmdny
Hrmattt Tel.; Dohu, Uriya; Dhdaori, dandua. Mar.; DindugUy bejalu,
Kan. ; Arma, GoND.
A denizen of the Himalayan forests and of those of South India; a
tall, handsome tree.
It yields a gum, used by calico-printers. Dr. Dymock informs me
that the leaves are in Bombay used as a tan. They were analysed by Dr.
Lyon and were found to contain as much tannin as those of the Sumach
tree Mr. Dntiiie reports that they are also used as a tan in the N. W.
Provinces,
ANONA.
Anona reticulatai Linn,, Anonace^e.
The Bullock's Heart.
Vem. — NonUj Beng. ; Ramphal^ Dec. ; Rdmsiid,, Tam. ; JRdmcheitu, Tel.
A small tree, wild in some parts of India, but widely cultivated ; occur-
ring everywhere in Bengal, Burma, and South India.
The ciry, unripe fruit yields a black dye, and the fresh leaves a fairly
good quality of indigo.
Aporosa villosa, Bai'i., EupHORBiACEis.
The bark is used as a red dye. See Gums and Resins.
ARECA.
Areca Catechu, Lmn,, Palmje.
The Areca or Betel-nut Palm.
Vera. — Supdrt, Hind.; Supdri, gud, Beng. ; Gubdk, Sans. ; Kottai'pakka,
Tam.; Poka vakka, Tel.; Kun,Mn theebin, Burm.
. The most delicate and graceful of Indian palms. The natives chew the
nut in a preparation called pdn, containing, in addition, lime, spices, and
the betel-pepper leaf. This, acting chemically upon the saliva, colours it
red. A decoction of the nut is used in dyemg, and a kind of inferior
Catechu is prepared from it. With Tun (Cedrela Toona) it is said to
give a red dye. Pan is also used in Dinajpur as a subsidiary in dyeing
red with Morinda tinctoria. {Dr, M'Cann's Report.)
Arnabia sp., Boragineje.
Dr. Dymock informs me this root is imported into Bombay from
Afghanistan and used as a substitute for Alkanet, which see.
arnotto.
ArnottO) the seeds of Bixa Orellana, Linn., which see.
Arsenic.
Arseniate of Potash is used for preserving hides. Crude white arsenic
is used as veterinary medicine in Burma. {Prof, Romanis.)
Information of the uses and trade in this substance would be most
acceptable.
ARSENIC.
30
31
32
33
34
35
Part II. ]
Economic Products of India.
ARIES.
36
37
ARTOCARPUS.
Artocarpus integrifolia, L%nn,y Urticacejc.
The Indian Jack Tree.
Vttn,—PanaSj phanasa, HiND. j Kdnihdl, Beng.; Panasa, Sans. ; Pillak^
Tam. ; Palah-maram, Tel. ; Pienn^, BuRM.
A low but densely-branched tree, met with all over India and Burma^
its trunk burdened with a monster fruit often i to 2| feet in length.
The wood, or its saw-dust, yields on decoction a yellow dye, used to
colour the Burmese priest's cloth, and to some extent it is used also in
Madras and other parts of India and in Java. It is fixed with alum, and
often intensified by a little turmeric.
A. Lakoocha, Roxb.
Vera. — Barhal, dahu, lak4ch. Hind.; Deph4U Beng. ; Lakucka, Sans. ;
Tuin, Pb.; Lovi, Dec. ; Kammaregu, Tel. ; Myaukldt or Mi-auk-tok,
BURM.
A common tree in Bengal, South India, and Burma.
The root yields a yellow dye.
ASTRAGALUS.
38 Astragalus hamosus, Linn., LEouMiNosis.
Vtm.—Tij'bddshdhi, katild, Hind.
An annual, found in Biluchistan, Sind and the Punjab.
The Amsterdam Descriptive Catalogue by T. N, Mukh«rji says :
** By dyers and calico-printers it is employed as an adjunct to dyeing sub-
stances, for producing a glaze on the coloured stuffs." This might be said
of any member of the genus which yields Gum Tragacanth, but it would be
interesting to have this record of actual use confirmed by specimens of the
gum, and of the plant from which it was obtained. Gum Tragacanth is
imported into India.
39 Auxiliaries used in dyeing, some of which cannot be viewed as Mordants.
Mineral substances:
1. Lime. — ^Thisis used in calico-printing with gums as a ** resist paste."
It is also used with sugar to promote the fermentation of indigo.
It is prepared from the following : —
(a) Limestone Rock, such as that obtained from the Khasia Hills.
(b) From Kankar, the calcareous tuberculated masses found in beds
on the surface, or a little below the surface, of the soil from Behar
northward to the Punjab. In the North- West Provinces this
is used for metalling the roads.
(c) By burning Land Shells collected in Bengal just after the rains.
2. Potash. — ^This is chiefly obtained from the ashes of certain plants.
The Common Millet is largely used for this purpose in the North- West
Provinces. Symplocos and other biishy plants in the hills of Bengal ; but in
the plains of Bengal the ash of Apdng (Achyranthes aspera, £.) is largely
usea for this purpose.
3. Reh, an impure carbonate and sulphate of soda, found as a natural
efflorescence on the soil, often rendering it uncultivable and burning up
the vegetation. This is used, chiefly, like soap, to wash fabrics, before
dyeing them.
4. Rassi. — Carbonate of soda prepared from the preceding by precipi-
tation of impurities.
TO
DyeSy Tans, and Mordants,
[Part I
5. S4ii> a mixture of carbonate of soda and potash or wood-ash. This is
used chiefly in extracting the deeper red colours from safflower.
6. Saltpetre is obtained like Reh as an efflorescence on the surface of
the soil ; it is chiefly used in wool-dyeing.
See also Iron Sulphate, Ochre and Proto-tulphate of Iron.
BAMBU
ASH.
AVERRHOA.
Averrhoa Carambola, Linn., Geraniacea.
Vem. — Karmal, Hind. ; Kdmrdngdt Beng. ; Khamaraka, karamara, BoM. ;
Khamraky Dec. ; Tamartay Tam. ; Karomongaf Tel.
A small tree with sensitive leaflets, 15 to 20 feet in height.; a native of
Ceylon and the Moluccas, but now extensively cultivated in India for its
apples, which when stewed are very pleasant.
The unripe apples are astringent and are used as an acid in dyeing.
The acid probably acts as a mordant. {Dr. Bidie,)
40
AVICENMIA.
Avicennia officinalis, Z/««., Verbenacejp.
The white Mangrove.
Vem. — Bina {Bant, in Gamble), Beng. ; Mada^ nalla-mada, Teii. ; Tivarat
SiND ; Oepata, Mal. ; Lameb, BuRM.
A small tree or shrub of the salt marshes and the tidal forests of India
and Burma, found also in Andaman Islands. Roxburgh says it is common
near the mouths of rivers, where the spring tides rise; also is found every-
where in the Sunderbans, often becoming a tree of considerable size; but
on the Coromandel Coast it is only bush.
The bark is used as a tanning agent (Birdwood, Bombay Prod). The
ashes of the wood are used to wash cloth (Drury), In Rio Janeiro the barks
of various species of Avicennii^.are u.sed in t9,nning leather.
41
BACCAUREA.
Baccaurea sapida, Mail. Arg,, Euphorbiacbje.
Vera. — Lutco, Hind. 5 Kala bogoH, Nepal; Latecku, Ass.; Koli, kuki,
Kan. ; Kanaao, BuRM.
A small tree, met with in Bengal, Burma and the Andaman Islands.
The leaves are used in Northern Bengal and Assam for dyeing. {Gam"
ble.) The bark is used chiefly as a mordant in dyeing with madder and lac.
"The Lepchas extract a green dye from the leaves. (Dr. Schlich,) It is
extremely doubtful whether any plant alone yields a green dye; careful
inquiry should be made to ascertain whether the leaves of this plant are
macerated along with the Lepcha indigo plant (Marsdenia tinctoria) to
produce the green colour alluded to by l>r. Schlich.
Additional information and specimens required.
Bambu ash.
42
43
II
^ART II. ]
Economic Products of India,
BAUHI-
NIA.
44
45
46
BARRINGTONIA.
Barringtonia acutang^ula, Gaertn., Myrtaceje.
Vexn,^Ijdl, samundar ph4l, pannidri, HiND.; Hifdl, samundar, Beng. ;
HendU Ass. ; Kanapa, batta, kurpd, Teu; Kyeni, BuRM.
An evergreen tree, met with in the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the
Jumna eastward to Oudh, Bengal, Central and South India, and Burma.
The bark is used as a fish intoxicant^ and also for tanning. (Gamble.)
BASELLA.
Basella cordifolia, Zam.^ CHENopoDiACEiE.
Vexxu—Pol, Hind. ; Kukto-Pooi, Bbng. ; Alla-baisalta, Tkl.
Met with in Bengal and the Peninsula, cultivated in almost every
part of India.
• It yields a very rich purple dye, but is difficult to fix. (Drury.)
BASSIA.
Bassia latifolia, J^oxb., Sapotacejc.
Vcrn. — Mahua, mahula, maut, mahwa, mowa. Hind., Beng. ; IrHpf irrip,
GoND ; Movdf mahud. Bom. ; Moho, Mar. ; Illupi, elupa, kat Ulipi,
Tam.j Ippii yeppa, Tel.; Honge, Kan.
A gregarious tree, often associated with the Sdl ; a native of the forests of
Central India; widely cultivated throughout India for its fruits, oil, &c.
The bark is often used as an adjunct in dyeing where dark colours or
black are desired. The bark and the leaves are sometimes also used as
a tan.
BAUHINIA.
47 Bauhinia purpurea, Linn,, Leguminosje.
Vern. — Kolidr^ kaniar, kandan, Hind. ; Koirdl, rakta-kdnckan, Beng. ;
Koiral, kardTf Pb. ; Devakanckana, Bom.; Pedda-are, Tau, ; Kdnckan,
Tel.; Surul, Kan.; Mahahlegani, Burm.
A small, elegant tree, 20 to 30 feet high, found in Bengal, Burma, the
North-West Provinces and South India.
The bark is used for dyeing and tanning.
48 B. variegata, Linn.
Vern. — Kdchnar, kolidr kurdl, padridn, HiND. ; JRakia kdnchan, Beng. ;
Takiy Nepal; Raha, Lepcha; Segapu-munihari, Tam. ; Bvechin,
Burm.
A small, deciduous tree, completely covered with large, purple and
white flowers in the beginning of the hot season. Common everywhere from
the Indus eastward and through the forests of India and Burma; as-
cending to 4,000 feet in altitude, preferring the low hills of India to the
plains, but largely cultivated as an ornamental tree throughout the
plains.
The bark is used in dyeing and tanning.
12
Dyes, TanSf and Mordants.
[ Part II
BERBERia
Berberis aiistata, DC, and B. Lycium, Royhy Berbsridka.
The Barberry.
Vera. — Chitra, dar-haldi, rasaut, kashmal, Hind. ; S4ml4, simU, kasmol,
Pb.; Chitra, tirishk, Pers.
Thorny shrubs, with small simple, spiny leaves, met with throughout the
Himalaya. The former is found from the Sutlej to Bhutan, altitude 6,000 to
10,000 feet to the western ghats; the latter seems to be confined to the
North- Western Himalaya.
A yellow dye, obtained from the root, is used in tanning and colouring
leather. The wood is generally known as ddrahalada; the extract as
rasota, rusot, rasavantt, or ruswul j the fruit as ambarabdrisa {see Dy*
mock's Mat, Med,, Western India),
Professor Solly, in Agri-Horticultural Society, Calcutta, IV, pages 272-
27g, writes that the colour exists chiefly in the bark and in the young wood
immediately bielow the bark, and that in old wood the proportion is
small but much superior in quality. In India it appears the root only is
used ; it also contains colouring matter, but, according to the Professor,
not of so good a quality. This is perhaps one of the best tanning dyes
in India. The supply is quite inexhaustible, some five or six species occur-
ring everywhere in great abundance along the entire Himalaya, between
6,000 and 10,000 feet, and often constituting thickets of many miles in
length. They are equally plentiful on the Nilgiris and in Ceylon.
From the wood is obtained a decoction, which is boiled down to form
the resin rusot,
B. nepalensis, Spreng,
Vem. — Am^anda, chiror, Pb. ; Chatri, milkisse,jamne-munda, Nepal.
A shrub or small tree with large pinnate leaves, common on the outer
Himalaya, from the Ravi eastward to the Khisia and Naga Hills, in
Tenasserim and on the Nilgiris, at altitudes above 5,000 feet.
Used to a small extent as a yellow dye by the Bhutias and Nagas.
BIXA.
49
50
BIXA.
Bixa Orellana, Lmn., Bixineje.
The Arnotto Dye.
Vem. — Latkan, Hind., Beng. ; S'A^n^fn, Mahr. ; Jarat, Ass, ; Ret Rom,
Manipur; Kuragu-mangjal, Tam. ; Jafra, Tel. j Thidin, Burm.
A graceful shrub, with handsome white or pinkish flowers and echinate
red capsules ; originally a native of America, now largely cultivated in
India for the red or orange dye obtained from the pulp which surrounds
the seed.
This pulp gives a beautiful flesh colour, largely used in dyeing silks.
It is altered by certain combinations into orange, deep orange or red, the
brighter orange and red colours being obtained in combination with the
red powder of Maliotus phiUppineasis. The dye is exported to Europe
chiefly from the West Indies, and is used chiefly to colour cheese and other
edible articles, such as chocolate, &c. It may be extracted from the seeds
direct, or the pulpy matter may by boiling be separated from the seeds
and made into cakes like those of lac or indigo. In this form it is gene-
rally sold in Europe. Specimens of Arnotto Cake much required; there
is none in our collection,
13
51
ART II. ]
Economic Products of India.
[JCHAKA
NIA.
52
53
54
55
BOMBAX.
Bombax malabaricum, DC, Maltacsa.
Vera* — Semul, shembal, semur. Hind., Beno.) Sdvara, Mahr.; Simbal,
shirlan, Himalayan names: Bonro, Uriyaj Jllavam, puld, Tam.;
Mocha, Sans.; Katm-imbM, CiifGVi, ; Letpan, Burm.
A very large, deciduous tree, found throughout India and Burma.
Chriety includes this amongst his list of Indian tans under the name
of mucherus ; most probably this should be Mocha-ras (the juice of Mocha),
the name given in India to the gum obtained from this tree, which is
sometimes used in calico-printing. There seems to be no mention of the
bark of this tree being used in India as a tan.
Borax> a natural mineral, or Berase of Soda.
Veni« — Sohaga,
It is chiefly found associated with common salt in the margins of lakes
in Tibet and Nepal. It is imported into India, and to a certain extent is
used in calico-prmting, especially along with turmeric.
BRIEDELIA.
Briedelia montana, Willd,
Vem. — Kargnalia, khaja, geia, kusi. Hind.; Asdnd, Mahr.; Geio,
Nepal; Kaisho, Ass.; Patenga, Tel.
A moderate sized tree of the Sub-Himalayan from Jhelum eastward
ascending to 4,000 feet, Oudh and Bengal.
Dr. Dymock thinks that the leaves might be used it\ tarming;.'
B. retusa, Spren^., EuPHORBiACEiE.
Vera. — Khaja, kassi, gauli, Hind.; Pathor, mark, Pb. ; Geto^ Nepal;
Pengji, Lepcha ; Ka^hi, GIro ; Mulu-vengay, kamanjif Tam. ;
Kora^mau, duddi mdddiy Tel. ; Seikgyi or Tseikchyee, Burm.
A large, thorny tree, met with on the Himalaya from the Chenab east-
ward to Bengal, Central and South India, and Burma.
The bark is used in tanning.
BRUGUIERA.
^5 Bniguiera gymnorhiza, Lam., Rhizophoreje.
Vera. — Kakra, kankra, Beng. ; Bywbo, Burm.
A small, evergreen tree of the shores and tidal creeks of India, Burma,
and the Andaman Islands.
The bark is valuable, and with Rhizophora iliucroneta« Lam,^ con-
stitutes the tan known commercially as Mangrove Bark (which see).
57
BUCHANANIA.
Buchanania latifblia, JRoxd., Anacardiaceje.
Vem.—Chirauli, Pb. ; Pidl, bayila Garhwal ; Pidr, Oudh ; Kat mad,
aima, Tam. ; Char a, Tel. ; Pyal^ chdroli, BoM. ; Lunho, lonephoy Burm.
A small tree of the lower mountains Of India and the outer Himalaya*
ascending to an altitude of 3,000 feet.
The bark is used in tanning.
14
Dyes, Tans^ and Mordants.
[Part II.
Butea frondosai Roxh., Leguhinosje.
Bengal Kino ; sometimes called the Bastard Teak.
VertL-^Dhdk, Hind. ; Folds, palash, Beng. j Kinsuka, Sans.; Pallds, Dec. ;
Palasa, khdkard, BoM. ; Porasan, parasa, Tam. j Telia moduga, Tel. ;
PaukfPin, BuRM.
A small, distorted tree with bright, orange flowers, found all over India*
The dried flowers, called tesu, are used as a yellow dye, the dye being
extracted by simply steeping or boiling in water. The colour is, however,
fleeting {see Roxburgh's remark in his Flora Indica) ; but it maybe made
less so by usin|^ alum or lime as a mordant, which also deepens the
colour. Sometimes myrabolans are used for this purpose, or tne dye is
combined with arnotto (Bixa Orellana).
Gamble says the yellow dye obtained from the tesu flowers treated
with alum is used at the Holt festival.
B. superba, JRoxd.
Veni» — Paldsi, palasavela, BoM. ; K// pards. Mar. ; Tige motku, Tel»j
Satnur, Gond; Pauknw^, or paukgnw^, ne-ba-sai, Bukm.
A lar^e climber, met with in many parts of India, the flowers of which
are used like the preceding.
The root is said to yield a red dye in Burma*
CiESALPI-
NIA.
58
59
C-ffiSALPINIA.
Cassalpinia coriaria, Wtiid,, Leguminosje.
Vera. — Libidibi, BoM. ; Skumak, Tam. ; Sumaqe-amriqah, Pers., Arab.
This is the American Divi-diyi or American Sumach. See Divi-divl
or Libi-dibL
The sinuous pods of this plant are used for tanning leather.
C. Sappan, Ltnn,
The Sappan Wood.
Vera. — Bakam, Tairi, Hind., Guz., Beng.; Boktno,lJRiYA; Pat-anga,
Tam., Bom. ; Bakamu, bakapu, Tel. ; Teinnyett Burm.
A small, thorny tree of the Eastern and Western Peninsula and
Pegu. Cultivated in Central India in plantations.
The wood yields a valuable dye,, which is largly exported. The dye is
also said to be prepared from the pods (tair^, from the pith,. from the
bark, or from all together.
The pods are used in Monghyr along with proto-sulphate of iron to
give a black colour. Sappan wood is largely used in calico-printing, its
price being about R 12 a cwt. Chips of the wood steeped in water
yield the red colour. This is intensified by alkalis. Combined with
turmeric and sulphate of iron, it gives the colour known as Kalejau With
' indigo it gives {sausnt) purple. Sappan colour, however, is not permanent,
being formed through the presence or the soluble substance Brazilin. {Mr.
Buck, Dyes and Tans of the North-Western Provinces and Dr, McCann's
Report on the Dyes and Tans of Bengal,)
Sappan wood is used with alum to communicate to starch the red
colour which converts it into Guldl, the red powder used in the ffoliiesti-
val, {Dr, Dymock.)
15
60
61
Part II. ]
Economic Products of India.
CARPE-
SIUM.
62
63
64
65
66
CALOTROPIS.
Calotropis gigantea, R, Br., Asclepiadea.
Vein. — Maddr, ark, ak. Hind. ; Akandd, Beng. ; Auk, Nepal ; Arka, pru'
tdpasa. Sans.; Ushar, Arab.; Kharak, Pers.; Akra, rui, Bom.; Yer-
cum, Tam.; Yerica, Mal. ; Nella-jilleduyyekkaijilledu chettu, Tel.;
Yekka, Kan. ; Mayotna^ty-pin, mohwpin, Burm.
A large shrub, found all over India in waste places and along the
road-sides. The fibre is exceedingly strong and good ; the hairs from the
seeds are largely used for stuffing pillows; the wood is used for making
charcoal; and the root and the milky sap are regarded as valuable
medicines.
The bark of the root alone was in olden times called madar (see
Ainslie), and it seems a pity that this restricted use of the word has been
lost sight of.
The milky sap is well known in tanning. It is made into a paste with
the flour of the small millet (PemdUfuia spicata), and is used previously
to colouring the skin with lac dye. Alone it imparts a yellow colour to the
skin.
C. procera, R. Br.
Vera* — Safed-ark, ak. Hind.; Afdnddra, akadu, rui, BoM. and Sind;
Alarka, Sans. ; VellerH, Tam. ; Telia, jelladU, Tel.; Shalwakka, Afg.
This is a smaller plant, with white, or almost white, flowers, occurring
more abundantly than the preceding in the North-West Provinces, Pun-
jab, and South India; popularly they are not distinguished, and may be
used for the same purposes.
The sap of this plant has, on several occasions, been recommended as
a substitute for gutta-percha.
CAREYA.
Careya arborea, Roxb,, Myrtaceje.
Vera. — Kumbi, kkumbi, Hind.; G^Mmmar, Gond.; Bokiok, Lepcha; Dam-
bel, Garo; Ayma, pailcBpoota-tammi, Tam.; Budd-durmi, dudippi,
Tel.; Gavuldu, Mysore; Bambway, Burm.
Found in the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Jumna eastward to Ben-
gal, and Burma, and in Central and South India.
Bark used for tannin. {Kurg,)
CARISSA.
Carissa Carandas, Linn,, Apocynacejb.
Vera. — Karaunda, karunda, garinga, karrond, Hind.; Kurumia, karam-
cha, bainchi, Beng. ; Karavanda, MAHR.;\Karmurda, Sans. ; Kalaka,
Tam. ; Kalivi kaya, Tel.
A bush, cultivated for its fruit inmost parts of India; said to be wild in
Oudh, Bengal, and South India.
Dr. McUann states that in Bhagalpur the fruit is used as an auxiliary
in dyeing and tanning.
CARPESIUM.
Carpesium abrotanoidesi Linn., Compositje.
'Vtnu—WoHangil, Kashmir.
A stout herb, met with abundantly in and near Kashmir.
16
Dyes, TanSy and Mordants.
[Part II.
Largely used iri Kashmir to dye silk yellow.
Specimens of the plant and dye should be supplied, as this dye-stuf!
is quite unknown outside Kashmir. It is described by Vigne and by
Stewart^ and the Flora of British India, Hi, 301.
CASSIA.
CARTHAMUS.
Carthamus tinctorius, Linn., Compositjb. 67
The Safflower, I^ng. ; Carthamk, jFr, ; Dkr Saflor, Ger.
'Vem.'^Kusum, Hind., Dec, and Beng.; Galop mach4, Manipur; Qurtum,
Arab. ; Kcufhirah, Pers. ; Kamalottara, Sans. ; Kusumba, Bom.;
Sendurgam, kushumbd, Tam. ; Agnisikha, Tel.; Heboo, Burm.
In Sind the seeds are called Kardai {Kurtum).
An annual, herbaceous plant, with large yellow flower-heads, culti-
vated as a dye-crop all over India.
The flowers yield both a red and a yellow dye ; and the seeds give
a useful oil. To prepare the red dye, the yellow is first carefully removed.
This is done by reducing the flowers to a powder and sprinkling over it
a little water or oil. After a time, the yellow dye is removed by simple
straining. This is either rejected as useless, or used as a base colour
before red. After the removal of the yellow dye, an alkali is mixed with
the powdered flowers and rubbed in with the hand. On placing this
mixture on a strainer, the bright red dye solution is obtained by the appli-
cation of a little water.
CASSIA.
Cassia auriculata, Linn., Leguminosjb. 1 68
Vera. — 7aroar, Hind. ; raravdKJa, Bom.; ilvarai, Tam. ; Tangedu, tatv-
gety Tel. ; Avareke, Kan.
A common shrub in South and Central India.
The bark is one of the most valuable Indian tans, and is also, like my-
rabolans, used to modify dyes. It is said to give a bufl[ colour to leather.
The flowers yield a yellow colouring matter, apparently not used economic-
ally.
C. Fistula, Linn. 69
The Indian Laburnum.
'Vetn^-^AmalidSy Hind.; Sunddli, sunari, bandar lati, Beng.; Kitwdli*
kitoli, sitn, N. W. P.iSuvarnckk, Sans.; Bhawa, Dec; Jaggarwakf
raila, hirojah, C. P. ; Bdkavd, giramdld, Bom. and Sind. ; Konrikte,
Tam,; Rela'kayalu, Tel, ; Ngushwe, emoo-kyee, gnu-gyi, Burm.
A middle-sized tree, 20 to 40 feet in height, found wild or in cultivation
all over India, cominp^ into flower at the beginning of the hot season.
The bark is used m tanning, chiefly along with Terminalia. McCann
reports that in the district of Lohardagga, in Bengal, a li^ht red dye is
obtained from the bark, with alum as a mordant; and that in Dacca and
Cuttack, the bark of this tree is used as a tan. Mr. Buck says it is used to
a small extent in Cawnpore. Mr. Gamble says "the bark is used in dye-
mg and tanning. **
C, Torai Linn. 70
The Fcetid Cassia.
Vera. — Chakunda, panevdr, HiNO.and Beng. ; Tdnkald, kovariya, Bom.;
Tarota, Dec. ; Ushit'tagari, Tam. ; Tagarisha-chettUi Tel. ; Dan-gywe,
Burm. ; Prabanatha, Sans.
A gregarious under-shrub, from i to 2 feet in height, found every-
where in Bengal, widely spread and abundant throughout India,
B
17
Part Il»3
Economic Products of India.
CEDULA.
Mk BAden-Powell says that the seeds of this shrub are used as ''a
blue dye." This is apparently taken from Ainslie, who says that, " in Coinj-
batore the seeds are had recourse to in combination with the pala (Wrififhtia
tinctofia, Br.) in preparing a blue dye." Mr. Hutchins, Assistant Con-
seri'atorof Forests, Mysore, reports that the average collection of the seeds
of this plant is about 12 tons itt Nundldfoogt and imagines that they act
the part of starch in the indigo solution. It is a little difficult to under*
stand what Mr. Hutchins means by indigo. WrigHtiA tiilcfcbria yields of
course the bhemical substance indigo, but frotn the use of the popular word
indigo one would infer that either the blue djre was extracted from the
WfightiA in such quantities in Mysore as to justify the word indigo, or
then that Mr. Hutchins was alluding to the use of C^assia Tora seeds
along with the true commercial indigo. The latter conclusioft if correct is
e^ccecdlngly curious and quite unknown to the indigo dyefs of Bengal.
What peculiar action starch could have upon the dye, it Is difficult to un-
derstand. The natives of Assam and Manlpur use limfe klong with their
indigo (the produce of Strot^ailthes flaeddifoUttS), and it seems likely that
the reactions with the indigos of different plants may be peculiar and
specific. This subject seems worthy of careful chemical examination.
CASTANOPSIS.
71 I Castanopsls or Indian chestnuts.
Several species of this genus arfe hfi^t With on the mountains of Eastern
India, but none are reported to be used for tanning. This is probably an
oversight, since the European members possess this property to a dOrt-
siderable extent* Castanca v«sca containing 14 to ibpef ceht. of tannic acid.
CASUAftlNA.
72 Casuarina equis^tifoliai Font., Ci^suAiiiKEiE.
The Beefwood of Australia.
Vem. — Commonly called the ^au tree in Beng. ; Jtirifut, mitffUiH, S\ird ;
Chouk, Tam.; Kasrike, Mysore; Aru^ MaL.j Ser^Oy TSL. ; Tinyu,
BURM.
Cultivated all dVfer Ihdia, Apparently wild on the Mergui Coast and in
Austral ia^
The bark is used in tanning* (Bird'Wood^ Bombay Prod%, and Bidie*s
Madras Exhibition List for 1855^) A brown dye is extracted from it ac-
cording to BAlfout'i
CEDRELA.
73 Cddrela Tootiai R^ixb , Meliaceji:.
ThA Toon or Inoiaji Mamdoany Tree.
Veni* — THin, mahdnim, Hind. ; Tuni, tun, Beng. ; DruTvi, Pb. ; T4pa^
kudaka, BoM. ; Poma, Ass. ; Simal, Lepcha ; Maha limbu, UltivA \
Kalkilingi, Nilgiris; Tunamarum, Tam. j Nandi, Tel.; Tufiduy
Kan. ; Thitkado, Burm .
A tree about 50 to 60 feet In height, growing in the plains of India and
lower mountains.
The flowers yield a red and a yellow dye (in Bengal generally known
as Gulnari) said to be used in Mysore for dyeing cotton. This must be to
a small extent only, since Dr. Bidie omits it from his list of Madras dyes
Dyes, Tans^ and Mordants^
[ Part II.
sent to Paris. The flowers are boiled to extract the colour, which is
known as basanti in the North- West Provinces. It is fleeting, and appa-
rently only used by the poorer classes* In Burma it is used in conjunc*
tion with saff^ower.
Mr. Buck, in his Report on the Dye-stuffs of the North'-Western Pro
vinces, says that a red dye is obtained from tne seeds, and Dr. McCann, in
his Report on the Dyes of Bengal^ says the seeds are used as a dye-stuff at
Palamau.
Apparently Tun is not used with mordants, and is rarely combined
with otner dyes. The sulphur yellow [basanti) of Cawnpore is produced
from tun, turmeric, lime and acidulated water. Safllower and tiin are
combined in Tirwa. Dr. McCaun says the cloth previously dyed yellow
is changed into red by the pan eaten by Hindus.
CHICK-
RASSIA.
CERIOPS.
Ceriops CandoUeatia, Arnott,, Rhizophoreje.
Vem. — Goran, Bbng. ; Kirrari, kiri, ckauri, SiND. ; Afadd, And.
A small, evergreen tree, met with on the muddy shories and tidal creeks
of India and the Andaman Islands.
The bark is used for tannine. This and the next species are econo-
mically not distinguished, both oeing used under the name of gdran or
goran. They are exceedingly valuable tans and deserve to be brought
pointedly to the notice of European tanners. They, no doubt, to a small
extent reach England under the name of Mangrove Bark. They impart
a good red colour to leathei*.
C. Roxburghiana, Arnoit.
Vem. — Gardnot Ghordnt Beno.; Kabaing, hyabaing, BuRM.
A large shrub of the coasts of Chittagong, down to Tenasserim.
{Kure,)
The bark is used in tanning leather. This and the preceding species
might be supplied to any extent very cheaply, and there seems a good future
for Garan barks in tanning. They also yield a good colouring matter.
In Balasore the Garan grows abundantly on the sea-shore j a good dye is
repared from the bark in that district, and is used to give a brown colour,
t is supposed to strengthen ropes and boatmen's cloths. (McCann*)
I
74
75
Chay root. See Oldenluidia luabellata, Linn., Rubuckj;,
[189]
CHICKRASSIA.
Chickrassia tabularis, Adr. Juss,, Melucejs.
Syn. — ^SWIKTENIA CHICKRASSA, Roxb,
Vera. — Chickrassi, Beng. ; Pabha, chikrdsa, B0M.5 Aglay^Ogal, Tam.;
Madagari, Tel. ; Dalmara, Kan.; Arrodah, And. ; Yiwma, Burm.
A large tree, native of Eastern Bengal, South India and Burma.
The bark is a powerful astringent ; the flowers yield a red and a yel-
low dye»
B I
19
76
Part II. ]
Economic Products of India,
CITRUS.
77
78
79
8o
CICER.
arietinum, Linn.^ Leguhinosje.
The Common Gram or Chicken Pea
Vera. — Ckand, ckenna. Hind.; Chold, bit, Behg.; Harahard Mahr. ;
Kadalay, Tam. j Sang, gatu, Tel.; Kudoly, Kan.; Himsy Arab.;
Nakhud, Pers.
Cultivated throughout India and Upper Burma for its seed.
The leaves are said to give indigo.
Sulphide of Mercury.
Vtm,—Shingar/, Hind. ; Sindur, Bkng.
A beautiful pink, sometimes used as a dye, but more frequently as a
pigment vermilion, which may be prepared by reducing the ore to a pow-
der, or by chemical action.
CINNAMOMUM.
Cinnamomum Tamala, Nees, LAURiNEis.
Cassia Lignea or Cassia Cinnamon.
Syn* — Laurus Cassia, Roxb, ; Cinnamomum Cassia, Blume.
Vera. — Dalchini, kirkiria, kikra, silkanti. sinkatni. Hind. ; DarMni,
Bom.; Chota sinkole, "Sepal ; Dopatti, Ass.
The leaves are known as Tejpai, and the bark as Taj,
A moderate sized, evergreen tree, occasionally met with on the Hima-
laya, from the Indus to the Sutlej, altitude 3,000 to 7,000 feet, becoming-
common eastward to Bengal, Khisia Hills and Burma. (Gamble.)
The leaves are commonly used as a condiment, but they are also of use
in calico-printing in combination with Myrabolans. Dr. McCann says
that in Lohards^a, Chutia Nagpur, the bark (taj), is used as an auxiliary
with Mallotus plulippensis. About 33 tons of the leaves and 24 tons of the
bark are annually exported from the tract between the Ramgangaand the
Sarda. C. Tamala is most likely to yield the Taj (Atkinson) and Tejpdt of
the North-West Provinces and Punjab, but in Bengal the leaves and
bark of C. obtusifoliim, Nees, more commonly bear these names. In fact
the leaves of any species of the genus would be at once called Tejpat
by a native, but for economic purposes C. Tamala is superior to any
of the other Indian species. The bark of this plant is the Cassia Lig^nea
of Indian Commerce. The Cassia Cinnamon of Europe is obtained from
China, the source of which is still obscure. It is chiefly however attributed
to C. Cissia, BLy which it seems may be proved to be but a form of
C. Tamala, Nees (Gamble reduces it to be a synonym.) The true
Cinnamon is, however, C. zeylanlcum, j^r^^n. The roots ofC. zeylanicum
as also, sparinglV) of C. Tamala and C. obtusifoHum, yield Camphor, but the
true Camphor plant of commerce is C. Camphora, Nees, a native of Japan.
CITRUS.
Citrus medica, Linn., Rutacej:.
The Citron, Lemon, Lime.
Vera. — .eg-Pura, korna-nebu, lebu, nebu, bijawra, bar a nimbu^ Beng ;
Jamjar a. Sans.; Limbu, kutla nimbu, limu. Hind.; Bijapura,
maKdlunga, bijori. Bom.; Elumick-cham-paeham, Tam.; Nimma'pandu,
Tel.; Iwimbe hanu,KAS,} Limu, Arab, and Pers.; Shouk'ta-kwoh,
ihanba-ya, Burm.
The leaves of this plant are stated by Dr. McCann to be used in
20
Dyes, Tans, and Mordants.
[Part II.
tanning in Manbhum. This seems to be doubtful ; at most the leaves can
be used only as an adjunct to the tans, imparting an odour to the leather.
COCCUS.
Coccus Cacti) Linn,, Hemiptera.
Cochineal Dye.
The dried bodies of the female insects ; obtained commercially from
America and Central Asia, but recently obtained in small quantities
from Rajputana and South India.
The dye is held in high esteem,
C. Lacca.
Lac Dye.
The dye obtained by evaporation from, the liquid in which stick-lac
has been washed. As a European article of trade, lac-dye seems to be
losing any position it ever had, aniline and cochineal taking its place.
It is used by the natives to a considerable extent, and chiefly in colour-
ing leather.
Copper sulphate, used as a mordant and dye auxiliary.
Information of existence in India and trade in this salt would be
most acceptable.
CORDIA.
Cordia Mjn^a, Linn., Boragineje.
Vem. — Lasora, chokar, gondi. Hind.; Bohari, buhul, or boko-dari,
Beng. ; Bhokara, Mahr.; Nimat, Lepcha; Laswara, Pb. ; Lesuri,
giduri, SiND. ; Borla, Kumaun ; Vidi, verasu, Tam. ; Tha nap, BuRM.
Dr. McCann states, in his Report on the Dyes of Bengal, that the green
leaves of this tree are used in dyeing, along with Morinda tinctoria, in
Darjiling.
COSCINIUM.
Coscinium fenestratum, Colebrooke, Menispermaceje.
Vem. — Jar-ki'huldi or jhddihaladiy Dec; Haldigach, Beng.; Mara-
munjil, Tam. ; Manipussupu, Tel. ; Darvi, Sans. (Ainslie.)
An extensive climber of the forests of the Western Peninsula, extend-
ing to Ceylon and the Straits.
In Dr. U, C. Dutfs Materia Medica of the Hindus, Darvi is given
as the Sanskrit for Berberissp. Neither Brandis nor Gamble give
that name, or any apparent derivatives from it for the species of Berberis,
nor is it given by any other author. Ainslie on the other hand gives Darvi
as the Sanskrit for Coscinium fenestratutn. Both Coscinium and Berfoeris
yield a yellow dye ; both are valuable as medicines ; and the chips of the
wood, but for structural peculiarities, could not be distinguished. AInslle
apparently was labouring under one mistake ; he took the Mara-munjily
Tamil, as diflcerent from the Vinivel-gettay Ceylon specimens of which
were sent to Roxburgh for identification. General Macdowall took the
Ceylon specimens of this species for Colomba root, but Roxburgh cor-
rected him. Speaking of Mara-munjil Ainslie says, ''it is sometimes
used as a yellow dye, " but this was apparently unknown to Roxburgh.
Dr. Bidie remarks : " This wood contains much colouring matter, akin
in properties to that of tiirmeric, ** hence the name jar 'ki-huldi or ghach"
huldi,
21
COSCI-
NIUM.
8l
82
83
84
85
Part II.]
Economic Products of India.
CURCU-
MA*
86
CRAT^VA.
Cratasva religiosa, Forst., Capparidea.
Syn. — Capparis trifoliata, Roxh,
C. RoxBURGHii, Ham,
C. Nurvala, Ham,
Vcrn. - Brarna, bildsi, bila. Hind. ; Bar in, tikto-shak, Beng. ; Vdyavarna,
bhdtavarnd, hddavarnd. Bom., Maralingam, Tam. ; Uskia, usiki uli-
midi, Tel. ; Kadet, i^adat, Burm.
A moderate sized, distorted tree, met with from the Ravi eastward to
Bengal, Assam, Central and South India and Burma.
*' Aitchison states that at Jhelum the fruit is mixed with mortar to form
a strong cement^ and the rind as a mordant in dyeing. " (Stewart.)
CROCUS.
87 Crocus SativUS, Linn., iRiDEiE.
The Saffron Dye,
Vera. — Kesar, kSsara Bofran, HiND. ; Jafratii Beng. ; Kumkuma, San3. ;
Kungumapu, Tam.; KumkumHipavu, Tel.; Thafi'wen, Burm.
The European supply of this plant comes from France, Spain, and Italy.
It IS extensively cultivated in Kashmir, The Indian supply chiefly comes
from France, or from China, a small quantity coming from Persia in
the form of cakes known as Kesar^ki'rote,
It is chiefly used in Europe as a dye, and to colour cheese, puddings,
&c., but very little as a medicine. In India it is too expensive to be used
as a dye»stuff. It is, however, held in high esteem as a medicine.
The product is obtained from the stigmas of the flowers, 4,000 of which
ar^ required to produce an ounce of ^affrQUt
CURCUMA,
88 Curcuma aromaticai Salisd., Scitamineje.
Wild Turmeric, Yeh^ow Zedoary, Cochin Turmeric.
Syn. — C. Zedoaria, Roxb.
Vera. — Jangli-haldi, ban^haldi, Hind., N. W. P. ; Ban-halud, Beng. ;
Banharidrd, Sans. ; Kctsturi'-manjal» Tam | Kasturi pasu^a, Tel, ; Ran
hold, kachard, BoM.
The round, short rhizomes of this plant are of a deep yellow colour, aud
possess an agreeable, fragrant smell and a warm, aromatic taste. It is
probable that this, like the Zedoary, was formerly used in the prepara-
tion of the Abir powder.
89 C. longa, Xoxd.
The Turmeric,
Vem.—Haldi, Hind.; ffalud, Beng.; Halada^ BoM.; Haridra, Sans.;
Manjal^ Tam. ; Pasupu, Tel.
Turmeric is cultivated all over India.
Its rhizomes yield a valuable yellow dye, which, with alkalis, changes
into a deep red.
22
Dyes, Tans^ and Mordants.
[Part II.
Curcuma Zedoaria, Roscoe {nmi-Rojah,)
The Long and Round Zedoary.
Syn. — C. Zerumbet, Roxh.
^^^^T^f^^^* Hind., Bom. ; ShaH, »aH, shoPi, kaehur, kuch4r, Beng. ;
Ranahalad^, Bom.j KUh ckiHk-kiahaHgH, Tam.I KuMi0rgaddalL
Tel. ; Tnanu-werii BURM*
The red powder, Abtr, used by the Hindus at the Holi festival is
made from the root of this plant ground to a powder and left for some
time to saturate in water. The powder being purified and dried i3 mixed
with a decoction of Sappan wood, when the red colour i^ obtained.
The Abtr is now, however, largely made from aniline dye.
Dr. McCann describes the process adopted in Myrnensing district
Bengal, for the preparation of the Abtr powderfc but he appears to have
reversed the scientific names of the species of Curciisnft, The Shati has
for the past forty years been regarded as C. Zedoarja, Roscoe, while Dr
McCann gives it as C Zerumbet, linn, a name which does not exist in
botanical literature. If he means C. Zemmbct, Roxb,, not Linn., (a
gynonym for C, Zc4oaria, I^oscoe) it is unfortunate he did not publish his
economic information under the modern name, since the name C, ZenuB-
bet, i?o^co^, is applied to a perfectly distinct species,
In Bengal the Gulal and Abir powders seem to be made together and
sold mixed. In many parts of the country however this is not the case.
The red powder or Gulal is prepared from Sappan wood and aluni
colouring flour. The Abir or perfumed powder is not always of the same
composition. In Bengal the root-stocks of Q, ZedQiu:^ J^o^go^, are used
and apparently as the entire representative of the Abir powder of Upper
and Western India. The Zedoary is also an ingredient in Ohisi Abir
along with cloves, cardamoms. Deodar, Aitemisia, and Cerasus. The
Abir most generally used however contain Hedychium spicatum, Ham,
instead of Zedoary combined with sandal wood as flour. {See Abir). '
C. Zerumbet, Roscoe (non-Roxb,)
Vem,^Bach, mahaburiibacht BSNOi ; Kmkdra, BoM^
The rhizomes are warm, aromatic and used in medicine.
CUSCUTA.
Cuscuta reflexa, Ro^b.^ Convolvulaceji:.
The Dodder.
Veni.--^*fl4P bel. Hind., Pb. ; HMMguH-Ma, ^gusi. Bung, 1 4k4s4wela,
amaravela. Bom.
Mr. Baden-Powell states that at Jhelam this plant is sometimes used
as a 4ye. It would be a great matter if it could be utilised in this man-
ner, many trees being completely covered and often killed by this and
another species. The dye is apparently unknown in Bengal. Mr. Baden-
Powell does not mention the colour ; i| J§ probably a yellow,
CYNOMETRA.
Cynometra ramiflora, Linn., LEGUMiNosiE,
Vtttk.^Shingr, Beng. (o^ in Gamblejj IrapHk, Tam.j Myen-ka-pen,
myinka, Burm.
A large, evergreen tree of the Sunderbans, South India and Burma,
in tidal forests. Frequent from Chittagong down to Tenasserim and the
Andaman Islands. (Kurz.)
Chips of the wood give, in water, a purple dye. (Gamble)
?3
CYNOMIr
TRA.
90
91
92
93
Part II.]
Economic Products of India.
DIOSPY-
ROS.
94
95
96
CYPERUS.
Cyperus pertenuis, Roxb., Ctperacks.
Syn* — (^ Mariscus cypbrus).
Vttn.'^Nagur-mutha, Bbng. ; Ndgaramothd, Bom.
A delicate, slender grass, found in damp places in Bengal, Oudh,
and the North-West Provinces.
The rhizomes are used in dyeing to give a scent to the fabric, and as a
perfume for the hair. Roxburgh describes them as ''tuberous with many
dark-coloured villous fibres. " Its naked delicate form, small and com-
pound umbel, short slender leaves, and scanty involucre immediately dis-
tinguish it '* from the other members of the genus.
C. rotundas, Linn.
SyiL^C. HBXASTACHYOS, Roxh.
VtttL — Muthd, Bbng. ; Mustd, Sans. ; Mustd, kachard, Bom.; Kore-ke^
jkdTy Dec i Koray^ Tam. ; Shaka iunga, Tbl.
The root of this grass is more frequently used in lower Bengal than
the preceding for the purposes described, being more plentiful. Used as
a perfume at native marriages. It is the most troublesome weed in
Bengal.
DATISCA.
Datisca cannabina, Linn., Datiscea.
Vera* — Akalbdr, Hind. ; Bhang-jald^ Pb.; Bayr-hunjay Sind.
A tall, erect herb, resembling hemp, hence the specific name, met with in
the Punjab Himilaya.
It gives a red and a yellow dye.
97
DELPHINIUM.
Delphinium saniculxfolium, Boiss., Banunculacea.
Vera. — Asbargy ghafiB, Pb. ; Zarir^ Arab. ; Asfrak, asperag, trayaman,
Pbrs. ; Trdyatndna, as^aka, gtdjalil, BoM.
A small, herbaceous plant, met with on the Himiilaya on dry hills from
Jhelam to the Indus, and distributed to Afghanistan.
The dried flowers are brought from Afghanistan to Multan, where they
are used, along with akalber (Datisca cannabina) and alum, to dye silk
yellow. This gives a beautiful sulphur jrellow, known as gandhakt. The
ilowers are very bitter and are used in medicine, under the name of
^/mi/^2, as a febrifuge. (Stewart.)
98
DIOSPYROS.
Embriropteris, Pers., Ebena^"*
Syn. — D. glutinosa, Roxb.
Vtm.^Gdb, makuT'kendi, Bbng., Hind.; Kendu^ Ass.; Timbwini,
Mahr.; Tumbika, panichika, Tam.; Tumika, tumil, Tel.; Timbered
CiNGH.
A small tree or evergreen shrub, forming a dense dome of foliage;
met with throughout India and Burma.
The fruit is used for " gabing " boats, to render them waterproof,
throughout Bengal ; and an infusion is said to preserve fishing nets. The
24
Dyes, Tans, and Mordants.
[Part II.
fruit is also largel]^ used as a tan, being a powerful astringent. By simply
steeping the h^f-ripe fruits in water a Brownish liquid is obtained, which is
sometimes used in dyeing a brown colour. This is made into a good
black by being combined with Myrabolans (Terminalia ChebolA) and
Proto-sulphate of iron (hirakash).
Diosp]rros. mollis, Gnf.
Frequent in the drier hill forests of Martaban at a^ooo to 4«ooo feet
elevation.
The berries produce the so-called black dye of Shans. (Kure,)
D. pyrrhocarpa, Mzg.
Venu—T^y BuRM.
Major Ford says the Burmese extract a red dye, and that the Chinese
umbrellas are dyed with this plant, which has the property of rendering
them waterproof. There are no specimens in our collection as yet.
D. 8p.
Gamble says that a beautiful black dye is obtained from the bark and
fruit of an Andaman species not determined.
Specimens of this plant (sufficiently perfect to admit of identification
and of the bark and fruit, might be obtained from the Andaman Islands
through Mr. Mann, the officer nominated by the Chief Commissioner to
answer all communications regarding these islands.
DROSERA
99
ZOO
zox
DIVI-DIVI.
Divi-divi or Libi-DibL
The seed pods of Caesalplnla coriaria, Leguminosae, a tree 20 to 30 feet
high, indigenous to the West Indies, Mexico and Brazil, naturalised in
Madras and Bombay Presidencies and in the North-West Provinces.
The pod may be known by its drying into the shape of the letter S.
It grows freely in Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, where seeds are distri-
buted gratis to all applicants.
The pod contains 30 to 50 per cent, of a peculiar tannin somewhat similar
toValooia. " It is cheap, and may be used in admixture with barks, but it
is dangerously liable to undergo fermentation, suddenly staining the leather
a dark red colour, and is therefore not in extensive use." (Spons* Ency.)
"The legumes of this tree, introduced from the Western Hemisphere
and now naturalized in some parts of India, contain a large proportion of
tannin. According to Dr. Cornish from 60 to 65 per cent, of the whole
pod, exclusive of the seeds, consists of impure tannin, the remaining portion
consisting of woody fibre, starch, and gum." (Pharm, Ind.)
**The tree has been introduced into Western and South India and its
cultivation deserves to be extended as it is valuable material for tannin."
{Brandts,)
DREPANOCARPUS.
Drepanocarpus Cumingii, iTurz, LEGUMiNosiE.
A tree-like scandent shrub of Tenasserim.
Is a dyewood and furnishes the Kayu lakka of commerce.
(ICurjs,)
DROSERA.
Drosera peltata, Sm,, Droseracue.
Vern. — Mukha-yali, Hind.
Found in Nilgiris and some parts of India.
102
ZO3
ZO4
25
Part II.]
Economic Products of India.
EBTTHBI-
105
zo6
107
zo8
A dye may be prepared of the plants as BoyI« mentiofis the fact of the
I>aper which contained his dried specimens being saturated with 9 red
tinge. (Drury.)
ECLIPTA.
Eclipta albai Ifassk., Compositje.
Vera. — Kesuti, keysuria, keshwri, Bbng. ; Mdkd, Mahr.
Udoy Chand Dutt in his Materia Medica, page j8if says that the
Vern. Kesaraya, bhdnrd, Beng. and Hind., as also Bhringarafa, Sans., are
indiscriminately applied to this plant and to WedeUa eal9iida]«ceii, Linn,
This was not the case in Roxburgh's time, nor have I found it so, Kesurt
being EcHpta BSb9L,gind Bdngrd or Kesaraj'a {Pivald mdkdt pivaU bhangra,
Mahr.) Wedeliacalendulacea.
Speaking of Eclipta, Roxburg^h says : " In tattooing, the natives, after
puncturing the skin, rub the juicy green leaves of this plant over the
part, which gives the desired indelible colour, viz., sl deep bluish black/'
butt says the leaves of both the plants referred to above are used in vari-
ous ways for the purpose of dyeing grey hain It would be interesting to
have this confirmed^ and to know if botn plants, or only EcUptH) are actu-
ally so used.
ELSHOLTZIA.
Elsholtzia polystachya, J3cnlA.f L^juktem.
Vem. — Rangchari, mehndi, d4ss, potht, Pb.
A shrub found on the Punjab and North- West extending to the
Khdsia and Naga Hills Himalaya; altitude 6,ooo to io,ooo feet.
To the south of Kashmir it is said to be used as a dye. {Stewart.)
ERIOBOTRYA.
EriofK>trya bengalensis, ffook. /., Rqsac£4c.
Syn.— Mhspilus tinctoria, Don Prod, Nep.
Vera. — Berkung, Lepcha.
A small tree of the Eastern Himalaya, Sikkim, altitude 4,000 feet ;
Khdsia Hills, Chittagong and Ava,
The bark is said to be used in Nepal for dyeing scarlet.
Information regarding this dye-stuff required.
ERYTHRINA.
Erythrina indica^ Lam.^ Leguminosj:.
The Indian Coral Tree.
Vem. — Pangra, panjira, farad, HiNp. j PaiHa mandar, Beng ;
Pangara, Bom.; Pangaru, Mahr.; Murukd, kalaydna-murukku,
Tam.; Modugu, badidapU'ckettu, Tel.; Madar, Cachar; Erabadw
gaha, Cingh. ; Pinlekathit^ BuRMf
A small tree, wild in Oudh, the mountains of Bengal, Assam, Manipur,
Burma and South India; largely cultivated in the plains as a hedge plant.
The dried red flowers on being boiled yield a red dye The bark is
also said to be used in dyeing and tanning.
26
Dyes, TanSi and Mordants*
[Part II.
EUGENIA.
Eugenia Jambolana, Lam., Myrtacejs.
Syn. — Syzigium Jambolanum, DC,
Vem. — Jdman, jamooftt HlNQ. ; /4/», Beng.; Ckambu, GkvLO i Tamu,
Ass.; Naval, naga,TAV,} Nasedu, nairuri, Tel. ; Thabyebyu,B\jRM»
A moderate sized tree, found wild or in cultivation all over India
from the Indus eastward, ascending to altitude 5,000 feet.
The bark is used for dyeing and for tanning. In Assam it is used
along with the red Munjit dye to impart brilliancy to the colour. In
tanning it is often combined with Garan bark (Ceiiops Rozburghuuia).
(AfcCann,)
EUPHORBIA.
Euphorbia Tirucalliy Linn., Euphokbiackjs.
Vem. — Lanka-sij, Beng. ; Sehnd, Hind. ; Tiru kalli, Mal., Tam. ;
Shera thora, Mahr, ; ^emudu, halli-chemuda, mancke, Tel. ; Ska"
saungbethnyo, Burm.
A small tree, with round stems and smooth branches ; cultivated as a
hedge throughout India. The wood is hard.
The sap is acrid, and when thrown into the water intoxicates fish.
The ashes are used in Southern India as a mordant. Roxburgh says
that in Madras it is very generally known as the Milk-hedge.
EXC^CARIA.
Exc^ecaria sebifera, Mull. Arg., EuPHORBiACEiE.
The Chinese Tallow Tree.
Syn. — Carumbium sbbifbrum, Kutb $ Sapium sebifbrum, Poxb,
Vem.'-'Mam-china, Beng., in Roxb. Fl, Ind»
A small tree, with grey bark longitudinally cracked. Introduced into
India and widely cultivated throughout the Northern districts.
The leaves give a black dye, and the seeds an oil. The white pulp
around the seeds is the Chinese-tallow. To this genus belongs the
Sunderban Agallocha, the sap of which is said to be poisonous, and to
cause the eyes of the persons engaged in hewing down the trees to become
inflamed. When dry the wood is useful^ and is made into toys, bed-steads,
tables, &c.
FIBRAUREA,
Pibraurea Trotterii, Wa//, MS., Menispermacej:,
Vem. — Napoo, Man 1 PUR.
An extensive climber common in the forests of Manipur, I have taken
the liberty of provisionally naming this curious plant in honor of its dis-
coverer'. Major Trotter, Political Agent, Manipur. Not having seen flower-
ing specimens it is impossible to describe the plant, but only one species
has oeen hitherto described, Msyor Trotter describes the process of
dyeing from this plant ^s follows ;'—
Five chittacks of dry root of the napoo tree to be washed clear and
beaten into long shreds ; then soak it in 2f quarts of water for 15 or 20
minutes, when it will be found that the water has become erf a yellow
colour ; this water to be put aside, as it will be required later on. Take out
the pounded roots and re-steep in the same quantity of fresh water and let
stand for 24 hours. Then wash the cloth to be dyed clean, and thoroughly
soak it in the flrst solution ftnd take out and repeat the process in the
27
FIBRAU-
BEA.
109
XIO
XII
XI2
Part II.]
Economic Products of India.
FLEMIN-
GIA.
113
114
second water, leaving the cloth to soak in it for about half an hour ; then
wrinff out and steep in half a pint of heiboong (Gardnia pedunculata) water,
pressing and flopping it about in the vessel, so that every part of it may
become thorougnly saturated with this water^ then wring out and dry in
the shade.
FICUS.
FiCUS rdigiosa, Linn., Urticackb.
The Peepul Tree.
Vera. — Pipal, Hind. ; Ashatkwa, aswai, as^, Beng. ; Arasa, Tam. ; Rdi,
ragi, ravi, Tbl. ; Nyoungbaudi, Burm.
A large tree, commonly cultivated along roadsides throughout India.
The bark is said to be sometimes used for tanning. The young buds
are eaten in times of scarcity, and the leaves are a favourite fodder for
elephants. {Brandts,) Roxburgh says the silk-worm feeds well upon this
tree.
FLEMINGIA.
Flemingia congesta, J^oxb,, Leguminosjg.
'Vtm»"'JBara'salpan (as in Roxb.), Bkalia (as in Gamble), Beng. and
Hind.; Batwasi, Nepal; Mipitmuk, Lepcha. Roxburgh also gives for
var, nana the vernacular names of Supta, cusunt. Hind.
An erect, woody shrub, common in the thickets and forests of the
warmer parts of India.
In a correspondence recently forwarded by the Secretary of State to
the Department of Revenue and Agriculture, Sir Joseph Hooker says
that the African medicine Waras (Arabic name which means saffron) and
the valuable silky dye of the same name are derived from the pods of this
common Indian plant. Roxburgh, nearly a century ago, wrote of its
garnet-coloured glandular hairs, but it was left to the " Dark Continent"
to discover that these contained Ja useful dye. In the new Report for
1881, there occurs also some additional information with regard to this
curious discovery. Alcohol extracts a splendid red colour from these
glands.
It would be interesting to know if this dye is really unknown to the
hill tribes, and to obtain any available information, specially vernacular
names, and also specimens of the short, crowded legumes. I may give
here a short technical description of the plant to assist identification : —
A shrubby plant, 2 to 3 feet high, like most members of the genus grrowing
gregariously, and forming dense masses in damp forests. Branches, almost
round. Leaves, trifoliolate, leaflets oblong acuminate, with white, silky
hairs on the ribs below Flowers, small, crowded in short racemes, often
fascicled. Calyx, densely clothed with adpressed, pale, brown, silky hairs.
Corolla, small, almost contained within the calyx. Pod, oblong, f inch
long, obscurely downy, or clothed with clammy, reddish glands ; two-
seeded. The pods, with their short thick valves, are crowded upon the
extremities of the twi^s, and with their short, hairy pedicels furnish the dye.
The Flora of British India reduces to this species the following forms
described by Roxburgh as distinct (see Ed. C. B. C, pp. 571-72) : —
F. procumbens, F. prostrata, F. nana, F. congesta and F. semialata,
forming four varieties : —
Var, /. — semialata— Central Himalaya, ascending to altitude 5,000
feet.
Var, 2. — latifolia— Kh^sia Hills, altitude 2,000 to 3,000 feet,
Var, J.— Wightiana — Nilgiris, Bhutan, Ava.
Var. 4. — nana— Central and Eastern Himalaya and the Concan.
28
DyeSy TanSy and Mordants,
[ Part II
Galls are growths formed upon certain plants around an insect which
parasitically causes the irritation that results in the formation of these
valuable economic products.
Oak-Galls (Qnercua infectoria.)
The insect should not have escaped from the gall before use, other-
wise the galls lose their strength very considerably.
Tamariz Galls.
Vera.— Bora maty Hind.
The leather made with this tan is of the best description.
Tenninalia Galls or Galls from the myrabolan tree. These are chiefly
obtained from the leaves and twigs of T. Chebnla* and are used
in dyeing and tanning, and in the preparation of ink.
Gambler. See Uncaria Gaiabier, Hunt.
GARCINIA.
Garcmia Cambogiai Desrouss., GuxxiFERa:.
"VeriL^Aradal, Kan. ; Heela, Burghers (NUgiri Hills).
West Coast and Ceylon.
This tree yields a yellow gum, insoluble in water, but soluble in spirits.
It is, therefore, likely to prove useful as a varnish^ but not as a pigment.
G« Cowai Roxh,
Vera. — Cowa, Hind.; Toungthal/, Burm.
Eastern Bengal, Assam, Chittagong, Burma, and Andaman Islands.
It is said to yield a kind of gamboge of a somewhat paler colour
than that produced by G. Morella. (Gamble,)
G. eugenixfoliaSi Wall.
Eastern Peninsula, Singapore, Malacca. (Griffith,)
Heifer says that the steam exudes a green varnish, and Griffith, thai
the juice of the fruit is milky.
G. heterandnti Wail.
Wtm.^Thanat'tau, BuRM.
Hills of Burma up to 3,000 feet.
It yields a superior kind of gamboge. (Kurg.)
G. indicai Chots.
Syn.— G. Purpurea, Roxb, (Fl. Ind., «, 624,)
Vera. — Brindall, GoA. ; Katambi, Amsul and Kokrun (fruit), Mahr.
The fruit has an agreeable, acid flavour ; a syrup is made from it. It
is also used as a mordant. The seeds furnish a concrete oil called kokum
in Bombay.
G. Mangostana, Ltnn.
The Mangosteen.
Vem. — Mengut, Burm.
An evergreen tree, a native of the Straits ; cultivated in British Burma
on account of its fruit, which is pronounced the finest of all known
fruits.
29
OARCI-
NIA.
115
[267]
116
117
118
119
120
X2I
=>ART II. ]
Economic Products of India.
6LUTA.
123
Z24
125
Z26
The rind of the fruit yields a valuable tan^
Gardnia Morella, Desrouss.
The Gamboge Tree.
Syn.— G. picTORiA, Roxb,
Vtm.^Gota gamhoy Hind, i Makki. Tam.j Aradal, punat puli, Kan. 5
Gokatu, CtNGH. J Thanattan, Burm .
An evergreen tree, yielding the valuable substance Gamboge ; the
rind of the fruit, as in all other species of the genus, may be used as a tan.
GARUGA.
Garuga pinnatai Roxh.^ BuRSERACEje.
Vem. — Ghogar, kaikar, HiKD. j yrfm, kharpai, BfiNG. 5 Gendeli pomut
Ass. 5 Dabdabtn, Nepal ; Gia^ Mbchi ; Chitompa, Garo ; Khar pat ^
kilmira, sarota, Pb. ; Kukar, kaikra, C. P. ; Kurdka, Mahr. ; Kurdka,
iankada. Bom. ; Garuga, gdr-gdi TfiL. ; Karre vemhu, Tam. ; Mohi^
Uriya ; Chiny^, BuRM.
A large tree of the Sub-Himalaya, Central and South India,
The bark is used for tanning. (Gamble,)
GERANIUM.
? nepalensCi Sweet, Geraniaceje.
Vem. of the root as sold in bazar — Rowli, bkand, Pb.
The root of a species of Geranium is brought from the hills and sold
as a red dye, in appearance like rattan-jot, (Steivart,)
Specimens much needed to clear up the doubt regarding this dye and
Onosnuu
G. pedunculata, jRoxb.
VtttU—Heibtingy Man i pur.
Major Trotter sends the fruits of this plant which are largely used by
the Manipuris to deep and render fast saffron dye.
After the cloth has been dyed with saffron wring it out and lay aside
for a few minutes ; add f of a pint of the heiboon^ water (prepared very
simply> vis,, by soaking \ a seer of heiboong fruit, cut in slices, in a pint
of water for 20 or 24 hours) to the dye in the vessel and mix thoroughly ;
then steep the Golap Machoo (saffron) cloth in it and press and flop it
about till It is thoroughly saturated, then take out and wash in clean water
and hang up in the shad4 to dry*
GLUTA.
Gluta eleganSi WalLy ANACARDiAcsiB.
Vem. — Thayet-thitsS, BuRM.
Found along the coast of Tenasserim.
Kurz, in his Burmese Flora, /, p, 310, remarks of this plant ! " Wood
good for furniture, and when steeped in ferruginous mud turns jet black,
looking like ebony. Used for building purposes, boxes, &c„ and for
dyeing (with different mordants, from orange to black)."
30
Dyes, TanSy and Mordants,
[ PART II
GLYCYRRHIZA. «
Glycyrrhtza glabrai Linnet Lsguxinosjb.
Liquorice.
VenL^Mulatiki,jethumadk, \itUD.t fasti madku, Bsi^G., l)oM.; Anti-
maduram, Tam.
A native of the south ot EufOp6, largely imported into India. Dr.
Dymock informs me that the Bombay supply comes from Kurrachi and
Persia.
The root is used in medicine, and in dyeing to perfume the fabric
and give it a finish.
Gulltli A coloured powder used along with Abtr at the Hott festival. It is
generally prepared from sappan wood and alum imparting colour to
flowen At present day it is in Bengal largely preparea from aniline* See
Abir, also Curcum zedoaria.
Gum. The g^um most employed in dyeing, or rather in calico-printing, in
India is a mixture of Babul (Acada itfabica),and Gum Bankri (Anogf^ua
latifoUa). In addition to these Mi'k Buck gives the following gums as
, used in calico*printing :— ^
Dka, Woodfordia flftribunda, Salisb.,
Ptdr, Bttchanania latifclio, Roxb.^
Dhdkt Butea frotidosa, Ro^b,,
Sandrdo, Vateria indlca, Linn.,
Afochras, Bombax malabaricai Db,
Starch I Rice-water, and Sugar {Ourh) are also used.
GVMHEMA.
Gymnema tigens, W. 6f i4.> AscLEPiAbtjE.
A climbing shrub, of the lower Eastern Himalayii, extending to Bufrtia.
The leaves give a eood indigo dye. Dr. Buchanan states that it gives
a green indigo like the Chinese green, but Dr. (Roxburgh suggests that
the cloth must be first dyed yeuow. This is the second species of this
order yielding indigo, the other plant being Mandenia tinctona.
HAIR
DYEING.
127
128
129
130
H^MATOXYLON.
Haematoxylon campechianum, Lmn., LEGUMiNosiE.
Logwood*
A native of Central America and the We&t Indies. Imported into
India*
A decoction of the chips of the heart-wood is used in dyeing.
131
Hair dyeing or staining as practiced in India.
ist Process'-'Mix equal parts of chalk and soap and half the quantity
of lime, rub in a leaden pestal and mortar until the mixture acquired a bluish
colour; apply this to the hair, rubbing in, tie up the hair within a cloth for
about an hour : wash ; thereafter apply a paste, which has been allowed
to ferment to some extent, made of wheat nour, pulverised iron filings and
yeast ; tie again for another hour wash in a strong infusion of galls or of
amid [Phyllanthtts) Emblica) the latter being cheaper. There^ter apply
an dl to g^ve a gloss. The colour thus obtained is very black and perfectly
3t
132
Part II.]
Economic Products of India.
HiBiscns-
133
134
135
fixedy beinc^'only rendered useless by the growth of the hair below revealing^
the originsu colour.
2na Process, — Rub henna leaves on the hair and tie for an hour ; wash,
apply thereafter a paste of indigo or indigo leaves, wash and fix with galls
or dmld. This gives a bluish black, but as the inc^go becomes rubbed off
the henna gives the hair tips a red tinge.
HEDYCHIUM.
Hedychium spicatutn, Ham.^ Scitaminsjb.
Wem.—Kach^r-kachM, kap^-kackri, N.-W. P., Pb.
The aromatic root-stocks of this plant are often used as an auxiliary in
dyeing, to impart a pleasant smell to the fabric. It is chiefly used along
with Henna dye (Lawsonia alba) in preparing the cloth known m the North-
West Provinces as Malagiri. A herbaceous plant met with in Nepal
having when dry white root-stocks ; sometimes confused with the yellow
root-stocks of Curcuma aromatica, Salisb.
HEDYOTIS.
Hedyotis capitellata, WaiL, Rubiacea.
Vem. — Bakre lata, Paharia; Kalhenyok, Lepcha, in Gamble's List
The Flora of British India, III, 57, says that this climber occurs only
in the Malay Peninsula from Tenasserim to Malacca. Gamble includes
it in his " List of Trees, &c. of the Darjiling District." This seems to
re<]uire confirmation, especially as he describes the plant as *' a soft-wooded
climber of the Terai." It is plentiful upon the Burma-Manipur frontier,
which may be its most westerly habitat, but it is quite herbaceous, with hol-
low stems, and except in the root or the portion of the stem immediately
above ground, does not possess anything that could be called wood j
the stems are in fact hollow. It is probable that Gamble refers to
H. scandens, Roxb,, a climber of the tropical and sub-tropical Himalaya
to the Khasia Hills, Chittagong and Burma.
Gamble, speaking of the plant referred by him to H. capitellata, Wall,,
says that '*it is used by the Lepchas as a green dye," and that '*the
green leaves are put into water and infuseo, and the cloth to be dyed
steeped in the infusion." I found no trace of the use of either species as
a blue dye among the Nagas ; although both plants are very plentiful, they
regularly import Irom the plains of Manipur and Assam tne room dye
(StrobUanthes flacddifoUus).
Dr. Schlich says of H. capitellata. Wall (see McCann's Report on
Bengal Dyes) : ** The Lepchas g^ind up the green leaves and steep the
article to be dyed in the infusion." *' It yields s. green dye."
From the preceding remarks, as also those under Luculia gratissitiui
and Baccaurea sapida, it is clear that there must be some mistake regard-
ing this dye-stuff. Fresh information, specimens of the dye-stuff, cloth
dyed with it, and, if possible, dried specimens of the plant yielding the
dye, are much required for identification.
HIBISCUS.
Hibiscus rosa-sinttsis, Lmn., Malwacem.
The shoe-flower, Eng, ; Ketmi de Cochin Chine, Fr.
Wem.'~^obd,juwa, oru, Beng. ; Jasavanda, Bom.; Joba, Sans.; ^asui,
Dec; Shappat-tup-pu, Tam. ; Java'pushpamu, Tel. ; Kaung-yan, koung-
yan, Burm.
A favourite ornamental bush, occurring in most flower gardens on the
32
Dyes, TanSy and Mordants,
[Part II.
plains of India. There are numerous varieties, single and double red,
yellow and white. The plant never seeds in India.
Dr. Bidie reports that an infusion of the flowers produces a purplish
hue. The petals are also used to give a polish to boots and shoes. Dr.
McCann, in his Report on the Dye-stuffs of Bengal, says the flowers are
culled by children, and in Hugli are used to give a red colour to paper.
HYMENODICTYON.
H]rmenodictyonrexcelsum, Wall,, RuBiACEic.
Syn. — Cinchona excblsa, Roxh, {Fl. Ind,, i., $29,)
Vera. — Bkaulan, bhalena, hkaminat dkauli, Hkurkat, hhHrkur, pkaldu,
bhohdr, patur, Hind.; Bartu, baxthoa, Pb. ; Kaldkadu, Bom. ; SagapUy
Tam. ; budiyetta, chetippa, bandara, Tel.
A deciduous tree, 30 to 40 feet high, with smooth bark, met with on the
dry hills at the base of the Western Himalayas, from Garhwal to Nepal,
ascending to 2,500 feet; throughout the Deccan and Central India to the
Anamalays. Also in Tenassenm and Chittagong. (Hooker.)
The inner bark is bitter, astringent and used as a febrifuge and for
tanning; and the leaves as a cattle fodder. Roxburgh says : "the infusion
of one leaf in water all night had little colour, but struck quickly a deep
purplish blue with a chalybeate." {Gamble,) Probably H. Thyrsiflonim,
Wall, vern. Purgur, Hind., is used in the same way as H. ezcelsum.
This striking and peculiar property of the infusion, giving a purplish
blue with salts of iron, is nownere mentioned by any subsequent author,
and is apparently unknown to the natives.
HYMENOTOGON.
Hymenopogon parasiticus, Wall,, Rubiaceje.
An epiphytic shrub of the North-eastern Himalaya and Burma.
IMPATIENS.
Impatiens Balsamina, Lmn,, Geraniaceje.
Vera. — Bantily tatura, pallu tilphdr,juk, Pb.
Madden says that the flowers of this plant are in Garhwal used for a
dye, whence it is called Majiti. (Stewart,) Specimens much required
to confirm this.
INDIGOFERA.
Indig^fera tinctorial Linn,, LEGUMiNosiE.
Indigo.
Vera. — Nil, Hind., Beng. ; Nilagula, Bom.; Nilam, Tam.; Niti-mandu,
Tel. I
Extensively cultivated in Bengal, the *North-West Provinces, Punjab,
Sind, and South India. It does not require to be specially described here,
as it is already an established commercial product. The following
are the more important Indian plants known to yield the chemical sub-
stance Indigo: —
Indig^ofera tinctoria, Bengal Indigo.
Isatis tinctoria, Afghanistan and China Indigo.
C 33
INDIGO-
FERA.
136
137
138
139
Part II.]
Economic Products of India,
IRON SUL-
PHATE.
140
Strobilanthes flacddlfofiot, Assam Indigo or Room; also largely culti-
vated in China.
BAanMleiiia tiiictoiia» The Lepcha Indigo, or Ryom.
Wrig^htia tinctoria, The Mysore Indigo.
These are the principal plants in India known to yield the blue
dye. About 100 in all are known to yield it, of which two more may be
mentioned here, the common grain plant Cicer arietlnuai, and the custard
apple, Annona tqnamoaa.
The dye is obtained from the twigs of the former and the leaves of the
latter. •
Iron Sulphate.
Is used as a dye, 01 rather as a mordant, with certain organic product*:,
which, with this salt, give a black or dark brown dye. It is generally
prepared by placing clean bars of iron in a tub containing a solution of
coarse sugar and other substances. There is a large trade in Lucknow in
the preparation of Iron Sulphate, it being sold in large slabs to the dyer.
When the solution of the iron salt and vegetable product assumes a deep
dark colour it is ready for use. Sometimes myrabolans are boiled with
this solution to give brilliancy. Mr. Buck, in his Dyes and Tans of the
NorthmWesiern Provinces, gives the following colours as produced with
sulphate of iron associated with organic matter : —
Black (Vern. Paundai of Etah).
Myrabolans.
Alum.
Washed in clean water.
Al.
Sulphate of iron.
SalHower may be substituted for al. (Morindabark).
Bine Black (Vern. Kalejai of Allahabad).
Myrabolans.
Sulphate of iron.
Inaigo.
Safflower.
Dark Green (Vern. Zimmaraddi of Cawnpore).
Myrabolans.
Sulphate of iron.
Turmeric.
Naspal.
Alum.
Acidulated water.
Dark Brown (Vern. Kakreei of Furukhabad).
Lac.
Sulphate of iron.
Brown.
Catechu.
Sulphate of iron.
Slate Grey (Vern. Khdki of Allahabad).
Myrabolans.
Oak galls.
Sulphate of iron.
Sulphate of iron is also largely used in calico-printing.
See also Protosulidiate of Iron.
34
Dyes, Tans^ and Mordants.
[ Part II.
ISATIS.
Isatis tinctorial Linn.^ CRuciFSRiE.
An erect, herbaceous plant, like a large cabbage, common in Western
Tibet, wild and cultivated. Also largely cultivated in certain regions
in China.
It yields the indigo of China, and Dr. Aitchison, in his report upon the
Kuram Valley, informs us that it is used for this purpose in Afghanistan.
JASMINUM.
Jasminum humilei Linn,, Oleaceje.
Syn. — J. RBVOLUTUM, Sims.
Wtm,^Chafnba, juari, tsonu, summun,jai, kuja, Pb. ; Sonajdki, Ku MA-
UN ; Sim, re, Chenab ; Shing, puring, marti, SuTLEj.
A small shrub, wild in the Sub-tropical Himalaya at 2,000 to 5,000 feet,
from Kashmir to Nepal, Bhutan, South India, and Ceylon, widely culti-
vated in gardens throughout India.
A yellow dye is extracted from the roots in Kuram Valley {Aitchison,
Linnean Journal, XIX, p. 147). It is curious that this fact should appa-
rently be unknown to the hill tribes in other parts of India where the
plant is equally abundant.
Specimens of the root, and of dye-stuff, much required, with any addi-
tional information.
JATROPHA.
Jatropha glanduliferay Boxh., Euphorbiacejg.
Vera — yangalieranda, BoM. ; Addalay, Tam. ; Nela-^mida, Tel. ; Nik'
uinba. Sans.
The above vernacular names are given by Ainslie in the first instance
as the South India names for a plant which he called J. glauca, VahL
This plant was referred to J. glandulifera, Roxb,, by Drury in his Useful
Plants of India, and thus the above names crept into all subsequent
writings as the vernacular names for Roxburgh's plant.
There seems to be considerable doubt as to the accuracy of Drury's
interpretation. DeCandolle, in the Prod.,VoL is>p* /CKS5, reduces J. glauca
VahL, to J. lobata, Muller, to which there is considerable likelihood of its
properly belonging. If this be correct the above vernacular names which,
as stated, have found their way into the writings of all modern authors,
will have to be removed from J. glandulifera, Roxb, There is ?i name
pretty general in Bengal for the Roxburghian plant, which will be found
useful, and will probably become its future vernacular name, namely,
Lal'bherenda,
In Roxburgh's time this plant was '' met with in a few gardens about
Calcutta." " From whence it came I cannot learn :" so wrote the father
of Indian Botany eighty years ago. It has now spread everywhere
throughout the hotter damp parts of India, and is largely cultivated as
a hedge plant like most other Jatrophas, because cows and goats will
not eat them. LaUbherenda in Bengal is perhaps one of the commonest
jungle plants, and was, I am told, one of the " jungle weeds" suspected
of having something to do with the great outbreak of dengue fever in
Bengal.
The chief interest in this plant economically consists in the property
of its leaves which give a beautiful green dye. This was discovered
JATRO-
PHA.
141
142
143
C I
35
Part II.]
Economic Products of India.
KINO.
by Dr. Thomson, Civil Surgeon of Malda, and made known to the
Agricultural and Horticultural Society in 1862. It is much to be regretted
that this discovery has not been confirmed by other observers. Xhe
leaves have not been taken advantas^e of as a dye-stuff.
It is hoped that the above remarks regarding the probable confusion
in the vernacular synonymy of this plant may show that the Madras plant
is auite distinct from that met witn in Bengal; and that the dye will be
rediscovered by other experimenters and made more generally known.
There are but few instances of |;reens being obtained as simpfe colours
from plants, the Chinese green indigo being that best known. It seems
doubtful, however, if even the Chinese g^een is a simple dye; I should
suspect that there is some mistake regarding the dye from Jatropha
fi^landuUfera, Roxb.
Drury publishes a description of this plant, which might be supposed
original. It was written, however, by an author quoted by Ainsh'e, who
gives the paragraph published by Drury as a quotation from Miller.
There is one important departure from the original in Drur/s reproduc-
tion; the description of the petiole has been changed from "wthout
glandular hairs" into "with glandular hairs," perhaps to fit in with
the reduction to J. g^uinduUfen, Koxb. The height of the plant is given
as I foot, whereas Roxburgh's plant is described by Kurz as ** an ever-
green treelet ", 4 to 8 feet in height. Not unfrequent among rubbish
round villages and along river banks from Chittagong to Ava, Arracan,
and Pe^. It is remarkable that in the damp jungles of Bengal, especially
in the vicinity of Calcutta, where the plant is very plentiful, it rarely rises
more than 2 to 3 feet above ground, being much branched and gregarious.
In the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh it is not so plentiful, but forms a dis-
tinct stem 4 to 6 feet in height, and is a frequent ornamental bush in g^ar-
dens. Dr. Dymock reports that it is a large and plentiful bush in Bom-
bay with glandular hairs.
The seed gives a valuable oil like that from J. Curcas, Linn,
JUGLANS.
Z44 Juglans regia, Linn., Juglande^!.
The Walnut.
Vem. — Akhrot, Hind., Bom.; Akrut, Bbng. ; Girdu, girdugam,
charmaghg, Pers, } Akhar, Kashmir; Kowal, Lbpcha.
A large" tree wild in the North- West Provinces and the Sikkim
Himalaya, and largely cultivated.
The rind of the fruit is used for tanning and dyeing and so also is the
bark of the tree.
KANDELIA.
145 Kandelia Rheedii, W. & A., Rhizophoreji.
'Vtm.^-Guria, Beng. ; Tsferon-kandel, Malay.
" An evergreen shrub, or small tree, found on the muddy shores in
tidal creeks of Bengal, Burma, and the Western Coast.
The bark is used in Tavoy in dyeing red, and probably as a mordant.
{Gamble),
146 Kino, Beng^. — The gum resin from Butea frondosa, Roxb., and B.
superba, Roxb., which sec.
36
Dyes, Tans and Mordants.
[Part II.
Khaki, an earthy or mv clay colour, now largely used to dye the
uniform of soldiers. " Kh^i is the name given to a sect of Vaishnava
Hindus founded by Kil, a disciple of Krishna Das. Thev apply ashes of
cowdung to their dress and persons, hence the name of khaki given to
them. The following are the principal khakis or grey dyes in use :
1st, — Allahabad Khaki. This is produced by boiling my rabolans,
gall-nuts, and sulphate of iron tofi^ether.
2nd,— In many parts of tne country, sucn as in Manipur, a natural
earth is used. The laynung earth of Manipur seems capable
of much development.
Wet a chittack of wild turmeric (huldi) and rinse out its colour into li
quart of water ; then mix two tolahs of leingang (a kind of earth that is
to be found nearly everywhere in the valley) in the water ; add J of a pint
of fresh milk and then strain. Wash the cloth to be dyed thoroughly
clean, and then steep it in this mixture ; press, squeeze ancl flop it about
and then let it soak for half an hour. Wring out and dry (in the sun ?)
and when dry steep it again in the mixture as above. Wring out and
steep in f of a pmt of heiboong water thoroughly ; and wring out and
dry in the shade.
LaC-dvCy the colouring matter of the body of the insect Coccus
Lacca, a by-product obtained from the washings in the preparation of
seed-lac from stick-lac. These washings are evaporated, and the residual
matter is baked into the dark purplish cakes sola in the market. Lac-dye
might have ceased to be met with at all, since the advance of the aniline
dye has caused an enormous decrease in the price of all Indian indi-
genous colours and dyes, but it still pays to make the dye as a by product.
Lac-dye is chiefly used in dyeing leather, and in combination with
Morinda {at) Rubia (madder) to improve the colour of these dyes.
For a list of plants which yield the Lac insect, see "Lac" in Part /,
" The Gums and Resins**
LAGERSTRCEMIA.
Lagerstroemia parviflonti Roxb., Lythracejb.
Wemj^'Bakli, j'haura, sida. Hind.; Sida, Beng. ; Lahdnabodara, BoM. ;
, Kanhil, Lepcha; Chituingi, Tel, ; Zaungbdle,B\JKM,
A large, deciduous tree, met with in the Sub- Himalayan tract from the
Jumna eastward to Oudh, Bengal, and Assam, and in Central and South
India.
The bark is used in tanning (Gamble). Dr. McCann says that in Mid-
napur it is also used in dyeing skins black, along with the bark of
TenBinalia tomentosa, Roxb. (asna).
LAWSONIA.
Lawsonia alba, Zam., LYTHRACEic.
Vem.— Henna, mehndi, UiiiD, ; Mendi, Mahr., Beng.; Marithondi, Tam.;
Got ant a, Tel. ; Dan, Burm.
Wild in Beluchistan, on the Coromandel Coast, and perhaps in Cen-
tral India; cultivated throughout India.
The henna dye is used to give the nails, hair, &c., an orange colour.
For this purpose the freshly-gathered leaves are pounded with catechu
or lime; with indigo it is sometimes used to dye the nair black. As a dye
for fabrics it is very fleeting and, therefore, rarely used,
37
LAWSO-
NA
147
148
149
150
Part II. ]
Economic Products of India.
KALLO-
TUS.
151
152
LORANTHUS.
Loranthus longiflorus, Dex.^ Loranthacea.
Vera. — Bura-manda, Bbng. ; Panda, amui, Pb.; Banda, C. P. ; Prusti,
Lbpcha; Ajeru, Nepal; V&nd<ii Sans.j Vdnda, Mahr.; Yelinga,
vadinika, Tel.
A common parasite upon the following trees : —
1. Albizzia,
2. Bassiar
3. Bauhinia.
4. Buchanania.
5. Diospyros.
The wood is used as a finishing tan stuff in order to give softness to
leather.
6. Ficus.
7. Melia.
8. Mangifera.
9. Quercus.
&c.
LUCULIA.
Luculia gratissima, Swee/,, Rubiace^.
Vera. — Dowari, Nepal; Simbrafi'grip, Lepcha.
Temperate Himalaya, from Nepal to Bhutan, altitude 4,000 to 6,000
feet, also in Ava. {Kurg)
" Leaves are used in dyeing." (Gamble.)
Under Hedyotis capitellata, Wall., Gamble alludes to this plant,
but it is not quite clear whether he means the leaves of this plant or of
Hedyotis when he says, "It seems to be more as a mordant that it is used
than as a regular dye." {Gamble's List of Trees, &c., in Darjiling Dis^
trici,) Additional information and specimens required.
MACLURA.
153 Madura tinctorial D. Don,, Urticacea.
The Mustic.
A native of the West Indies and Central and South America; intro-
duced into India,
Wood used for dyeing shades.of yellow^ brown and green.
MACROTOMIA.
j^ Macrotomia perenniSy Boiss., Boraginea.
Met with on the Punjab Himalaya.
The root (P) of this plant yields a dye which has been confused with
that of Onosma echiodes, Z., which yields the Rattanjot.
It would be very desirable to obtain specimens of this root as of all the
others which go by the name of Rattanjot.
MALLOTUS.
155 Mallotus philippinensis, MuiL, Euphorbiaceje.
Syn. — ^BOTTLERA TINCTORIA, Roxb,
YettL — Punag, tung, kishur, kamalaguri (the dye powder), Bbng.;
Kamela, kamal, Pb. ; Rohni, OuDH; Puroa, Lepcha; Gangai, Ass.;
Ka^a, Bom. ;Ka4>li, kapila, Tam.; Tavhthidin, Burm.
A small tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Indus eastward
38
Dyes, Tans, and Mardants.
[ Part II.
MELIA.
(ascending to 4,500 feet) to Bengal, Central and South India, Burma and
the Andaman Islands. (Gamble.)
The dye is obtained from the epidermal glands of the fruits, the powder
formed in the interior upon the fruit becommg dry or overripe. It gives a
rich red colour used in ayeing silk and wool, and does not require a mor-
dant. Dr. Bidie says that the grains consist of a red substance enclosed in
a membraneous sac, which is not acted upon by water, though soluble in
alcohol or an alkaline solution. It gives a brilliant yellow to silk. About
80 per cent of resin is extracted from the colouring agent through the
means of alcohol. Dr. Schlich says the roots also yield a red dye.
The bark is largely used in tanning leather in the North- West Provin-
ces.
MANGIFERA.
Mangifera indicai Lmn., ANACARoiACEic.
The Mango Tree.
Vem. — Am, Hind. ; Antra, Sans.; Ambd, dma. Bom.; Mad, mangos, Tam.;
Ghariam, Ass.; Mamadi, Tel.; Thayet, Burm.
A densely-branched tree, wild on the Western Ghits,theChutia Nag-
pur Hills and the Naga Hills; cultivated all over India for its fruit, the
Mango.
The bark gives a gum and the seeds contain gallic acid. The bark
and the leaves yield a yellow dye not much used, but the dry unripe fruit
is largely used as a mordant, especially in dyeing with safflower. The
leaves are also used in tanning by the poorer classes in Oudh. (Buck.)
The bark is in the Dacca district used in tanning. (McCann,)
Mangrove Bark, a valuable tan.
The following are the barks known commercially by this name : —
Rhizophora mucronata, Lamk. ; Bmguiera gymncrhiza, Lamk, ; and
probably also Avicennia officinalis, Zi^tz. ; Ceriops, Candolleana, i4rn.;
C. Rozburghiana, Arn, ; and Kandellia Rheedii, W, & A.
MARSDENIA*
Marsdenia tinctorial J^. Br., Asclepiadejb.
Vcfn. — Kalilara, Nepal ; Ryom, Lepcha.
Gives a blue dye resembling, if not chemically the same as, indigo.
The Lepcha name '* Ryom " is very like the Assamese ** Room " —
the vernacular for Strobilanthes flacddifoUus, Nees, Acanthece^, a plant
which also yields indigo.
MELIA.
Melia Azedarach, Lmn., Meliaceje.
The Persian Lilac ; Bead Tree.
Vera* — Drek, bakarja, bakain, bakdyan, betdin. Hind. ; Ghora-'nim, Beng. ;
Ckein, SuTLEj ; Mafia limbo, malla nim, C. P.; Maltai-nembu, Tam. ;
Tarak vepa, Teu; .Ta-ma-ka, Burm.; Mohanimba, Sans.; Ban,
Arab.
A tree with smooth grey bark, commonly cultivated throughout India,
and believed to be indigenous.
Dr. Bidie says the leaves contain green colouring matter — ^a fact which
seems to be unknown in India generally.
39
156
157
158
159
A.
ART II. ]
Economic Prodiicts of India,
MIMU-
SOPS.
l6o
MEMECYLON.
Memecylon edule, Roxb,, Var. typica Melastomace^.
Syn.— M. TiNCTORiUM, Kaen,; M, umbellatum, Burm.
Vera. — AlH'cheddu, Tel. ; Anjan, kurpa. Bom.
The Flora of British India giwes 12 varieties of this plant. It is met
with in the Western Peninsula, Ceylon, Tenasserim, and the Andaman
Islands.
The flowers and the leaves are used in dyeing. A cold infusion of
the leaves yields a yellow dye, largely used along with Sappan wood
and myrabolans. It is also used as an auxiliary with Chay-root (Olden-
landUi tUBbeUata) in producing a bright red dye.
MESUA.
161 Mesua ferrea, Zi««., Guttiferje.
Vera. — Nagesaty HiNi>., Beng.; Ndgchampay Mahr. ; Nangal, T am. ;
Gang aw, Burm. ; nahar, Ass.
A middle-sized, glabrous-barked tree, met with in the mountains of
Eastern Bengal, the East Himalaya, and the Eastern and the Western
Peninsula, and the Andaman Islands. A very variable tree, the under-
surface of whose leaves is often quite destitute of the waxy meal.
Spons* Encyclopiedia says the flower buds of this plant are used in
India fur dyeing silk; ^*they were once introduced into the London
market under the name of nag-kassar, apparently a corruption of the
Hindustani and Bengali name nagesar" Dr. Dymock writes me to say
that this is quite a mistake, and that the flower-buds referred to are those
of Odirocarpus longifoliuSi ^hich see.
162 Mica.
Vtm.'^Abrak, Hind. ; Abhra, Sans.
A mineral well known because of its metallic lustre and its peculiar
cleavage, splitting into thin plates.
Sometimes used in calico-printing, the particles shining in the doth.
MICHELIA.
Z63 Michelia Chatnpacai Linn., MAGNOLiACEic.
y/ em,— Champa, Hind.; Champa, champak, Beng.; Titasappa, Ass.;
Shimba, sempangam, Tam. ; Saga, Burm.
A large, handsome tree, with yellow, sweetly-scented flowers, cultivated
throughout India; wild in Nepal, Bengal, Assam, and Burma.
The flowers when boiled are said to yield a yellow dye, sometimes used
as a base to other colours, and communicating an agreeable perfume to the
fabric.
MIMUSOPS.
164 MimuSOpS Elengiy Linn,, SAPOXACEiE.
Vem.^Bukal, bohl, Beng.; Mulsdri, maulser. Hind.; Bakuli, ovali.
Bom. ; Magadam, Tam. ; Bokal mugali, Kan. ; Kaya chaya, Burm.
A large, evergreen tree, largely cultivated ; said to be wild on the
Westerr Gh&ts, in Burma, Ceylon, and the Andaman Islands.
40
Dyes J Tans^ and Mordants,
[ Part II.
The bark is astringent and used in tanning. Sometimes used also as
a dye-stuff, giving a brown colour in combination with myrabolans. The
dye is extracted by boiling the bark
Mimusops littoralis, Kurz.
The bark yields a red dye (Major Ford), used in the Andaman
Islands.
MochraS, or rather Mocha-ras (the sap of Mocha.) There are two sub-
stances, used in dyeing, known by this name : —
A mahogany coloured gum of rounded convoluted hollow pieces
obtained from Bombaz malabaricum (shimul),
A heavy light mahogany coloured gum in large solid tears, pale
coloured interiorly, obtained from Moringa ptyerygospenna.
Curiously convoluted, yellowish, opaque pieces of resinous sub-
stance, obtained from Areca Catechu, are known as Mochras.
MORINDA*
Morinda angustifoliai J^oxb., RuBiACEic.
Vem. — Asugach, Ass. ; Kchai-tun, Phekial ; Chenung, chengrung, GIro ;
Y^yo, BuRM.
An erect bush, or small tree, of the tropical Himalaya, wild and culti-
vated from Nepal eastward, ascending to 4,000 feet, to Assam, Kh^sia and
Naga Hills, Chittagong and Tenasserim. May be recognised from other
species by the caudate-acuminate leaves, tapering into the petiole, and
fruit I inch in diameter or less, of 5 free and turbinate black drupes.
Bark and wood yield a good yellow dye. Brandis remarks : ''cultivat-
ed in toungyas in Burma as a dye.'
»*
M. citrifoliai Lmn.
This is sometimes called the Indian Mulberry. A small tree culti-
vated or wild (?) throughout the hotter parts of India, Burma, and Ceylon.
It may be recognised from the preceding species by the leaves being
elliptic, acute, or obtuse, shining ; fruit, of many drupes coalescent into a
flesny, globose head, one inch in diameter. Considerable confusion has
long existed in the allied forms and synonymy of this species, but the
Flora of British India has reduced them to the following varieties : —
Var. ist atrifolia, proper as in Roxb, Fl. Ind y i, $41.
'Vem.— Al, Hind.; Ach, aick or achhu, Bfng. ; Aid, bariondi. Bom.;
MunjapavattaryyTMA,; Ye-o, Nyaw kyee ornyau-ki, BuRM. Suranji,
a trade name.
Supposed to be truly wild in Malacca, Largely cultivated throughout
India.
This is the chief dye-yielding form, and one of the commonest and
most useful of Indian dyes. The al bark is principally used in dyeing
the cotton yarn afterwards spun into fancy borders for the garments of the
poorer classes. Sometimes used to dye silk, e.^., in the Erendi cloth ; but
the chief use is to dye the coarse Kharua cloth. The colours produced
vary from reddish yellow to dark brown. The thread or fabric is pre-
viously prepared by being steeped for 3 or 4 days in powdered castor
oil seeds and cow-d,ung with water. After washing it is soaked in a
decoction of myrabolans, and afterwards in alum. It is then removed,
well washed, dried, and thereafter boiled in the dye solution. It is then
sized and beaten smooth with wooden clubs. {Buck, Liotard, McCann,)
41
MORINDA.
165
166
167
168
169
^ART II.]
Economic Products of India,
EORINDA.
170
171
172
173
174
175
Var. lad. BmcteuB, sp,, Roxb. FL Ind.j i, ^44.
Vera. — Hurdi, kuldi kung. Hind., Beng.; Ndgakundd, Bom.
Roxburgh regards this form as a native of Ganjam in Orissa, and
Thwaites views it as wild in Ceylon. It is not unfrequent in the forests
of the Andaman Islands {Kurg), and here and there in the forests of the
Terai near the Tista (Schlich).
Var. inl. EUiptica.
A form from the Concan, Malacca, &c.; in point of foliage inter-
mediate between M. angostifoUa and M. dtrifofia. The above varieties
are cultivated but are in some localities wild throughout the hotter regions
of India. "It is cultivated in Kandesh, Berar and the Deccan,and large
quantities are exported from Malabar to Guzerat and Northern India."
(sports* Enc.)
The root-bark yields a valuable scarlet dye. The process of dyeing
is tedious, and in consequence the use of this dye-stuff is rapidly disappear-
ing through the introduction of the cheap and brilliant aniline dyes
which, though fleeting, are more taking with buyers. Mr. Buck states
that an acre will produce about 10 maunds of root, one-third of each class.
He gives the following classes of the dye-stuff : —
1st class. — Thin rootlets (Hargharka, bhara bar),
2nd class. — Middle sized {Lari, jharan, pachmer),
3rd class. — Thick roots (Pachat, ghatiya, lari).
The bhara or thin thread-like rootlets yield the true dye. The
thicker roots are worthless and are used for adulteration only. The Bhara.
fetch about Rs. 8 a maund, the second quality Rs. 4, and the third Rs. 2.
The plant takes 3 J years to reach maturity ; the cultivator therefore requires
a higfh price, which he cannot now obtain ; and as a cultivated product
it seems doomed to give place to more profitable crops.
Morinda persicsfolia, UTam.
Vera. — Data hurdi, Paharia; ffuldi kung, Lepcha.
This shrub seems to be peculiar to Burma, Kurz remarking that it is com-
mon in the savannah forests from Ava and Martaban down to Tenas-
serim. Gamble in his List of TreeSy Shrubs and Climbers of Darjiling,
mentions M. lanceolata as met with in the Terai and as yielding a good
dye. There is probably a mistake in the name, as M. lanceolatai Wall, is
reduced to M. persicaefolia, Ham,, a species according to the Flora of
British India peculiar to Burma extending to Singapore and Sumatra.
M. tinctorial Roxb.
This is considered by many Indian botanists to be but a wild form of
M. dtrifcUa, Linn, It is probable, however, that var. bracteata is the
wild form of that species, and that this is a distinct and almost entirely
wild species. It may be recognised and distinguished from the preced-
ing by the lea'ues being acute at both ends, glabrous or pubescent, bus
not shining ; fruit, of many drupes coalescent into a head, generally lest
than I inch in diameter. The following are the forms of this species
recognised by the Flora of British India : —
Var. ist tiiictoria proper, as in Roxb, Fl, Ind.y /., j^j.
VtOL^Al, ok, acha, auch. Hind., Beng.
Var. 2nd. tomentosa sp., Heyne, as in Kurz, ii. 6o»
Not unfrequent in the dry forests of Prome.
Dye obtained from the interior of the wood of old trees.
42
Dyes, Tans^ and Mordants.
[ Part II
Var. 3rd. multiflom, s.p. Roxb. FL Ind.y 1, 5^(5.
In Nagpore and Berar where it is called adU
Var. 4th. aspera sp., W.& A, Prod, 420,
The plant which Roxburgh called M. excerta, Roxh.y and which was
republished by Beddome, Kurz and Gamble, is pronounced by th^ Flora
0/ British India to be a mere sexual condit ion of both M. dtrifolia and M.
tinctoriay in which the stamens are exserted or protruding from the mouth
of the corolla ; it cannot therefore be regarded even as a variety. It will
be observed that while M. dtdfolia, Linn,, is kept up as distinct from
M. tiiictoria, Roxb,, in the above notes M. dtrifolia is the form which is
most frequently met with under the name of Al or Ach in a state of
cultivation, ana is the chief source of the dye of commerce.
Morinda umbellatai Linn.
Syn. — M. scANDENS, Roxb, {FL Ind., i, 5^.)
A diffuse shrub of Eastern Bengal and the Malay Peninsula, from the
Khasia Hills to Penang and Singapore, Western Peninsula, South Con-
can^ Nilgiri Hills ancf Travancore mountains. In Burma it is found in
the forests of Tenasserim.
Like all other members of this genus the root yields the yellow and
red dye which Mr. Baden-Powell thinks may be the Chay root of the an-
cients. I am inclined to think that this is a mistake, as there seems no
reason to doubt that Chay toot was Oldenlandia umbellata. The natural dye
from M. ufflbellata is a brilliant permanent yellow, which is convertible
into red when mixed with Sappan wood, rivalhng the madder red.
Condttding Note.
Any of the preceding species may be used as Al or Ach in the production of the
red colour obtained from the roots of M. dtrifolia. The colour is by no means a
good one, not nearly so brilliant as that from safflower. It is rarely used in compound
colours, but is used chiefly in calico-printing. Its consumption is purely Indian ; it
is believed never to have been exported to Europe. Mr. Buck states that in 1876-77
Al to the value of Rs. 2,66,226 was imported into the city of Cawnpore chiefly from
Bundelcand.
MURIATE
OF KU.
176
177
178
MORINGA.
Moringa pterygospermai Gaer/n., Moringeje. 179
The Horse Radish Tree.
Vem. — Soanfna, sanjna, Hii^D, ; Suj'una, Bekg, } Seg^ata, segavd, BoM.i
Morunga, Tam. ; Danthalon, BuRM.
Mr. Christy, in his New Commercial Plants, includes this amongst
East Indian tans, the bark, according to him, being used and known
under the vernacular name of suhanjuna. As far as India is concerned
this is a mistake, the plant is far too valuable as a vegetable producef to
be used economically even should it possess tanning properties. The gum
is one of the substances sold under the name ofMochtllS or Mocharas
(which see) and used in calico printing.
Muriate of tin« zgo
Vem.—
A mordant used for the wool yarns of the carpet manufacturer to fix
the reds obtained from lac, cochineal, ahd the purples obtained from these
in combination with Indigo.
43
ART II.]
XiHRE.
I8l
Z82
183
Economic Products of India,
MUSA.
Musa paradisiaca, Linn., Scitaminejb.
The Plantain.
Vem. — Ngetpyawy nga-pyi-oihi, BuRM.
M. sapientum, Wiiid.
The Banana.
VertL—Kela, Hind.; Kald, Beng.
The rind of the unripe fruit of either of the
cultivated forms derived from them yields a
colour leather.
preceding or of the many
black dye often used to
MyrabolanSi ^ term applied to the fruits of various species of Temiinalia
which see. These curiously-winged fruits are much prized as astringents
in dyeing and tanning black, for which purpose they are largely exported
to Europe. They also make good ink.
MYRICA.
184 M]fTica sapida. Wall,, Myricaceje.
Vem.—Kaphal, kaiphal, N. W. P.; Kdyaphala, Bou, ; Kobusi, Nepal;
Dingsolir, Khasia.
A moderate sized tree of the outer Himalaya, altitude 3,000 to 6,000
feet ; extending to the Khasia Hills and Burma.
The bark of this tree is a much-valued remedy for rheumatism, but it
is occasionally used in the North-West Provinces as a tanning agent
in fancy leather-work. {Buck.)
The bark treated with boiling water yields an abundant hard brittle
extract almost exactly like kino. (Dr, Dynibck.)
NYCTANTHES.
185 Nydanthes Arbor-tristis, Linn., Oleaceje.
Yem. — Hdr, sihdru, harsinghdr, saherwa, seoli, nibari. Hind. ; Shinghdr,
harsinghdr^ sephdlikd, Beng. ; Hardsingara, pdrijdtaka. Bom. ; Pak^tra,
laduri, kiirt,shdli, Pb. ; Gongo, seoli, Uriya; Manja-^a, Tam.; Seikbilu,
tseit'byi-lu, Burm.
A small shrub of Central India, ascending to altitude 3,000 feet, and
extending to Bengal and Burma. Cultivated throughout India.
The corolla tubes are orange^oloured, and when severed from the limbs
they give a beautiful but fleeting orange or golden dye, sometimes used
for silk. It is sometimes used in combination with turmeric. Half a
seer of the dried corolla tubes will dye 60 yards of silk cloth.
The leaves are used for polishing wood.
The author of the Mahhzan-ul-Ad'wiya states that the white portion of
the flowers yields a purple dye known in India as Gulkama, He says
that directions for its preparation will be found in Karabadien-i-kabir,
(Dr, Dymock.)
x85 Ochre.
The essential ingredient is peroxide of iron, whether as as anhydrous
red haematite or the hydrated brown and yellow limonites, but there is a
wide range in the proportion of this colounng matter that may be contained
in a marketable 'Ochre,' from the pure pigment manufactured on a large
scale at Katni by crushing the rich haematite ore occurring there, down to
44
Dyes, Tans, and Mordants.
[ Part II
the ochreous clay (layering) largely used as a khaki dye in Munipur, al-
though it contains only nine per cent, of limonite. These instances illustrate
the great range in the mode of occurrence of this substance, from the
metallic lode in very ancient rocks down to the most recent alluvial clays.
The old rocks of India are peculiarly rich in ores of iron, and these have
naturally affected all the later derivative formations. The basaltic forma-
tion covering so large an area of Western India is another primary source
of ferruginous matter : beds of bole (a variety of ochre) are not unfrequent
in it. From these stores were derived the characteristically ochrey rock
known as laterite occurring so widely throughout India. Originally de-
posits of iron peroxides, such as those already mentioned, whether in veins
or in beds, pure or mixed with clay, would in most cases yield an unlimited
supply; but in a collection of ochres made promiscuously from native
sources a large number would probably be of secondary origin, u e,, local,
and superficial decomposition products of rocks or minerals containing iron
in some other state of combination. The occurrence of these small local
sources would be innumerable, but the supply would of course be limited;
hence the need for competent observation in each case.
OLDEN-
LANDIA.
OCHROCARPUS.
Ochrocarpus Longifolius, ^<?»M &fIIook./.,G\jTnvEKM.
Vern. — Suringi, Mar.; Sura-fonna, Tel.; Serfiya, Mal, ; Wmtdi, taringi
gardundi, lO^N. The flower buds are
Mar.
(male) Poone (female), Surtngi,
known as Tambada Nagakesaia.
A large deciduous tree of the Western Ghats.
The dried flower-buds are used for dyeing silk; the flower-buds used
in dyeing are about the size of cloves and of a red colour. Dr. Dymock
informs me that the Nagkesar referred to by Spons' Encycl. xxnder the
name of Uresua ferrea was the flower-buds of this plant.
187
ODINA.
Odina Wodiery Roxb,, Anacardiaceje.
Wem.- Kaimil, kimul, mowen^ mohin, ginyan, kamUi, fhingan. Hind.,
Tibdn, sindan harallu, N. W. P, ; fiyal, lohar bhadi, Reng.; Kaikra;
GoND.; Sitnati, mqya, BoM. ; Wodter, Tam.; Gumpini, Tel, ; Shimii,
punily Kan.; Nabe, Burm.
A small tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus eastward,
ascending to 4,000 feet in altitude. Forests of India and Burma. (Gamble.)
The bark is used for tanning.
188
OLDENLANDIA.
Oldenlandia umbellata, Linn., RuBiACEiE.
Syn. — Hedyotis umbellata, Lamk,
CoSBXBiercial names. — Chay root or Indian madder.
Vera. - ^urbuli, Beng., as in Dr, McCann^s Dye Report ^ Cheri'vello, Tel. ;
. Saya-weTy imburel, Tam., as in Roxburgh s Fl. Ind.
From Orissa southwards to Ceylon and North Burma (Kurg); collected
by Griffith. A small bush found on sandy soils.
The bark of the root gives a beautiful red dye. It is curious that
this dye does not. appear to be used in Bengal ; the root from Orissa is
entirely exported to Madras from Puri district. Drury, in his Appendix
D, states that a much cheaper, though less durable, dye may be prepared
^5
Z89
Part II. ]
Economic Products of India,
PARHE.
LIA.
from the bark of the root of the Deccan plant known as cherinjt, when
used with a leaf called jagi.
Information regarding this unknown dye much required.
It seems probable from the similarity in the word Cherinjt with the
Telugu name chert-vello for the above species that the Cherinjt may
prove another species of Oldenlandiay and it is possible that by jagi
IS meant Jasminuia graadiflonim, L.
ZQO
191
192
193
194
195
ONOSMA.
Onosma echioides, Z., Boragineje.
Veni. — RcUanjot, gauBuban, Hind.
The root is used in the Panjab Himalaya and the Trans-Indus as a
dye for wool (Stewart) and as a colouring matter, being a good substitute
for alkanet (the root of Anchusft tinctoiia)^ particularly for giving a red
colour to liquids.
O. Emodiy Wall.
Murray in Plants and Drugs of Sind says that the roots of this plant
" make an excellent dye for wood and silk. ''
O. Hookerii Clarke,
Alpine Sikkim ; altitude 12,000 to 14,000 feet.
The Flora of British India states that this plant affords the best
Lepcha red dye specimens, and further information would be most ac-
ceptable.
OROXYLUM.
Oroxylum indlcum, Benth,, Bignoniacej!:.
Syn.-— Calosanthes indica, Bl, ; Bignonia indica, Roxb,
Wttn,'^Ullu, arlu, pharkath, assar, sauna, skyona, karkatk. Hind. ;
Mulin, Pb. ; Karam-kanda, Nepal. ; Kering, Garo ; Pana, vanga, cuhi^
Tam. I Pamania, pampana, dondhip, Tel. ; Tattun4a, C. P. ; Dhatte^
GoND. ; TetUy Mar. ; Tatilla, Cingh.; Kyoungsha, ki^autig-yabin, Burm.
A small tree on the outer Himalaya, ascending to 3,500 feet, and ex-
tending from the Jumna eastward to Bengal, Burma, Central and South
India and the Andaman Islands.
The bark and the fruit are used in tanning and in dyeing.
Orpiment a corruption of the Latin term Auri pigmentom or golden pig-
ment. This is the Sulphuret of Arsenic of the chemists and Hartal of the
natives of India.
It is sometimes used as a yellow dye and a pigment.
PARMELIA.
Parmelia kamtschadalis, Esch,, Lichenes.
The Rose lichen.
Vera. — Charila, ckalpuri, ckarchubila, chalcahalira, Pb.
This lichen is used in. calico-printing to give a perfume to the cloth and
impart a rose tinge to the fabric. The average annual exportation from
the hill tract between the Ganges and the Sarda is about 35 tons. {Atkiw
son's Himalayan Dist,, 77^*)
46
Dye^t TanSf and Mordants.
[ Part I
PHTLLAl
THUS.
PEGANUM.
Peganum Harmalai Linn., RuxACEiE.
Vem. — Spelane, karmal. The seed^ are known in the bazars as Isband
Lahouri, Pb. ; Hurmalay ispanda, BoM.
A bush I to 3 feet high, much branched and densely foliaged ; met with
in North-West India, from Sind, the Punjab and Kashmir to Agra;
dbtributed to Arabia, North Africa and westward to Hungary and Spain.
The seeds yield a red dye, which was formerly imported into England
from the Crimea, but the European trade has declined owing to the
superiority of the aniline dye. Stewart says the seeds were experi-
mentally exported from the Punjab to Europe in 1866.
Specimens required from Punjab, as also further information.
PENICILLARIA.
Penidllaria spicata, Wtlld., GRAMiNSiE.
Vecn.'-^Bajra, Pb. ; Kambu, Tam. ; Gantelu sajjalu, Tel.
Largely cultivated in some parts of the Punjab plains; and in high
and dry tracts, south from Rawal Pindi, constitutes the chief cereal crop.
The ashes of this plant are used as an alkali in dyeing.
Peori Dye. This curious dye-stuff is obtained from the urine of cattle
fed entirely upon mango leaves. It is usually met with in the bazars of
the Punjab in lumps known as Hardwari peori. A considerable trade is
carried on in this curious dye at Monghyr, where I once had an opportunity
of seeing it prepared. The smell is exceedingly offensive, and even after
repeated washings, the dye imparts the smell of cow's urine to cloth dyed
with it. It however gives a bright yellow, and seems to be composed
of magnesia and purreic acid ; the latter substance may be separated by
treating the dye solution with dilute muriatic acid. Peori is also the name
applied to chrome yellow, which this substance very much resembles. Cow
urine feori or pert is chiefly used as a pigment.
PERISTROPHE.
Peristrophe tinctorial Nees., AcANXHACEiE.
Vern. — Bet or Batia-rung, Beng. ? Ghdtiptttapdpadd, BoM.
A common bushy plant in Bengal, occurring everywhere in the woods
around Calcutta, flowering in October. It is largely cultivated in Midnapur.
It yields the red dye used to colour the Masland mats of Midnapore.
The twigs are used for dyeing, being cut into short chips for this pur-
pose.
It is curious that while Roxburgh describes this plant fully and gives
it the name of Tinctoria he does not mention the dye obtained from it.
196
197
198
199
PHYLLANTHUS,
Phyllanthus Emblica, Linn., Euphorbiacejb.
Wem,-^Daula, dmla, aonta, dmlika, aura,*lliiiD,; Amla, amholati, amti'
lati, did tkanda, Beng. : Ambal, ambli, Pb. j Ambari, Garo; Amluki,
Ass.; Anvald, BoM. ; Nelli, nellekai, Tam. ; Osirka, usri, asereki, Tel. ;
Nelli, Kan. ; Zibyu, tnasha, ta'sha^en, Burm.
A moderate sized tree in the dry forests of India and Burma.
47
200
^ART II. ]
PISTA-
CIA.
Economic Products of India,
201
[186]
202
203
T\iQ fruit is the Emblic Myrabolan, used as a medicine and in dyeing*
and tanning. The leaves are also used in tanning in most parts of India
along with TenaliiaUa, Shorea, &c. ; in fact the leaves of this plant are
regarded as one of the best tans by the Bengal chamars, A black dye is
obtained from the fruit, along with myrabolans and sulphate of iron.
Phyllanthus nepalensis. Mull. Arg,
y/em,'^ Afowa, bakalwa, kari, HiND.; Gol kantela, sama, chamar kas, ant'
bluykodmily Pb. ; Katmowa, Garhwal; Barmao, Kumaun ; Latikat,
Nepal.
A small tree of the outer Himalayas from the Indus eastward.
The bark is used for tanning.
Pigment See Ochr e.
PINUS,
Pinus longifoliai Roxb., Conifeils.
Vera. — Chil, chir, chira, Pb. ; Salla, sapin, kolan,GARHVfAL and Kumaun.
A large, gregarious tree of the drier Himalayan slopes, met with as low
down as 2,000 feet and ascending to 7,000 feet. From Afghanistan east-
ward to Sikkim and Bhutan.
The bark is used for tanning ; the charcoal of the leaves, mixed with
rice water, forms ink.
P. Kasjra, Royie.
This is a doubtfully distinct species from the preceding; it is met with
in the vicinity of Manipur ; altitude 2,000 feet.
It has the same properties as the preceding.
PIPER.
204 Piper Chaba, BI. (? W, Hunter in Roxh. Ft. Ind,\ PiPERACEiE.
Vem. — Ckaie chai, chaikath (McCann), Beng.; Chab, Hind.; Chavika,
chuve, Sans.; Kankola, Bom.
Introduced into India in 1808 (Voight)., r. McOann in his Report on
the Dyes of Bengal, states that at Balasore the roots and twigs of this plant
are used along with Sappan wood to give a brownish-red dye.
PISTACIA.
205 Pistada integerrima, J. L. Stewart, Anacardiaceje
Vera. — Kaia, kakkar, kangar, tunga, Pb.
A tree with rough bark, met with on the Sulaiman range, the outer North-
West Himalaya, extending eastward to Kumaun, altitude 6,000 feet.
The galls are used in medicine and for tanning and dyeing.
206 P. vera, Linn.
The Pistachio Nut.
Vtm,^Pista, Beng., Hind., & Bom.
Balfour says the galls of this tree are known as gul-t-pista or bogaganj,
and that they are used as a dye for silk. The galls and the pericarp of the
fruit are imported into Bombay from Persia in considerable quantities,
(Dr, Dymock.)
48
Dyes, TanSy and Mordants.
[Part II.
PLECOSPERMUM.
Plecospermum spinosum, Trecul, Urticaceji:.
Wemm—Mainakat4ara, matdal'larn, Nepal; Gumbeng/ong, Mbch. ;
Koriti, Tel.
A large, thorny shrubs met with on the Salt Range, in Rohilcand, Nepal,
Sikkim, South India and Ceylon.
The wood is used in the Darjeeling Terai to give a yellow dye.
{Gamble,) Often used along with Symplocos raceiaoaa and turmeric
POLYGONUM,
PolySTonum tortuosum, Bon., Polygonacxia.
Veau—Nialo or Niala, Pb.
Stewart says this species, which grows at altitude 15,000 feet in the
Punjab Himalaya, yields a yellow dye used in Lahoul.
Specimens required from the Punjab, with further information.
POTENTILLA.
Potentilla nepalensis, Hook., KosACEiE.
VenU — Rattanjot.
A small, procumbent plant, not uncommon in the Himalaya, altitude
6,000 to 7,000 feet.
Stewart says it is one of the substances which yield the red dye
rattanjot,
PROSOPIS.
Prosopis pallida, Kunth.^ LsouMiNosiE.
Algaroba.
A native of South America, which Gamble says has been successfully
gprown in Ceylon.
The pods contain as much as 90 per cent, of tannic acid, highly
valued in tanning, and imported into Europe under the name of Algaro-
billa {Spons' Encyc) and Balsamocarpon (Gamble). This substance is also
obtained from i*. glaadulosa, Sorr.y a, native of Western Texas, known as
the Algaroba of Texas.
P. pubescensi Ben/A.
Is being experimentally cultivated in the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Calcutta. It is a native of Texas and New Mexico.
The bark of this yields a tan.
P. spicigera, Lmn.
Vera. — Jhand, khar, Pb. ; Kandi, samada, sami, SiND; Semru, hamra,
Guz. ; Shamiy Beng.; Perumbe, j'ambu, Tam.
A moderate sized tree in the north and south dry zones of India;
Punjab, Sind, Rajputana, Guzerat, Bundelcand and Deccan«
The bark is used as a tan.
J
PHOSO-
PIS.
207
208
209
210
2ZZ
2X2
D
49
Part II. ]
Economic Products of India%
PTERO-
CARPUS.
2X3
2X4
Proto-sulphate of Iron.
Green Vitriol.
VettL—ffirakosh, kasis, Hind., Beno.
A mineral, found in many parts of India.
Largely used as a dye-stuff or as an auxiliary or mordant to vegetable
colours, deepening the shade. To produce black it is used with Terndnalia
(Myrabolans), Phyllanthus, &c. ; and to produce grey, with Sappan pods
or with babul bark« See Iron Sulphate and Ochre*
PSIDIUM.
Psidium Guava, JRaddt, Myrtacje.
The Guava Tree.
Vtm.'^AmriU, amrud, HiND. & N. W. P. ; Pfyara, Beng.; Peru, BoM. ;
Atnuk, Nepal; Modhuriatn, Ass. ; Segapu, Tam. j Jama, coya, Tel. ;
Malaka, BuRM.
A small, evergreen tree, introduced from America, now widely cultivat-
' ed, and in some parts of Bengal naturalised.
The leaves are said to be used in Assam for dyeing, (Gamble,) They
are occasionally used in tanning in Bengal and North-West Provinces,
by the poorer class, along with mango leaves, or with the tnahwa leaves,
or by themselves.
Further information regarding this fact much required, as it seems
unknown in the rest of India.
PTEROCARPUS.
215 Pterocarpus Marsupium^ Jioxd., Leguminosji:.
Gum Kino.
Vem. — Bija, bijasar, bijasal, salbia, HlKD. ; Byasa, Vriya; Bibald, koni,
dsana, BoM.; Kan, damiruga-mirattam, vengai, Tam.; Gandumrugatn'
nettura, peddagi, pedei, Tel.
A large tree of Central and South India, extending northward to
Banda in the North-West Provinces ; often cultivated in gardens.
This yields the gum Kino known in Europe for upwards of a century ; it is
the dried juice which exudes copiously tor days from artificial cuts on
the stem when artificially wounded. This gum is sometimes used as an
auxiliary in dyeing and tanning, and the heartwood, saturated with it, may
be used to give a yellow dye.
2x6 p. santalinusi Linn./.
The Sanders Red or Red Sanders Tree, sometimes also called Red Sandal
WOOD, Eng, ; Santale Rouge, Fr. ; Rothes Sandelholz, Ger. ;
Sandalo Rose, It. ; Sandel-hout, Dan.
Wtm. — Lal'Chandun, undum, Hind., Dec .; Rakta-chandan, Beng. ;
Ldlachandana, ratdnjli, BOM. ; Shen-shandanum, Tam. ; ErragandhapU"
chekka, Tbl. ; Kuchandana, tilapari, rajana, rakta-chandana. Sans. ;
Sun, dtd'surkh, undum, Pers. ; Sundal'ohmer^ undum, Arab.
A small tree of South India, chiefly in Cuddapah, North Arcot,
Karnul and other dry forests ; cultivated in Bengal and other parts of
India.
The wood is used as a dye-stuff, and is largely exported from Madras
to other parts in India. It is chiefly used to " mark idols and the forehead
in ceremonies.'' The colouring principle is called '' Santalin. " It is soluble in
alcohol, and is sometimes used to dye cloth, imparting a pale ink colour.
50
Dyes, Tans, and Mordants.
[Part II.
PUNICA.
Punica Granatum, Linn,, Lythracejb.
The Pomegranate. Granades, Fr.; GrInats, Germ.
Vem.^Andr, ddrim, dam4. Hind.; Dalim, Kumaun; Andra, ddlimba,
Bom. ; Madalaich-chedif Tam. ; Danimma'ckeHut Tbl. ; Darakhtenar,
Pbrs. ; Shajraiur rummath Arab. ; Thole, BuRM.
A small tree, or a large shrub, wild in some portions of the North-
western Himalaya, cultivated throughout India.
The flowers are said to be used in Bellary to give a red dye (Dr,
Bidi^s Paris Exhib. List). The flowers give a li^ht red dye. (Gamble.)
The rind is astringent, and is a valuable tan. It is often used as a dye
auxiliary, especially with turmeric or indigo. It is said to be used in the
tanning of morocco leather, imparting to it the characteristic colour. Dr.
McCann, in his Report of the Dyes of Bengal, says the " bark (P rind)
gives a yellow, or with alum and Cassia Rstola, a red dye," and Babu
T. N. Mukherji, in his Amsterdam Exhibition Descriptive List, says the
fruit rind {ndspal) " is largely employed, dyeing cloth a greenish colour. "
Mr. Buck also says it gives a greenish decoction.
QUERCUS.
QUERCUS.
QuercUS ^gilops, Linn,, CupULiFERA.
Vallonea Oak.
Obtained chiefly from Asia Minor under the name of VeHani^ VaU
lonea.
The cupule or involucre of the acorn of this species is largely used in
dyeing and tanning in Europe, and probably reaches India.
Q. Ilex, Linn.
The Holly-leaved Oak ; Holm Oak.
Vera.** CAur, keharsu, dti,y4ru, heru, ban, Pb.; Charrei, serei, balAt, Afq.
A middle-sized tree or large bush, met with in Europe and on the
Himalaya, and discovered by me as far east as Manipur.
It is probable that some of the galls of the Punjab are the produce
of this species. The bark is good for tanning and used in France.
Q. infectoriai Oliver.
The Dyers' Oak or Gall.
Vtnu^Mdjuphala(j^aUs),BoH.iMdyd,Slvi\>.
This is a native of Greece, Bosnia, Asia Minor and Syria.
It has long cylindrical acorns, the leaves are grey underneath and yield
the galls used in medicine and in dyeing ; imported into Europe from the
Levant.
Q. lamellosai Sm.
Vem. — Shalshi, pharat'singhali, budgrai, Nepal; Buk, Lbpcha.
A large, handsome tree, with broad, serrate leaves, silvery below, with
many regular parallel veins, met with in Nepal and eastward to Sikkim,
Bhutan, Naga Hills and the mountains on the Burma-Manipur frontier.
In Darjiung the bark is used for tanning.
D I 51
217
2X8
2x9
Part II.]
Economic Products of India,
RHEUH.
223
224
Quercus pachyphylla, Kurz.
Vem^ — Bara, kaids, Nepal ; Hlosiri, Lepcha.
An evergreen tree, on the hig^her ranges of Sikkim, altitude 8«ooo to
10,000 feet. Everywhere in Manipur forests, descendins^ to much lower
altitudes than in Sikkim ; in the higher altitudes in Manipur it becomes a
bush.
Acorns, enormous agglutinated masses or clusters of three nuts,
aggregated into spikes two or three times the size of the human hand. The
bark and the acorns are said to be used in dyeing and tanning. If this be
correct the Naga Hills could give an unlimited supply.
From the material at my disposal I am unable to identify any of the
Indian oak-galls, and this fact will, I hope, suggest the desirability
of an effort being put forth to look into this matter. It seems strange that
in a country possessing from 30 to 40 species of oaks we should annu-
ally import large quantities of galls and tanning acorns. In Manipur
Q. serrata, Thurst, Q. polystachya. Wall, and Q. mespilipoUa, Wall, cover
miles upon miles of the low hills from one end of the State to the other. Q,
fenestrata, Roxb., Q. Griffithii Hf, & T., Q. microcalyx, Kunth, and Q.
spicata, Sm., occur here and there throughout the same tract, ascending to
about 4,000 feet in altitude. In the higher forests Q. pachyphylla, Kurg,
Q. dealbata, Hook,_fil.,Q. lamellosa Ham., and Q. Ilex., Z., are nearly as
plentiful. The oak forests of the Nag^a Hills and Manipur might supply
the world with tanning acorns, barks, or galls, for there are perhaps 20
species more or less plentiful, some of which seem likply to afford the eco-
nomic products required if they are systematically looked into.
RANDIA.
Randia dumetorum, Lam,, Rubiacejs.
Vera. — Mainphal, many 41, karhar, arar, Hind. ; Mindla, mandkolla, Pb. ;
Maidal, amuki, Nepal; PanjU Lepcha; Pa^W, Uriva; Gelapheila,
Mahr. 5 Madu'karray, Tam. ; Manda, Tel.; Kare, Kan.
A small, thorny shrub, common on the Himalaya, from the Chenab
eastward.
The bark and rind are regarded as valuable medicines, the latter as an
emetic ; the fruit is used to poison fish, and when roasted it is eaten.
Mr. Buck savs that in the North-West Provinces the fruit is used in calico-
printing, andf in dyeing as a colour intensifier.
We have as yet no specimens of this plant.
RHEUM.
Rheum Emodii Wall., PoLYGONACKiE.
Rhubarb.
Syn. — ^^R. MooRCROFTiUM, Meisn, ; R. Ribbs, Linn.
Vera. — Reuchini, Beng. ; Z?o/«, Hind. ; Archu, Garhwal; ChuHal, patn^
bash, aisu, artso, ckukri, rawdsh, names on the Punjab Himalaya and
in Afghanistan.
In the bazars the leaf -stalks are called ribds and the root rewand
chihi, Moorcroft {Stewart, Punjab Prod.) says that the Bhutias of
Garhwal apply the powdered root to wounds and bruises, and that they
use it with Manjit (Madder) and potash for dyeing red- The colour would
be derived from the Rubia and the Rhubarb probably plays the part of an
auxiliary.
52
Dyes, Tans, and Mordants,
[ Part II.
RICINUS.
RHIZOPHORA.
Rhizophora mucronata, Lamk,, Rhizophorejg.
The Mangrove Tree.
Vera. — Bhara, Beng. ; Kama, SiND; Upocpoma, Tel.; Byu, BURM.;
Kadol, CiNGH.
A small tree, frequent in the tidal forests from Arracan and Pegu to
Tenasserim, and on the tidal shores of West India and the Andaman
Islands.
The bark is good for tanning. This tan Christy recommends to be
used as a preliminary preparation for cheap leathers. These should be
about half prepared in India and exported to Europe in that condition^
to be redone and have the colour improved by myrabolans or other
tanning materials.
Mangrove Bark has been exported to Europe, but leather prepared
with it is always inferior in colour and quality. Except therefore as a
preliminary tan, or in the preparation of cneap leathers, it is not likely to
become an article of European trade.
225
RHUS.
Rhus Cotinus, Zi'nn., ANACARDiACEiC.
Vern. — Padn, thdn^ manu, t4ng, Pb. ; Ttinga, chanidt, ami, N. W. P. ;
Erandi, Mahr.
A shrub or small.tree, a native of the Sulaiman Range and the Norih-
Western Himalaya to Kumaun.
This is nearly allied to the Sumach (R. coriaria, Linn,) of Europe, the
leaves of which are used in tanning morocco leather. On the Hima-
laya the bark and the leaves of R. Cottnus, Linn,, are similarly used for
tanning. Dr. Aitchison, speaking of the Flora of the Kurum Valley
(yournal of Linmsan Soc, XIX, p. 141), says : " I was informed that the
old wood of R. Cotinus is used as a dye for wool-stuffs, chiefly used in
making felts of an orange-red colour."
See also Sunuu±.
R. succedanea, Zinn.
Vern. — Tatri, arkol, nurku, iPb. ; Kakadashingi (the galls), BoM. ; Rani-
walal, Nepal ; Serhnyok, Lepcha.
Himalaya, from the Jhelam to Assam, and the Khasia Hill.
The curious greenish-brown purse-like galls are imported into Bombay.
They are very astringent. (Dr. Dymock,)
RICINUS.
Ridnus communis, Zm»., Euphorbiaceje.
The Castor Oil Plant or Palma Christl
Vera. — Rand, arand, arendi, ind. Hind. ; ^fi^M,CHENAB; Harnatdi, Salt
Range ; Orer, Nepal ; Bitiamunuk, Tam. ; Anwdum, amdi, sittamindi,
Tel. ; Kyek'sw-pen, kyeisu, Burm.
A large shrub or small tree, indigenous in Arabia and North Africa ;
cultivated throughout India, and often found run wild.
Seeds are used by the dyers to mix with colors ^and render them per-
manent.
53
226
227
228
Part II. ]
Economic Products of India.
HUBIA.
RUBIA.
229 Rubia cordifolisii i-inn.y RuBiACEiE.
The Indian Madder.
Wem.'^Manjit, Hind.; Af an; istha, Beug, ; Manjittit Tam. ; Tamravalli,
Tel.; Manjushta, Kan.
A small, herbaceous creeper or climber, often growing in festoons
over the neighbouring vegetation in masses of 6 to 8 feet in length. There
are two easily recognised primary forms met with in India. During the
Burma-Manipur Boundary Commission, I observed that one of them yielded
the red colouring matter more freely and more abundantly than the other.
On returning to Calcutta I found this observation fully confirmed on re-
ferring to the excellent set of sheets in the Herbarium of the Royal Bo-
tanic Gardens. All the sheets bearing specimens of the better dye-yield-
ing form were coloured through and through, while only one sheet of the
other form showed the slightest tendency to discolour the paper upon
which it was mounted. In fact, in this respect the true Madaer (R. tine-
toriua) seemed inferior to the dye-yielding form of R. cordifolia.
230 Var. zst, Cordifolia, proper.
Diagnostic Characters.— 'Leaves ^ four in a whorl, more or less cordate
on petioles not more than i inch long ; generally five costate, rarely
three, veins impressed ; surface rough or hispid.
This is the form chiefly met with on the Himalaya, appearing near the
Chenab and extending eastward to Sikkim and Bhutan, altitude 8,000
feet, to the Khasia and Naga Hills, Burma, South India and Ceylon.
It seems nowhere to be cultivated, but is largely collected as a wild dye-
stuff and carried to the plains to be sold. The root and lower or ground
twigs are the dye-yielding portions. This form I regard as inferior in
dye-property, although it is the one generally used in India and sold as
Madder.
231 Var. and, Khasiana, Watty MS.
Diagnostic Characters. — Leaves on petioles, generally i, i^ or 2 inches
long ; three costate, rarely five, often almost with solitary mid-rib,
smooth not hispid, and veins not impressed.
This form is the richest in Madder dye-principle. It is occasionally met
with in Sikkim, but attains its greatest development eastward in the
Khasia and Naga Hills. It seems nowhere to be met with to the west
of Sikkim. I repeatedly collected this form and compared it with the
true R. cordifolia, thinking that it would probabl]^ be found to possess
characters sufficient to justify its entire separation from R. cordifolia,
if not its identification with R. manjista, Roxb. But while arriving at
the conclusion that it was probablv only a variety of R. cordifofla^ I
satisfied myself as to its superior aye-yielding property. I had been
struck with the perfection of the red dye with which the Nagas colour
the hair decorations of their spears, &c., and I at first concluded that this
was the plant from which they obtained it. I was soon after convinced,
however, that neither of these supplied the favourite red, but a third
plant which I was shewn, namely, R. ailrkinieniiia, Kurs. Before pro-
ceeding to discuss this interesting discovery, I venture to repeat my convic-
tion that irar. khagiana is a far richer dye-yielding plant than the ordinary
R. cor^folia. I am inclined to suspect that the experiments, which were
once made with a view to discover whether R. cordifolia in a cultivated form
could compete with the European Madder, may have failed because this
inferior variety was experimentally cultivated. If it happened that a
54
Dyes, Tans, and Mordants,
[ Part II.
consignment of var« kharifttia reached Europe, it is likely that its richness
in dye-property suggested the idea that the cultivation of R. cordifolia
would be as profitable as that of R. tinctoiitiiB, and that disappoint-
ment followed from experimenting with the ordinary North-West Hima-
layan form. These remarks are, however, mere suggestions made in the
hope that some additional information may be elicited from Eastern
Bengal.
The inferior form is that met with on the Nilgiri Hills. It would
be interesting to know from Madras to what extent Rubia cordifolia is
used in that Presidency. The process of extracting the colour would also
be interesting. Information might also be obtained regarding the
cultivation of the plant or its importation from other parts of India.
RUBIA.
Riibia si
is, Kurz.
Diagnostic characters, — An extensive sub-woody climber j branches re-
trorsely scabrid ; leaves 3 to 6 by i to 2 inches, sessile, or nearly so, 4
in the whorl, elliptic or ovate lanceolate, 3, rarely 5, costate.
This is the largest and the most handsome species in the genus,
growing along the ground or over bushes and small trees, with branches
often 3 to 4 yards long, and the whorls of leaves as much as a foot apart.
It makes its appearance in Sikkim, but attains its greatest development
in the Khiisia and Naga Hills, where it is perhaps the most common
species. Apparently the Lepchas of Sikkim do not know that this plant
yields the Madder dye, but I suspect that the thick heavy roots (many
times thicker than the roots and twigs of R. cordifolia) which are sold in
the bazars, belong largely to this species, though probably used as an
adulterant. This seems to be strengthened by the fact that until 1874
the plant was not named or even known to exist. Specimens had of
course been collected, but they escaped attention, having remained for
many years in the larger Herbaria unpublished. In the Naga Hills and in
Manipur this species alone supplies the brilliant red dye used bv the hill
tribes to colour their cloths, hiair decorations for spears, shields and earrings,
rings, &c., as well as to colour their cane and bamboo plaited work.
The process of extracting the dye is curious. It was shown to me
after considerable trouble. A woman came one morning to the Residency,
Manipur, bringing with her the following things :—
1st. Two or three bundles of the root and stem of R. aUrlplmyifrig
Kurz.
2nd. A slab of the bark of Quercus fenestnita, Roxb.
3rd. A bundle of twigs and leaves of Symplocos racemosa, Roxb,
At\i, A packet of seed and a specimen of the plant yielding these
seeds, which I identified as Leucas cephalotes, Spreng, a
Labiate plant common in fields throughout India, and in Ben-
gal. I have been told it yields an oil used for illuminating pur-
poses. I can, however, find no mention of this oil in works on
Indian Economic Botany, and I shall be greatly pleased
to learn if other observers have noted this property, as it
seems to be intimately associated with the separation of the
Madder from R. atWmonaig. In Bengal Leucas cephalotes
IS generally known as bura^hul-khusa, and in Madras as
gurosafumt, Tel. (see Roxb, FL Ind,, Ed, C,B,C,, p. 461,
Phlotais cephalotes, KonJ. See concluding para, where
Perilla odmoides is used in place of Leucas.
5th. Two skeins of cotton thread, one of which was of a yellow
colour and had been prepared beforehand by a process
which I was to see applied to the second one. It had been
steeped in some mordant or metallic salt.
55
232
Part IL]
Economic Products of India,
RUBIA.
6th. Two earthen vessels.
7th. A small basket.
I was told that it was necessary first to prepare the second skein of
cotton^ so as to give it time to dry in order tnat it also might if possible
be dyed. The woman sat down and set fire to the bundle of twigs
and leaves of Sjmplocos racemosa. When completely burned to ashes,
these were carefully collected and placed in the corner of the basket
and a little water sprinkled over and allowed to soak for a few minutes,
then more water was sprinkled, until ultimately a yellowish liquid
began to strain through and trickle into one of the earthen vessels.
This liquid tasted bitter and no doubt contained some alkali salt which
I have not as yet had time to identify chemically. When enough liquid
had thus been obtained the second or unprepared skein of cotton was
placed in the vessel and boiled for some time ; after which it was removed,
wrung out, and hung up to dry.
Tne second process was then proceeded with. The woman and her
assistants commenced to pound the chips of Rubia using about equal
proportions of root and stem. When this had been donie the pow-
der was mixed (about ^ as much as powdered madder) with a handful of the
seeds of Leucas and intimately combined and rubbed together by the
hand on a stone. This mixture was then placed in the other earthen
vessel and boiled with about three proportions of water to one of the
jnixed powder. When boiling, the prepared skein of cotton was plunged
into the solution, which was now of a deep red colour. It was turned
round and round in the boiling liquid upon the extremity of a small twig*
held in the hand, and when dyed to the required depth it was removed
and allowed to strain off the surplus liquid. Thereafter it was washed
several times and hung out to dry.
I asked what was the use of the bark (Oak, 2nd) and was told that
it was for deepening the colour from red to brown of the darkest possible
shade. A few pieces were thrown in, and the skein of cotton prepared
in my presence was treated as before, when a beautiful red-brown colour
was the result.
I have gone into detail on the process of dyeing from R. sikkimei]^,
because I am assured by many distinguished authorities that it has
been reported as not yielding Madder dye, and because the process
described seems to be known to the hill tribes of Assam and the Naga
Hills only. I trust that this preliminary account may suggest the lines
upon which a more thorough investigation should be instituted by the
authorities in Assam, and I shall have much pleasure in identifying the
auxiliaries used in other parts of the Province if I am favoured with
specimens* This would enable me to perfect and complete the account of
the Naga Madder.
I suspect that the bulk of the Madder plant of Assam will be
found to be derived from R. frfiplriwiAtifMft instead of from R. cordifolia,
and that a considerable proportion of the Madder exported from Sikkim
is derived from this plant also.
Since writing the above I have had the (pleasure to receive from my
friend Major Trotter, Political Agent Manipur, a most interesting account
of the dyes and process of dyeing in practice in Manipur. I wrote specially
asking that he snould investigate the subject of the beautiful madder rea
in order to confirm my own observations. Greatly to my delight I had
the pleasure to receive a most interesting series of specimens, amongst
which were some 30 good specimens of Rubia sikkhnensis putting an
end to any doubt as to thisplant being the source of the Naga red instead
of the equally abundant R. Cordifolw. Instead of Lettcas Cephalotes
56
Dyes, Tans, and Mordants.
[ Part II
however. Major Trotter sends me the seeds of Perilla ocimoides, Lintiy
another Labiates as thefdye auxiliary. Perhaps both plants are used, the
action being similar to the use of oils in the extraction of other dyes such
as saffron.
Rubia tinctorium, Linn.
The European Madder.
Diagnostic characters. — Leaves subsessile, 4 to 6 in a whorl, elliptic or lanceo
\^\&, penni-nerved 2-4 by i-ii in acuminate margins, and nerves beneath
prickly.
The venation is so distinct from the 3-5 sub-parallel nerved condition
of the preceding species, that a glance at the feather- veined form of this
species would be enough to enable any ordinary observer to say for cer-
tain whether the Madder he was examining was the true European plant
or the Indian cordifolia or aiVirim«m«?g It is believed that this plant is
much more extensively cultivated than we have any actual evidence of at
present.
Cultivated in Kashmir, Sind {Flora of British India), and distributed
to Afghanistan and westward to Spain wild or cultivated. Dr. Aitchison
says that the roots of R. Kotschyi, Boiss, are used to colour the hard-boiled
eggs used by the Afghans at some (Mahomedan) festivity. This plant
is referred to here because Afghanistan being viewed as outside the boun-
dary of India geographically and botanically, it does not fall within the
scope of the present enumeration of Indian indigenous or imported dye-
stuns. The interest in Aitchison's remarks on this subject is that while
R. cordifolia is described as " a very common weed in the hedges all
over the country, always in damp localities, from Kurum to Alikhel,"
it is not the Madder-dye-yielding plant of these regions. This fact seems
to support the opinion given regarding the form of R, cordifolia met
with on the western half of the Himalaya. Stewart's remarks in his
Punjab Plants would almost lead one to the same conclusion, for he
affirms that R. tinctoriuffl, £/ n»., is the dye-yielding species of the Punjab
Himalaya, being cultivated in the upper Sutlej valley at Kan ii war,
beyond the Indus in Gandava, and abundantly at Kabul. He further
states, speaking of R. cordifolia} that he was told that this species was culti-
vated in Kashmir, but came to the conclusion that this must be a mistake, as
R. tinctorium, while it does unquestionably "yield dye" in some parts
where it is common (wild), it is not used, but other substances are used,
for dyeing reddish-brown.
If I am correct in surmising that certain forms of R, cordifolia yield dye
better than others, this would point to the advisability of instituting a
systematic enquiry into the forms met with in each province, if not in
each district in India.
Saffron. See Crocus sativus, Zinn, Iridejg.
Salix tetrasperma, lioxd., Salicinejg.
Vem. — Bed, bent, baishi, Hind.; Pant jama, Beng.; Laila, N. W. P.;
Bilsa, OuDH ; Bis^ beis, bitsa, magsher, safedar, Pb. ; Yir, Kashmir;
Bhesh, Garo ; Bhi, Ass. ; Bacha, wallunj. Bom. ; Mo-ma-kha, BuRM.
A moderate sized tree, common on river banks throughout India,
ascending the Himalaya to altitude 6,000 feet. Kurz reports that it is fre-
uent along the hill-streams from Ava and Martaban to Tenasserim.
The bark is used for tanning. (Kurg,)
57
233
[ ]
23t
Part II. ]
Economic Products of India,
SHOREA.
235
236
237
238
SaltS} ased in dyeing and tanning are the following :•
Common salt— largely used in tanning.
Sulphate of Iron.
Sulphate of SodaL—kheri-nun,
Sulphate of Potash.
Carbonate of Soda.
Carbonate of Potash.
Saltpetre (Potassium Nitrate).
Lime.
Alum.
Sal-ammoniac (Nisadal).
Proto-sulphate of Iron (hirakash).
Sulphate of Copper, Blue VitrioL
SALVADORA.
Salvadora oleoides, Linn,, Salvadoraceji.
Vera. — Kabbar, jkdr, didr, Sind. ; Ja/, vani, Panj.; ^kal. Hind.;
Kkdnkhina, BoM. ; Vgkai, koku, Tam.
A large, evergreen shrub of the Punjab, often forming the greater
part of the vegetation of the desert.
The galls found upon this plant are used in dyeing.
SEMECARPUS.
Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn, /., Anacarduceje.
Marking Nut.
Vera. — Bhilawa, bheyla, bhalia. Hind. ; Bhalai, Nepal; Bhela, bhelaiuki,
Beng. ; Bhallia, Uriya ; Bawara, Garo ; Bhilavan, Dec. ; Bibba,
Mahr. ; Shaingy shayrang.T \u. ; Jiri, jidi,TEL.} Che, Burm.; Hab-ul-
kalb, Arab; Biladur, Pers.
A deciduous tree, met with in the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Sutlej
eastward to Chittagong and Burma, ascending to 3,500 feet in altitude.
The pericarp of the fruit contains a bitter and powerfully astringent
principle, universally used for marking ink, hence this is called the " Mark-
ing Nut." It is commonly made into ordinary ink, which is improved by
the addition of lime water. Dr. McCann reports that in Balasore it is
used as a black dye. As marking ink the colour is fixed by the addition
of a little quick-lime {Liotard),
" Pounded and boiled in rape oil, it (the fruit) makes an excellent
remedy for staying putrefaction when beg^n in a hide.'* (Buck, Dyes and
Tans of N.-W. P.)
SHOREA.
Shorea robusta, Gaertn,, DiPXERocARPEiE.
Wenu—Sdl, sdla, salwa, sdkhu, Hind.; Sakwa, Nepal; Teturl, Lbpcha;
Bolsal, Garo; Koroh, Oudh; Sarei, rinjal, C. P. ; Gugdl,TEh.
A tall, sparsely-branched, deciduous tree, often so crowded and gre-
garious to have long straight stems with only a terminal tuft of branches.
One of the most valuable timber trees of India.
Dr. McCann, in his Rebortof Dyes and 7aw5, compiled from the records
of the Bengal Economic Museum, states that in Chutia Nagpur the bark
is used for the preparation of a red and a black dye.
58
Dyes, TanSy and Mordants.
[Part II
The bark has long been used as a tan, and it is to be feared that in
dyeing it is more used as an auxiliary than as a dye-yielding stuff. As a
tan it is much valued, being generally used along with Tcnainalia,
Mimusops and PhyUanthuSi or with, in addition, the bark of Ficut reli-
giotR» the babul (Acada arablca), and the mango.
SOYMIDA.
Sojrmida febrifuga, Adr. Juss,, Meliacejl
Indian Red Wood.
Vem. — Rohan, Hind.; Rohina, Beng. ; Sokatt, Uriya; Saitni, Gond i
Royta, Bhil.; Shem, wond, Tam^; Sumi, Tel.
A large, deciduous tree of Central India and the Deccan.
The bark is bitter and used in the treatment of diarrhoea and dysen-
tery, and often used as a febrifuge instead of quinine by the natives.
The bark has also been used in tanning.
STROBILANTHES.
Strobilanthes flacddifoliuSi Nees, Acanthacea.
Vem. — Rum, Rdmpdt, Ass.; Khuma, kkum, Man i PUR; Hom, Phekial.
(Mann in his Assam Forest Administration Report for 1876-77.)
Both Mann and Kurz speak of a plant yielding a blue dye, the former
in Assam and the latter in the Karen country, under the name of S* flacd-
dus. This is probably a mistake for S. flacddifoHuS, Nees,
This exceedingly valuable dye was first made known by Griffith, who met
with it during one of his Assam explorations. It is pretty generally cul-
tivated by the hill tribes of the eastern frontier, and extends into North-
western China. This plant was called Ruellia Indigotica by Balfour, as
he explains, in the absence of any better name. It grows freely on the
plains of Manipur in a climate not very different from that of many parts
of Bengal, Behar or the North- West Provinces, and might be extensively
cultivated in Assam. It does not require flooding, which is necessary
for the early growth of the Bengal indigo plant, and is therefore not
exposed to the danger of having its colour extracted during an exception-
ally rainy season. In fact in many respects it possesses properties eminently
suited for a profitable indigo crop, and in China at least the dye is pro-
nounced finer than the dye obtained from any other plant. It is propogat-
ed freely by cuttings, yields prunings twice or three times a year, and
is perennial. It would give little or no anxiety to the planter, and if
not sufficiently remunerative to take the place of the Bengal indigo plant,
it seems natural to expect that they might with CTeat advantage be
cultivated together. The r4in would flourish on the higher dry lands
in the plantation, yielding its crop probably in the cold and the hot
season, while the ordinary indigo might be grown in the low flooded lands
and occupy the attention of the planter during the rest of the year. At
resent an indigo factory is idle for more than half the year, but with
Sptrobilanthes iacddifofius this need not be so.
In Manipur the khuma is largely cultivated, and the dye is extracted
for home use ; nearly evenj owner of a farm cultivates a small plot of it
and prepares his own dye. The twigs, about a foot long, are twice or three
times a year plucked and deposited in large earthen pots filled with water.
In these primitive vats they are left for the required time, and when ready
the decoction of a greenish colour is poured into another pot and violently
shaken or stirred by a few twigs. A little lime is generally added, and
59
STROBI-
LANTHES
239
240
^ART 11. ]
Economic Products of India.
SUMACH.
241
242
when the transformation of green into blue indigo has been effected the
liquid is poured into a small earthen vessel and boiled down, more and
more being added until from the evaporation of the water the vessel is
filled with the dye-stuff. A little lime is placed in the mouth of the vessel,
which is thereafter placed in the sun to complete the drying of the dye.
In this form it is stored for family use or sold in the market.
They use the dye in combination with turmeric to produce shades of
green ; with lime and turmeric, browns and almost reds ; with lime alone,
deep blue black ; with safflower, purple ; and so on as in the ordinary
combinations. It was considered necessary to dress certain of my servants
in a sort of uniform so as to command respect when travelling amongst the
semi-savage hill tribes. I sent to Calcutta for some bright blue cloth and
had jackets made of this. My men were very proud of these, and the
bright blue was much admired by the Manipur officials. Each man had
a pugrie of Manipur cloth dyed by the above process. In a few months
the jackets had almost lost their colour ; in two years the bright blue
cloth of European dye is of a slate colour ; but the native pugrie is perfectly
unchanged though washed time after time. This is mentioned to justify
the recommendation that some effort should be made to have the Assam
Rum dye experimentally cultivated by our European indigo planters.
Specimens and further information from Assam much required. The
necessity for this appeal for specimens may be shewn when it is pointed out
that in Dr. McCann's Report on the Dyes of Bengal the name of this plant
is merely mentioned incidentally as taken from Mr. Gamble's valuable work
on Indian Timbers. No specimens have been received from Assam, although
returns are given of much less important dye-stuffs. Rum dye is perhaps one
of the best Indian dye-plants, and it has been completely overlooked. Mr.
Liotard, in his memorandum on The Dyes of Indian Growth^ disposes of
it in a few words by saying that it is grown in Mergui. The home
of the plant may be said to be from Assam eastward and north-east-
ward to China and south-eastward through Manipur and the Naga
Hills to Burma and Malay.
STRYCHNOS.
Stiychnos Nux-vomica, Linn., Loganiaceje.
The Snake-wood. Strychnin Tree.
Vem. — Kuchla, kajra. Hind.; Kuckila, Beng.; Kdjra, Mahr. ; Yetti,
Tam. ; MtiskUy musadi^ Tel. ; Kabaung^ BuRM.
A moderate sized tree, met with on the mountains of Bengal, Burma
and South India, common in the lower forests of Eastern Manipur.
The pulp of the fruit is eaten by birds. The seeds yield Strychnine
and Nux-vomica, much used in medicine; also an oil. Dr. McCann
adds a new and hitherto unknown property of the seeds in his Report on
the Dyes of Bengal ; he says that in Balasore, they give a brown of various
shades according to the mordant used. Boiled in water along with lime it
gives a pale brown ; with proto-sulphate of iron (htrakosh), a darker shade.
Additional information from other parts of India, in confirmation of
the seeds of this plant giving a dye and being actually used as such,
would be interesting.
Sumach) a tan obtained from the leaves of Rhus coriaria, Linn., a native
of Europe. This tan is used in the preparation of morocco leather.
Many members of the genus are natives of India.
60
Dyes, TanSy and Mordants,
[ Part II.
SYMPLOCOS.
S]rinplo€os crataegoides, Ham,y Styracea.
Vera. — Lw4dndar, losh, Pb. ; Lodh, Kumaun; Loja, SuTLEJ.
A large shrub of the Himalaya^ from the Indus to Assam, from 3^000
to 8,000 feet.
The leaves and the bark give a yellow dye.
S. phyllocalyx, Clarke.
VeOL—Chandan, Lal-chandan, Hind., Bbng., in Gamble's list of Dar-
jUing^ plants.
The wood of this plant is said to be used by the Paharias in their
religious ceremonies and for caste marks. Gamble explains that the
dye resides more in the root than in the stem. Dr. Schlich in the report of
Bengal dyes published by the Economic Museum confirms Mr. Gamble's
observation. Sir J. D. Hooker, in his Himalayan Journal Vol. II.,
41, describes the women as preparing a yellow dye from the leaves of a
Synplocos which is exported to Tibet.
The Flora of British India identified these two plants as the same as
that to which the name of S. phyllocalyx has been given.
Specimens of root, as also the leaves, and any additional informa-
tion, would be most cceptble.
SYMPLO.
COS.
243
244
S. racemosa, Roxb.
Vem. — Lodk, Hind., Beng., BoM. ; Chamlani, Nepal; Palyok, Lepcha ;
Kaiday, Mechi ; Bingyan, Bhutia.
A common, small tree from the low hills of Bengal, Orissa and Chutia
Nagpur, the Terai, altitude 2,500 feet, to Assam, Burma and China.
A small tree with soft bark, corky and crumbling to powder in the dry
state when rubbed. Its chief use is as a mordant, the ashes being
used as an alkali (see Rubia mkk\ntnmn)y or as an auxiliary with other
dyes; sometimes it is used as a tan. In the Central Provinces it is re-
grarded as one of the most valued tans
S. spicata, Roxd.
Vera. — Lodh, bhoUa, Hind.; Burt, Beng.
North- East Himalayas and Western Ghats and Tenasserim.
The leaves are used in dyeing, and the seeds are strung as beads and
hung round children's necks, to prevent evil. (Gamble.)
The bark of this plant is also used along with indigo to produce
different shades of green.
24s
246
S. theaefolia, ffam.
Vcm. — Kharani, Nepal.; Chashing, Bhutia.
A small, evergreen tree, met with in the Eastern Himalaya, extending
to the Khasia HUls and to Martaban.
Dr. McCann gives the vernacular name of bhauri to this species, and
says that it is used in Dinagepur as an auxiliary in d^^eing. Dr. King
is said to have identified the specimen. The name bhauri is, however, very
near to bury, the Bengali name for S. spicata* and it is probable that they
both bear the same name; Dr. McCann, however, spells them differently.
61
247
Part IL ]
Economic Products of India.
TAHARIX.
248
2*9
250
251
252
253
TABERN^MONTANA.
Tabemamontana coronaria, J^iild., Apocynacejb.
"V ern,'^ Chandni, taggai, taggar, HiUD., Bon.; Asuru, Nepal; Krim,
Lepcha.
Small bright shrub with silvery bark and glossy leaves ; cultivated in
gardens throughout India ; native country unknown.
The red pulp obtained from the aril (or extra coat of the seed) gives
a red colour, occasionally used as a dye by the hill people.
TAGETES.
Tagetes patula, Linn., CoMPosiTiB.
The Marigold.
Wem,^Genda, Hind, and Beng. ; Makhmah, Bom.
A common annual, self-sown and in some parts of India naturalised*
Largely cultivated in the gardens of the natives, rich and poor alike ; the
foetid nowers are strung in garlands hun^^ round the idols or round the
necks of the devotees. A yellow dye is said to be extracted by the poorer
classes from the flower and used for home purposes. This gives origin
to the shade of yellow known as gendia.
TAMARINDUS.
Tamarindus indica, Linn., Leguminosje.
Vem. — Axnli, ambit, imli. Hind.; TenHri, HnttU, Beng.; Chincha, Mar.;
P4li, Tam.; Chinta, Tel.; Titri, Nepal; Teteli, Ass.; Temi, Uriva ;
Karangi, Mysore; Magyi, Burm.
A large, handsome tree, universally cultivated in India.
The flowers and fruit are used as an astringent in dyeing, especially
along with safflower. It acts the part of a mordant.
TAMARIX.
Tamarix articulata, Vahi., Tamariscineje*
T. dioca, Roxb.
T. gallica, Linn.
Vera. — Jhau, lei, Idi, harifndin. Hind., Sind.; Jhau, Beng.; Kottn, r4kk,
leinyu, ghazlei, pilchi, Pb. ; Yelta, Tibet; Samaratut'Osl, gasfanjabin,
Arab. ; Shor-gug., Pers. ; Shirushavukku-maram, Tam. ; shiri'^araw
marum, Tel.
It is doubtful if the natives distinguish the above species, hence they
have been given collectively. They form gregarious, bushy clumps along^
our river basins in many desert tracts, such as along the banks of the
Suez Canal, constituting almost the entire vegetation. Common throughout
India and Burma, ascending to altitude 3,000 feet.
The galls and bark are much used in tanning and as an auxiliary in
dyeing.
62
Dyes, Tans, and Mordants.
[ Part II
TAXUS.
TaxUS baccata, Linn., Conifers.
The Yew.
Vera. — Tcheiray gulah, Nepal; Sardp, badar, Afo.; Birmi, barma, Hng,
th4nu, chatung, Kashmir; TMner, gelt, gallu, lust, N. W. P.;Pung'
chu. La DAK.
A large tree, met with all along the Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan,
between 6,000 and 10,000 feet in altitude. Common in the forests of
Manipur.
This is a red dye, said to be prepared in the Bhutia parganas.
TECTONA.
Tectona g^ndis, Linn., Verbenaceje.
The Teak Tree.
V&tL—Sagun, Hind., Bbng.; Singuru, Uriyaj Sdg, Sagwan, Mar.;
Teka, Gond; Sdg, Bhil; Tekku, tek, T ku. -, Teku, Tel.; ya/i, Mal.;
^adi, Uga, Kan.; KyUn, Burm.; Tekka, Cingh. ; Stio, Arab.; Sdj,
sal, Pers.
A large, elegant tree of Central, South India and Burma, cultivated
in Assam and Bengal.
The leaves give a red dye.
TERMINA
LIA.
254
255
TEPHROSIA.
Tephrosia tinctoria, Ters., Leguminosje.
Ceylon Indigo.
Vem.— i4>«7, Cingh.
An under-shrub of the Western Peninsula and C^Ion, common in
Mysore.
The blue dye is sometimes extracted in Mysore.
Samples and further information required.
256
TERMINALIA.
Aljuna, Beddome, Combretaceje.
Vem.^Anjan, arjun, arjuna, kahud. Hind.; Aty una, Bevg. ; Hanjal,
Uriya ; Arjuna, Mahr. ; Vella ntarda, vella matti, Tam. ; Maddi,
billi matti, Mysore; Yermaddi, tella madu, Tel. ; Taukkyan, Burm.
A large tree of the Sub-Himalayan tracts of the North- West Pro-
vinces and Oudh, extending to Bengal, Burma, Central and South India.
The fruit is described as i to 2 inches, nearly glabrous, ovoid, or obovoid-
oblong, the wings not very broad, their striations curving much upwards.
(Hooker's Fl. Br. Ind.)
The bark is a tonic and astringent, used sometimes in dyeing and
tanning like most other members of thb genus, but it seems to serve as a
concentrator of colour rather than as a dye material. It is, however, said
to give a black dye with babul (Acada araUoa). The fruit is not men-
tioned as being used as a myrabolan, and is probably inferior to the
others.
63
257
Part IL]
Economic Products of India'
TERMINA.
UA.
258
259
260
Specimens of the fruit and bark of this plants as indeed of all the
following si)ecies of Terminalia, would facilitate the identification of.
the mass of interesting^ material in the possession of the Bengal Economic
Museum. Great confusion exists amongst these specimens, and it would
be important to have accurately-named specimens of all the nwrabolans
and of the barks of the trees from which they are obtained. Specimens
not identified should, if possible, be accompanied with a leafy, or, still
better, a flowering, twig, dried between blotting paper.
Terminalia belerica, Roxb,
Vcm. — Bhaira, b^her a. His D, ; Bohera^ Beng. , Thara, Uriya; Bherda,
Mar.; Babra, balda, Dec; Babela, Pers. ; Kanom, Lepcha; Chirora,
Garu ; HuUuch, Ass. ; Beheduy yellay MahR. ; Tani, kattu, elupay,
Tam. ; Tani, tandi, Tel. ; Thitsein^ Bukm. ; Bulu, Cingh.
A deciduous tree> attaining a height of 60 to 80 feet, common in the
plains and lower hills throughout India (except in the desert regions of
West India).
The fruit is described as i to f inch in diameter, globular, suddenly
narrowed into a short stalk, smooth, covered by a close, fulvous tomentum,
when dried obscurely 5-angled {Hooker, Fl, Br. Ind,)
The fruit is one of those exported from India under the name of
Myrabolans, and is largely used in dyeing and tanning ; native ink is also
made from it. The leaves and the fruits together are often used in
tanning.
T. Catappa, Linn.
Vem. — Badam, Beng., Bom. ; Tares, Kan. ; Natvadom, Tam.; Vedatn*
Tel. ; Catappa, Malay.
A large and exceedingly handsome tree, with leaves assuming an au.
tumnal tint in the cold season and falling off in the beginning of the
hot season. Wild in the Malay, and perhaps also in the Andaman, Islands
Widely cultivated throughout the tropical parts of India.
The fruit is described as i to i| inch ellipsoid, slightly compressed so
as to show two ridges. (^Hooker*s Fl. Br. Ind.)
The bark and the leaves give a black dye.
T. Chebula, Retz.
• Vera.-- Harra, har, harara. Hind.; Nilikha, Ass. ; Haritaki, Beng.;
bilim, Lepcha ; Halra, harla, Dec. ; Karka, harro, GoND. ; Hiradd,
Mahr. ; Kadakai, Tam. ; Karaka, Tel. ; Panga, Burm. ; Alu, Cingh.
A large tree, attaining the height of 80 to 100 feet, abundant in
North India from Kumaun to Bengal, and southward to the Deccaa
table-lands ; also in Ceylon, Burma and the Malayan Peninsula.
The fruit is described as } to i J inch, ellipsoidal or obovoid from a
broad base, glabrous, more or less, 5-ribbed when dry {Hooker, Fl. Br^
Ind.)
The bark is used for tanning and dyeing, and the fruit g^ves the black
Myrabolans reported to be of better quality than the Myrabolans from
T. belerica. They are exceedingly valuable, the produce of a single tree
being worth about Rs. 2,000, The fruit consists of a central solid mass,
from which the valuable rind is separated and pounded. After mixing it
with water and allowing it to soak fora time, the solution is i eady. The cloth
is steeped once or twice and dried, and then placed in the dye solution.
With iron salts it gives a black dye; with turmeric and indigo, a green ;
and with catechu, a brown. In all these instances the harra is a con-
centrator or vegetable mordant to the actual colours. The young twigs
are often covered with galls, used in dyeing and tanning, and in the
64
Dyes, Tans, and Mordants.
[Part II
preparation of ink along with iron. With alum, the fruits give a yellow
dye.
Specimens of the galls and of the bark very much needed.
Terminalia citrina, Roxh.
V^em.'^IIaritaki, Beng, ; Hilika, siiikia, Ass. j Hartaki, Cachar;
Kyu, BuRM.
A large, deciduous plant, met with in Eastern Bengal, Assam, Cachar,
Burma, and the Andaman Islands.
Gamble says it is used as a " dye-plant " ; but most probably only as an
auxiliary in place of T. Chebula, which it veiy much resembles, differing in
straight stem, brighter foliage and narrower fruits. The fruit is descrff>ed
in the Flora of British Indta as nearly 2 inches lon^, oblong, lanceolate ;
while fresh, obscurely angled. Compare with T. Chebuliu
T. paniculata, W. e^ A.
VenL-^Pe-karaiai, Tam.; Nimiri, Tel. 5 Kinjal, kindal, Mar.
A large tree in the forests of the West Coast of India, from Bombay
southward.
The fruit is described as brown-red, villous, with one very broad and two
narrow wings. {Hooker's Fl. Br. Indica.)
The bark is reported to be used in dyeing and tanning ; neither fruit nor
bark is at present in our collection.
T. tomentosa, W. & A.
Syn.— Pantaptera tomentosa, Roxb. {FL Ind, Ed, C. B. C, 3S3,)
^^^—Soo^seifh asan, assaim, asna,sadri, Hind. ; Piasal, usan^ Beng. :
Sahaju, VRiYA iAmari, Ass.; Taksor, Lepcha; Kara marda, anemut,
Tam.; Maddu nella^madu, Tel.; Karkaya, sadara, Hyderabad:
Ain, madat. Mar.; Taukkyan, Burm.; Ktlmb^k, Cingh.
A large tree of the Sub-Himalaya from the Ravi eastward, ascending to
altitude 4,000 feet ; Bengal, Central and South India and Burma.
The fruit is described as i to 2 inches, glabrous or hoary, obovoid-oblong,
wings broad, striations carried horizontally to the edge. (Hooker's Fl
Br, India.)
The bark is used for tanning and dyeing black, and the ashes yield
lime, eaten b)^ the natives in pan. (Gamble.) The bark is largely used
as a tan; it imparts the characteristic red colour to native leather, and
cut up in small pieces and boiled for 6 or 8 hours, it gives a brown dye ;
along with the bark of Mimusops Elengi it is used to produce a red dye in
jute. It gives a black dye with iron.
THESPESIA.
Thespesia populnea, Corr., Malvaqem.
The Tulip or Portia Tree.
Vera.— Pflr^M^ Hind.; Poresh, par ask, paresk-pipal, Behg. ; Bhendi
Mahr. ; Ports, portia, pursa, Tam. ; Gangaraya, Tel. ; Bendi, Guz. •
Sureya, Cingh. '
An exceedingly handsome tree, largely cultivated along roadsides,
especially in Madras City. Indigenous to the coast forests of India
Burma and the Andaman Islands. '
The capsules, as also the flowers, are said to give a yellow dye, which is
apparently little used.
^ 65
THESPE-
SIA.
261
262
263
264
Part II.]
Exonomic Products of India,
ITENTILA-
GO.
265
TODDALIA.
Toddalia aculeata, Pers.y RuTACEic.
Vera. — Kanj^ Hind.; Dahan, lahan, Raj. ; Afeinkara, Nepal; Saphijirik,
Lepcha ; Milkaranai, Tam. ; Konda kashinda, Tel.; Kyari'Ba, Burm.
A large, scandent shrub, covered with prickles, met with on the Hima-
laya from Kumaun eastward to the Khasia hills, ascending to altitude
5,000 to 6,000 feet ; also common throughout the Western Peninsula and
Ceylon.
The whole plant is aromatic or hot and pungent, and used by the
natives as a bitter or aromatic tonic. Dr. Bidie reports that the root-bark
is used in Madras as a yellow dye-stuff. This is by some supposed to
be the Lopez Root of Europe. (Liotard's Memo, on Dyes,)
Specimens required, as also information as to the mode of use, and
specimen of cloth dyed.
TRIGONELLA.
266 Trigonella Foenum-groecum, Linn., Leguminosje.
Vem. — Meihi, Hind., Beng.'; Vendayam, Tam.; Mentulu, Tel.
A small, herbaceous plant, cultivated chiefly as a food crop in many
parts of India. The seeds are largely used as a condiment and as a sub-
stitute for coffee. They also yield a yellow dye.
267
UNCARIA.
Uncaria Gambler, Hunter, Rubiaceje.
The Gambier, Pale Catechu or Terra Japonica.
Vera. — Kath^ kuika. Hind.; Ankudwkarra, Tel.; Gambir, Mal.
An extensive, scandent bush, native of Ceylon and the Malay Archi-
pelago, distributed to Java and Sumatra.
The extract is obtained by boiling the leaves and young shoots. It
is much valued in tanning, giving a softness to leather, obtained from
almost no other substance.
It is largely cultivated at Singapore ; in 1829 there were 800 planta-
tions. These declined from want of fuel and dearness of labour. They
have to a certain extent revived. It seems likely that this would prove an
interesting plant for cultivation in India.
268
VENTILAGO.
Ventilago madraspatana, Gaertn,, Rhamnejb.
Vtm,^Raktapitia, Beng. ; PapU, Tam. ; Yerra-chicaiH, Tel. ; Lakandt,
Bom. ; Chargu, Hyderabad.
An extensive climber, with green, offensive flowers, met with in the
forests of Central and South India.
The root-bark yields a red-dye (Gamble), orange and chocolate with
Oldenlandia umbeUata, and black with galls (Spons* Encyclop),
Specimens and additional information much required. This is the
puplt bark of Nellore.
66
Dyes, Tans, and Mordants^
[Part II
Verdigris.
Sub-Acetate of Copper.
Vem. — Zangar.
Produced as a rust upon copper by bringing the metal into contact
with acetic acid. Sometimes used in cahco-printing.
Vitex Neg^ndo, Linn., VERBSNACEii.
Wtnu-^Samaloo, pani-kd-samaloo, HiND. ; Nishinda, BsNO.j Sindooka,
Sans. ; Fenjenghist, Arab. ; Shambalee, Dec.
A native of Cochin-China, Ceylon and South India. Common in Sind,
the Punjab Siwalik tract, to 3,500 feet in the outer hills, and occasionally
in the Salt Range ; also in Bengal and the Western Presidency.
The ashes of this plant are brgely used as an alkali in dyeing.
Vitriol.
Blue Vitriol. Sulphate of Copper.
VertL^TuHa.
This substance is used chiefly in leather-dyeing, along with lime, to
produce a light blue.
Green ^ntriol. Sulphate of Iron or Copperas.
Vem.—
White Vitriol. Sulphate of Zinc.
Red Vitriol. Sulphate of Peroxide of Iron and Magnesia.
Oil of Vitriol. Sulphuric Acid.
Wag^tea spicatai Daiz.j LEouMiNosiB.
VeriL—
A climber of the Western Gh&ts.
Wattle Bark.
The bark of various species of Australian Acacia, used for tanning,
chiefly A. decnrreos, HV//<i., now bein^ experimentally cultivated in several
districts of India, chiefly on the Nilgiris.
The " Golden " or " Broad leaf " Wattle is perhaps the most valuable
species for tanners' bark and gum. A. melanoxyloo and A. dealbata are
also used. (Gamble.) A. floribunda, A. affinls, and others are amongst those
now so largely exported to Europe as Tanners* Wattle, that vast tracts of
Acacia forest are fast disappeanng in Australia. {Smiths)
WEDEUi
269
270
271
272
273
WEDELIA.
Wedelia calendulacea, Less^ Compositjb.
Vem. — Bhdnrd, Hind.; Bangra, kesaraja, Beng. ; Piia'bhringi,
bringaraja. Sans. ; Pivala-moAa, pivala-bangra, pivald-yellow, Mahr.
The leaves of this plant are said by U. C. Dutt, in his Materia Medi-
ca, p. i8if to be used in dyeing grey hair and to promote the growth of
hair. Dr. McCann* in his Report on the Dyes ana Tans of Bengal^ savs
that in Lohardagga the root is pounded and gives a black dye with salts
of iron.
Specimens of this root, as also the dye-stuff or cloth dyed with it,
would be interesting.
E I
67
274
Part II. ]
Economic Products of India,
WBIGHT-
lA.
275
276
WENDLANDIA.
Wendlandia tinctoria, DC, Rubiacejb.
Vtm,^Tula'lodh, Beng. ; Kangi, Nepal ; Singnok, Lbpcha ; Telli,
A smally elegant tree, with large crowded panicles of white, sweet-
scented, small flowers, terminating the boughs. Common in the forests
in Kumaun, Oudh, Behar, Bengal and Burma.
I have never heard of this plant being used as a dye-stuff, which the
name tindoiia implies, but the bark is largely used as a mordant in
dyeing, especially by the hill tribes of Eastern Bengal, Assam, and the
Naga Hills.
WOODFORDIA.
Woodfordia floribunda, Salisb.^ Lythracea.
Syn. - Grislea toicentosa, Roxb,
Vera.— Z?(iw», dha, thawi, sautka, dkaula. Hind. ; Dhewti, Oudh ; yatiko,
Uriya ; Phulsatti, Mar.; Dhuvi, surtari, C. P. 5 Pitta, Gond ; Dakiri,
Nepal. ; Dhayati, Mahr. ; Dhduri, Bom. ; Jargi, Tel.
A small, much-branched bush, when in flower becoming simply purple,
from its having numerous flowers all along the branches. Common
throughout India, ascending on the Himalaya to altitude 5,000 feet.-
The flowers give a red dye used in silk dyeing but not frequently.
Alum or lime is used as a moroant. It is more often used along with
Morinda. The leaves are said to be sometiTnes used as a tan along with
the flowers which impurt their colour to the skin.
The leaves of this plant, along with the bark of Zizyphus zylopyra,
forms the tanning mixture of Bundelcand, taking the place of babul,
(or Indian Wattle), so frequently used in most parts of India. {Buck,
Dyes and Tans of North' Western Provinces.)
WRIGHTIA.
277 Wrightia tinctoria, i?. Br., Apocynaceje.
Vem.-^Bkur'kuri, Bom.; Dudhi, Banda 5 Kkitni, Mbywar ; Pala, Tam. j
Kalakuda, Mahr. ; Ckite-t^ncallo, tedlapal, or ankudu, Tel. ; Kola kudu,
Mark, and Hind. ; Haya marak. Sans.
A small tree, common in the Peninsula, ascending to 4,000 feet in alti-
tude.
The seeds are said to be used as an adjunct in dyeing, and the leaves
yield an indigo used along with the seeds of Cassia Tora. Said to be pre-
pared in South India.
Samples of leaves, seed, and indigo much required.
278 W. tomentOSa, Roem and ScheuU.
VtnL.—Keor, kilawa, Pb.; Dudhi, dharatdi, daira. Hind.; Karingt^
Nepal; Selemnyok, Lepcha. ; Pal kurwan, Uriya; Telia pal, koila-
mukri, Tel.; Atkuri, Ass.; Lettdp-thein, Burm.
A small, deciduous tree of the Sub-Himalayas from the Bias eastward
to Oudh, Beng:al, Burma, Central and South India.
A yellow juice flows from this plant, which mixed with water forms a
good yellow dye. Some clothes that had been dyed with it had preserved
this color for two years as bright and as fresh as at flrst.
68
Dyes, TanSj and Mordants.
[ Part II.
ZIZYPHUS.
Zizyphus Jujubai Lamk,, Rhamneje.
Vera. — Kiil, ber, Hind., Beng. ; Bhor^ Mar.; Slandap^cufham, yallande,
Tam. ; Rengha, rengi, Tel. ; Zi, Burm.
A small, thorny tree common throughout India and Burma.
Dr. Brandis sa^s "the bark is used as a dye-stuif "; and Atkinson in
his Himalayan Districts, p, 77g, says, *' this.tree yields a much-valued
tanning material in its bark.'' It does not appear to be used in Bengal as
a tan.
Z. xylopsrra, Wt'lid.
Vera. — Katber, beri, goH, chitianiOf ghant, Hind. ; GoH, Tel. ; BhorgoH,
Mar.
A large, scrambling shrub, found in the Sub-Himalayan tract and in
Central and South India.
The bark is used for tanning ; it imparts a black colour.
ZIZY-
PHUS.
279
280
69
GoTBBVxviTT ov IvDiA Cbhtbal Pbizitibo OvriCB.— No. 4 B. 8.— 2S)-II*83.— Soo.
Part III.
FIBRES AND FIBRE-YIELDING PLANTS.
ECONOMIC PRODUCTS OF INDIA
EXHIBITED AT THE
Cakiitta International Exhibition, 1883-84.
Part III.— Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
ABROMA.
Abroma augfusta, Linn,^ STERcuLiACEiE.
Vern* — Ulatkambal, Beng.
A small bush, widely spread, native or cultivated, throughout the hotter
parts of India.
The root-bark is an emmenagogue, and the bark of the twigs yields
a much-valued fabric, which deserves to be more generally known. It
might be used with advantage as a substitute for silk. The plant yields
three crops a year.
ABUTI-
LON.
ABUTILON.
Abutilon asiaticum, G. Don, and A. indicum, G. Don, Malvackje,
are two species so nearly allied botanically, that from an economic point
of view they may be regarded as one and the same.
Country Mallow.
Syn.--SlDAASIATlCA, jTtVW; S. POPULIFOLIA, Willd ; S INDICA, Willd, as
tn Roxb., belong to the latter species.
Vem.— Hungai.kangai or kan^hhj'hampi. Hind,; Petdri, Bei^g - Kan^ot
chakra-bhenda, Dec. ; Petari, Mahr. -TuHU or iuthi nar), perun-tutti
Tam. ; Tuttura- benda, nugu-benda, chettu, Tel.
A. asiaticum ((?. Don) is chiefly met with in Western India and
Ceylon while A-mdicum (G. Don) is widely distributed throughout
tropical India, to Prome, Pegu and Ava (wanting in Malacca). Thev are
annual or perennial bushes, frequenting roadsides, banks of rivers «fcc
especially in the vicinity of villages. Their curious fruit, consistinj?' of a
whorl of carpels, has apparently suggested many of the designs in jewellerv
made in Eastern India. They blossom and seed all the year, and when
not insect-eaten, their graceful velvety leaves contrast elegantly with their
yellow flowers.
The stems contain a good fibre, suitable for cordage. (See remarks
under A. Avicennae.) These exceedingly abundant wild plants deserve
attention as paper-yielding fibres.
Part III.]
Economic Products of India.
ACACLL
Abutilon Avicennas, Gaertn.
Indian Mallow; American Jute.
References.— /foo^. FL Br. Ind, 3 i- 3^ ; I^oxb. PL Ind. Ed, C. B, C. 5/^ ;
Christy New Comm, PI,, 33-34»
Syii.— SiDA Abutilon, WiUd,, in Roxb. FL
A native of North-West India, Sind, Kashmir, and distributed to
North Asia and westward to South Europe and North America. It is
said to be also met with in Bengal, but Roxburgh first reared it from
seeds received from China under the name of King-ma. In Bengal it
would therefore seem to be introduced or met with in cultivation only.
Considerable attention has of late years been directed to the fibre pro-
duced from this species; in the United States vast quantities are being
prepared oyer the region from Ohio to Mussouri. " It is pronounced
superior to Indian jute and finer than Manilla hemp. It takes readily
any colour, and its natural lustre displays more in the aniline dye than
in any other — a great advantage over Indian jute, which is antagonistic
to cheap bleaching and dyeing. " It is stated that an acre of ground will
produce 5 tons of Abutilon stalks, and about 20 per cent, of pure fibre is
obtained after preparation. Considered superior to jute fibre as imported,
the long fibre is fully equal in value to Calcutta prime jute, and Philadel-
phia rope-manufacturers have already offered to buy any quantity at the
highest market price for jute " (Christy), This is exceedingly important,
and points to the advisability of a thorough examination of this and other
Indian species with special reference to their fibres. It is recommended
to be sown broadcast, the yield from good soil being 4 tons an acre of
dry stalks.
A. graveolens, W. bf A.
Vem. — Bura-kungi, Hind, and Beng.
The stems yield a fibre.
A. muticum, G, Bon.
Syn* — SiDA TOMENTOSA, Roxb.
An erect annual, native of rubbish, road-sides, hedges, &c., where the
soil is good; met with in the North- V/est Provinces an Western Peninsu-
la. Yields a fibre*
A. polyandrunii ScAlect.
Syn. — Sid A polyandra, Rohx,
VenL.--Velai'thuthi, Tam. ?
A native of the North- West Provinces, tropical Himalayas up to
altitude 3,000 to 4,000 feet, Western Peninsula, Nilgiris and Ceylon.
It yields a long, silky fibre resembling hemp.
ACACIA.
Acacia arabica, wnid,, Leguminosje.
Vern. — Babuls kikar, Hind. ; Karijali mora, Kan.
A small, thorny tree common everywhere.
The bark of the slender twigs yields a fibre, which is used in the Punjab
for the manufacture of paper.
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants,
[Part IIL
Acacia latronum, Willd.
Vem.—Bhes, HiiiD, ilPaki'iufna, Tel.
A thorny shrub found in South India.
It is said to yield a good fibre.
A. leucophloea, Willd.
Vem. — Kikar, Hind. ; Vel-velum, Tam.
A tree met with in North, West and South India, alsO iri North- West
Provinces and Rajputana.
A coarse, tough fibre is prepared from the bark.
Adam's needle. See Yucca gloriosa.
ADANSONIA.
Adansonia digitata, Zinn.^ Malvacea.
The Baobab Tree or the Monkey Bread Tree of Africa.
Vem. — Hathi-khatyan, DEC. ; Anai-puliya-^oyt Tam. ; Hujed, Arab.
Cultivated in some parts of India to a small extent ; deserves to be
extended.
The bark yields a strong, useful fibre, which seems likely to be useful
in paper manufacture.
iESCHYNOMENE.
£sch]rnomene aspera> Linn,, Leguminos^.
Vem. — Sola^ Beng. ; Atunete, Tam.; Paukpan, paukbyu, Burm.
Bengal, Assam, Burma, and South India.
A sn*iall, sub-floating bush, frequenting marshes, growing most during
the season of inundation.
In Burma a fibre is obtained from the outer bark around the pith.
The chief economic use of the plant is, however, for its pith, which is largely
used by fishermen for floats ; it is cleverly cut up into paper-like sheets
and made into the temporary decorations around the idols during cer-
tain festivities. Europeans use it for making hats which, while being
perfect protectors from the sun, are extremely light.
AGAVE.
Agave ameiicana, Linn,, Amaryllidej:.
American Aloe; Vegetable Silk.
Vem. — Thalhi-sengar, bard-kanvar, jungli-kanvar, Hind. ; Pita, bakns-put-
tah, jungrii.andras, bilati-pat, Beng. ; Jangali-ananasj pdrkdnda. Bom. j
Anaik'katrasihai, Tam.
Originally a native of America; now wild in many parts of India.
The leaves and the root yield an excellent fibre, certain to become an
important paper material. The plant is now largely cultivated along rail-
way enclosures, and would prove a source of revenue if extended to fill all
such enclosures, protecting the railway from animals, and much less dan-
gerous than trees. Rofjes are made of the fibre by the Koli fishermen of
Bombay which are used in their boats and for other purposes.
AGAVE.
8
\m\
zo
zz
Z2
Part III.]
Economic Products of India.
ANADEN-
DBUH.
13
14
15
X6
17
In experiments performed at the Bally Paper Mills it was discovered
that one of the greatest difficulties in the way of Agave fibre for paper
manufacture was the fact that the young leaves yielded too fine a pulp for
paper. That the best leaves were those three years old, A mixture was
proved to be injurious, and therefore a difficulty exists in the necessity
of getting uniformly leaves of the same age, and if possible leaves three
years old.
Agave Sisala. ., . . .
The Sisal Hemp of Mexico; avaluableAmerican form, apparently not
yet introduced into India.
A. vivipaia, L.
The Bastard Aloe.
Syn. — Agave Cantala, Roxb,
'VerXL—Kathalaiy Tam.5 Petha-halabantha, Tel. ; Kantala, Sans.
Some authors seem to think this should not be regarded as a variety
of A. americaiia but rather as a distinct species, differing, as it does,
chiefly in the fact that it raises its cluster of leaves upon a short erect
stem ipon which viviparous buds are produced. It is ^ together a m^^^^^
less robust plant. The leaves are less fleshy and erect instead of reflexed.
The flowerfng stem is less than half the height of that of A. amencana,
and much thinner and red-coloured.
ALNUS.
Alnus nitida, Endl, Betulaceji:.
•VeOL^Shaol, saroli, sawdli,rajdn, Pb. j Paya, udesh, Kumaun ; Cira,
A large tree of the Punjab Himalaya, ascending to altitude 9,000 feet.
The young twigs are used for tying loads, rope-bridges, and for the con-
struction of baskets.
ALOE.
Aloe vera, Zmn., Liliaceje.
Syn.— A. barbadensis. Miller; A. perfoliata, var., Ait.; A. elongata,
Murray; A. indica, Royle; A. littoralis, Koenig,
Vcrn.— GAi-y&owar, Hind.; Ghrita-kumari, Bekg. -, Kattale, kalabuntha,
Tam. 5 Mok, BURM.
Many varieties of this plant are met with in cultivation throughout
India. It has gone wild in some localities in the extreme south.
The leaves yield a good fibre.
ANADENDRUM.
Anadendrnm panicalatum, ARoiDEiE.
In the Andaman Islands, the bow strings are made from the fibre
of the bark of this plant, to which, to increase strength, a coating of
b ack bee Wx (T^ilpid) is frequently applied. Nettled reticules are
isfpr^^^^^^^^^ this^bre wh?ch are used by -iomenjor^^^^
small objects. (Mr, Mann's Andaman Ntcobar Islands Catalogue.)
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[Part III.
ANANASSA.
Ananas^ sativa, Linn,^ Bromeliacea.
Vera. — Anijrast Beng. ; Ananas^ Hind. \ Nanat, Burm.
This and all the other members of the same order now met with in
India are believed to have been introduced from America. From the name
one would suppose it had reached India through Persia.
The leaves, which require to be steeped in water for i8 days, yield a
beautiful fibre, which, but for the difficultjr of extraction, would be largely
used. This fibre is iij request for threading necklaces, as it does not rot,
and is very strong.
Anatherum muricatunii Beauv. See Andropogon muticatos, Retz.
ANDROPOGON.
Andropogon laniger, Desf,, Graminkjk.
The Juncus odoratus.
Syn. — A. IwARANcuSA, Roxb. {in part) ; Cymbopogon laniger, Ders,
MtrtL-^Ldmjak, khdwi, panni, soldra, san. Hind. ; Miriya, ban, ganguUy
bad,piriya, N. W. P.; Kdrdnkusd, Beng. j Ldmaojdk, Sans.
A native of the lower slopes of the Himalaya,
A. muricatus, Retz,
Syiu— Anatherum muricatum, Beauv,
Venu—Khas, Hind.; Khas-khas, Beng.; Vette-ver, Tam.; Usir, Sans.
A grass abundant on sandy banks in Bengal, Upper India, the
Coromandel Coast, and Mysore, where it is commonly planted to divide
fields.
The roots are made into aromatic scented mats hung over doors and
kept wet to cool the atmosphere in the hot season, and are also in great
demand for making fans, &c. The grass is suited for the manufacture of
paper, and it is estimated that fronS 60,000 to 70,000 maunds are annually
available in the Hissar District of the Punjab.
ANDRO-
POGON.
Z8
[20]
19
20
A. Schcenantbus, Zmn.
The Geranium Grass.
Syn.— A. MARTINI, Poxb,', A. Naedoides, Nees; A. calamus-aromaticus,
Royle; A. pachnodes, 7W«.; Cymbopogon martini, Munro.
Veni« — Rusa ghasy agia ghds, bhar, musel, mirchia gand. Hind. .
This g^ass grows wild in Central India, the North->yest Provmces,
and the Punjab.
Originally a native of Balaghat, from which General Martin sent the
seeds to the late Dr. Roxburgh. They were gathered during the last
war with Tippu Sultan. This is the Roussa Paper grass, abundant every-
where in the Ueccan.
21
Part IIL]
Economic Products of India.
ARECA.
22
23
24
25
26
. ANONA.
Anona reticulata, Linn,y Anonacejs.
Bullock's Heart.
Venin—Nona, Beng. ; Rawsita, Tam.
A small tree, common everywhere ; wild apparently in some districts,
but chiefly met with in cultivation.
A good fibre is prepared from the bark of the young twigs.
A. squamosa, Zinn.
Custard Apple.
Vera. — Saripha, Hind. }Aia, Beng.; Awga, Burm.
A small tree, the Sweet-sop of the West Indies, naturalised in Bengal
and the North-West Provinces.
An inferior quality of fibre may be prepared from this species.
ANTHISTIRIA,
Anthistiria arundinacas, Hoxb., Gramineje.
Vera. — Ulu, ullah, kangar, khandura, N. W. P.
A grass met with chiefly in the North- West Provinces.
The culms yield a fibre used for cordage, and for the sacrificial strings
used by the Hindus where the Saccharum munja is not available. The
leaves are also used for thatching.
This name has been retained for the present, for until the grasses of
India have been worked up, and their synonymy established, it is useless
to depart from the names given by authors on Economic Botany. It
seems likely, however, that this may be brought under Imperutra
• anindinacea* (CarlL) .
ANTIARIS.
Antiaris toxicaria, Leesch,, Urticacej:.
Travancore Sacking Tree ; The Upas Tree,
Syn. — A. sAcciDORA, Dalg,
Vern. — ydsund, r4khd, chdndala, chdndakudd, BoM.; Alii, natavil,
Tam. ; Hntyasaeiti Burm. *
A gigantic tree of the evergreen forests of Burma, Western Ghats, and
Ceylon.
The natives strip the bark of this tree into large pieces, soak them in
water, and beat them well, when a good white fibre is obtained — a natural
cloth which they use as clothing. There seems every likelihood that the
bark of this tree may come into use as a paper fibre.
ARECA,
Areca Catechu, Linn,, Palm^.
The betel-nut palm.
Vera. — GuUi supari, Beng. ; Cubak, Sans. ; Kottaipakka, Tam, ; Kun,
Burm.
One of the most elegant of Indian palms, with a thin straight stem
and crown of leaves like arrows stuck in the ground. The spathe which
covers the flowering axis may be used for paper-making.
6
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[Part III;
ARENGA.
Arenga saccharifera, LahilL, PALMis.
Syn. — Saguerus rumphii, Roxh.t Fl, Ind,, III, 626.
Vem.'^Taung-oug, Burm.
A Malayan tree generally cultivated in India, but said by Kurz to be
wild in Burma.
At the base of the petiole is found a beautiful black horse-hair-like
fibre known as the Gomuta Fibre.
ARTOCARPUS.
Artocarpus integrifolia, Linn., Urticacejs.
Vem, — Panas, Hind. ; Kantkal, Bbng. ; Panasa, Sans. ; Phanasa, Mahr.;
Palahf Tam. ; Peinne, Burm.
A large tree with a dense dome of deep dark foliage, having immense
fruits clustered around the stem— ojie of the most chafacteristic associa-
tions of the Indian rural village.
The bark yields a fibre,
A. Lakoocha, J^oxb.
Vem. — Dephal, Beng. ; Lakucha, Sans.
A common tree throughout India and Burma.
A fibre is prepared from the bark ; used for cordage.
ARUNDINARIA.
Arundinaria falcata, Nees, Gramineje.
Himalayan Bamboo.
Vem. — Nirgal, nigat, Hind.; Spragy Kunawar; Prong, N. W. P.*
Prongnokf Lepcha.
Met with from the Ravi to Bhutan above 4,500 feet in altitude. (Gamble.)
The leaves are used for roofing and baskets.
A. Hookerianaj Munro.
Vem. — Praong, prong, Lepcha; Singhani, Nepal.
A bamboo, with stems 12 to is^feet in height, common about Dumsong.
Found in Sikkim at 4,000 to 7,000 feet in altitude. {Gamble,)
The seeds are edible.
A. racemosa, Munro.
Vem. — Pummoon, Lepcha ; Pai-kioo, Nepal.
A bamboo, 2 to 4 feet high, with bluish rough intemodes, occurring in
Sikkim and Nepal above 6,000 feet. (Gamble.)
It is extensively used for making mats.
arundo.
Arundo Karka, Roxb., Gramineje.
Vera. — Karka, nal, Beng. ; Nuda,-nar, Hind. ; Bag, narre, Pb. -
The plant grows chiefly on the lower hills and outer slopes of the
Himalayas; but one species is met with In ditches and wet places in
Bengal.
AHUNDO,
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Part III.]
Economic Products of India.
BAV-
HINU.
2^
35
36
37
38
39
4ft
This grasSf with one or two allied species^ such as A. Roxburgfhii,
Kunih, and A. nepalensiSy is brought down to the plains of India under the
generic vernacular name of iVa/, and are made into i«rwa mats, and
cane-work for chairs. The fibre of the flower stalk is made into ropes.
BAMBUSA.
Bambusa arundinacea, Retz., Gramineje.
Bamboo.
Vern. — Kattang, Hind. ; Bans, Beng.; Mandgay^ Bom. ; Mangil, Tam. ;
Kyakatwa, Burm.
The common bamboo of Central and South India and Burma,
(Gamble,)
B. Balcooai Raxb.
Vem.^'Balku, Beng.; Betwa, Cachar; Bara baluka. Ass.
A bamboo, with stems often 50 to 70 feet in height. This is the best
Bengal species for building and scaffolding. {Gamble^
B. Brandisii) Munro.
Vera* — Ora, Beng. ; KyctUma^ wabo, Burm.
A bamboo met with in Chittagong and Burma.
(Gamble.)
B.nutanS) Wall.
Vern. — Mahlbans, Nepal; Mahlu, Lepcha; Pichle, Svlhbt.
A most beautiful species, largely planted near villages in Sikkim and
Bhutan. (Gamble)
B. Tulda, Roxh.
Vern* — Pei^a, Hind. ; Tulda, jowa, matela, Beng.; Thaikwa, Burm.
The common bamboo of Bengal.
The wood is strong, and the halms are used for roofing, scaffolding,
mats, and other purposes. (Gamble.)
BAUHINIA.
Bauhinia anguina, Roxh., Leguminos-e.
The Snake-climber.
Vern. — Nag-pit, Silhet 5 Naiwilli, Nepal.
A curious conduplicately bent climber of North and East Bengal,
Chittagong, Martaban and South India,
Its bark is used in rope-making.
B. macrostachya, Wall.
VenU'^Gunda-gilla, Beng,
An extensive climber, running over the trees in the forests of Sylhet
and Assam.
The bark yields a strong fibre*
8
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[Part III
Bauhinia purpurea, Linn.
VerXL^Kaltar, Hind.; Rakta kanchan, Beng. ; Pedda-are, Tam.; Mahah-
legani, Burm.
An ornamental tree, 20 to 30 feet in height, met with chiefly in Bengal,
Burma, North- West Provinces, and South India.
A fibre may be prepared from the bark.
B* racemosa. Lam.
Vem^^Marvil, ghila, gUridl, asta, ashta, kachndl. Hind. 5 Banrajt, Beng.;
Vanardja, Sans. ; Apia, Mahr.; Art, aro, Tel. ; Palan, Burm.
A small tree found all over India.
A strong fibre is made from the inner bark ; used for cordage, but not
durable in water. It yields a good bast and slow match.
May this not be the undetermined bast fibre described by Royle
under the name of Asia, Patu, sent from Birbhdm to the Exhibition of
1851?
B. tomentosa, Linn,
Venu^Kachnar, Hind. ; Kanchini, Tam.
A shrub or small tree of South India.
From the bark a fibre is prepared.
B.Vahlii, ^. fe*^.
^"?;7^^i!''*'?^/''*^''^^''T'/P'^°' ^^*«^> ^==NG.; CA«m5«//, Mahr. ;
Adda, 1 AM. ; Sthar, maul, C. P.
This is one of the most extensive, as it is the most abundant and most
useful, of Indian climbers. It is found all along the Lower Himalayas from
the Chenab eastward, in North and Central India, and Tenasserim.
Its uses are, perhaps, more numerous than those of any other forest
P^^/.^^® ^^^I"^ cordage prepared from its bark is not the least important.
This IS said to be the undetermined bast fibre which Royle describes
as having been sent to the Exhibition of 1851 from the district of Birbhum
In the Kew Report for 188 1, it is stated that the leaves of this plant
and not those of Cochiospeimum gossypium are used in the construction
of the crude leaf-bellows in Sikkim.
BEAUMONTIA.
Beaumontia grandiflora, Wall, Apocynaceje.
Vera* — Barbafi, Nepal.
Is a large climber of East and North Bengal, with large showy lemon-
white flowers. It is found from Nepal eastward to Sikkim, Sylhet, and
Chittagong. » j » «
A fibre is prepared from the young twigs.
berrya.
Berrya Ammonilla, Roxb., Tiliace^
Vera. — Petwun, Burm.
Knrz says this plant is not unfrequent in the drier, upper, mixed forests
of Martaban and Pegu, 3,000 feet in altitude.
In the Amsterdam Catalogue a fibre from this tree is mentioned as
having been sent from Burma.
BERRTA
41
42
43
44
45
46
Part III. ]
Economic Products of India.
RIA.
47
4»
49
50
51
52
BETULA.
Betula Bhojpattra, Wall., Cupuliferje
Vern. — Bhujpatira, Hind.; Burj^ bureal, Pb. ; Bhojpatra, Bom.
A middle-sized tree, met with on the higher ranges of the Himalayas,
altitude 14,000 feet.
The bark is used as a substitute for paper by some of the hill tribes,
and is reg^arded as more durable than paper. It is brought down to the
Elains and largely used in the manufacture of hookah tubes. The young
ranches are plaited into twig bridges.
BIXA.
Bbca Orellana, Linn., Bixineje.
The Arnotto Dye.
Vern. — Latkhan, Hind., Beng.; Jarait Ass.; Jafra, Tel.; KuragHe
mangjal, Tam.; Theedin, Burm.
A graceful shrub, with handsome white or pinkish flowers and echinat-
red capsules; originally a native of America, now largely cultivated in
India for the red or orange dye obtained from the pulp which surrounds
the seed.
Bark yields a good cordage. (Dymock.)
B^HMERIA.
Ba^meria Hamiltoniana, Wedd., Urticaceje.
'Vem.-^Tuksur, Lefcha ; Sapsha, Burm.
A shrub of North and East Bengal, and Burma,
It yields a strong fibre.
B. macrophylla, Don.
Vern. — Saochdla, golka, Kumaun ; Kamli, Nepal.
This broad-leaved shrub is met with from Kumaun eastward to the
Khdsia Hills.
Its bark yields a beautiful fibre, much prized for fishing nets.
B. malabarica, Wedd.
Vecn.-^Takbrety LepCHA.
A shrub of moister zones of India and Burma,
It yields a strong fibre.
B. nivea,^. &fA.
Rhea Grass ; China Grass.
Vem. — Puia, Hind. ; Riah, Beng. ; Phia, kunkhoora, ramie, Ass.
This is, perhaps, the finest fibre in India, and the one which is likely
soon to become commercially the most valuable. Its separation is at
present very laborious and expensive. In 187 1 a reward of jf 5,000 was
offered by Government for a good extracting machine for this fibre ; but
although several competitors came forward, the prize was awarded to no
one.
10
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[Part III
BOMBAX.
Bombax malabaricum, DC, Malyace^.
Silk Cotton Tree.
Vera. — Simal, Hind.; Simul, Beng.; Simali, Sans.* Sa vara, MAntt^. i
Letparii Burm.
A large tree, with thorny buttressed stems, and large showy flowers,
appearing in Bengal in January and February.
The seeds have short cottony hairs, too short to be spun, but largely
used for stuffing pillows, &C The inner bark also yields a good fibre,
suitable for cordage.
BORASSUS.
Borassus flabelliformis, Linn., Vaims..
Palmyra Palm.
Vera.— Jar, Hind. ; Tal, Beng. ; Tola, Sans. ; Panam, Tam. ; Tan,
Burm.
One of the most common palms of India,
The fibre extracted from the leaf-stalks is used for rope and twine-
makings and may also be used for paper.
BUTEA.
53
54
BROUSSONETIA.
Broussonetia papyrifefa, Vent,, Urticace^.
Vera. — Malaing, BuRM.
A small tree, said to be wild in the Martaban hills.
The Japanese make paper from the bark of this tree, and the Burmese
their curious papier mach^ school slates (Parabaik), The Tapa Cloth of
the South Sea Islands is made from it. The Karens prepare from it the
Mulberry Paper Cloth, which see.
Burma should supply specimens of this bark, together with its manu-
factured products.
55
BUTEA.
Butea frondosa, Roxh,, Leguminosa.
Vera. — Dhak, Hind.; Palash, Beng.; Paldsa, Mahr.; Parasa, Tam.
Pauk, Burm. ; Khakar, Guz.
A small, distorted tree ; covered with deep orange flowers before the
appearance of the leaves. Met with all over India.
Yields a strong fibre, said to be useful for paper-making and for
cordage; also the roots yield a strong fibre, which is used in some parts
of India for making native sandals.
56
B. superba, i?0^3.
Vera. — Ligemoiku, Tel. ; Pdldsdvel, Mahr.'; Pauknwe, Burm.
An extensive climber, scarcely differing from the preceding except in
habit. Found in the forests of the Konkan, Bengal, Orissa and Burma.
II
57
\RT III.]
Economic Products of India.
LLOTRO
PIS.
58
CALAMUS.
Calamus Rotang, Linn., Valium,
The Rattan Cane.
Vera.— 5^/, Beng., HiND.;5^rf, Pers.; Veta, Mahr.; Perambu, Tam.;
Beta mUf Tel.
It is met with in Bengal^ Assam, South India^ and Burma.
This is the species which yields the best Rattan Cane of commerce.
Other species are, however, used as substitutes. It is split into strips
and plaited or woven into baskets, chairs, sofas, and carriages. It is
twisted into ropes, or stretched entire across rivers, as the main supports
of indigenous suspension bridges.
CALLICARPA.
59 Callicarpa cana, Linn,, Verbenaceje.
Royle, in his Fibrous Plants of India, says that a fibre is prepared
from this plant, called Arusha in Chittagong. Captain Thomson report-
ing of this fibre says: "It is much too weak for either sail-clotn or
cordage. It, however, possesses all the free and kindly nature of flax, and
even smells like flax. It is easily worked, with little or no waste, &c." (Royle,
pa^e 311.)
Specimens of this fibre, as also of the plant, to facilitate fresh identifi-
cation and experiments, much required.
CALOTROPIS.
60 Calotropis gigantea, i?. Br,, Asclepiadaceje.
Vera. — Madar, Hind. ; Akanda, Beng. ; P4if akra, Bom. ; Erukam,
yercutn, Tam. 5 Mayo, Burm.
A small shrub, common throughout India on the plains.
The silky hairs from the apex of the seeds are used for stuffing pillows,
and may be used as a paper fibre. The fibre known as Bowstring Hemp
is obtained from the stems, and is perhaps the most valuable, as it is the
strongest, of Indian fibres. While this has been well known for many
years and the fibre repeatedly brought to the notice of Europe, it has up to
the present day not attractea the attention which it deserves.
Mr, G. W. Strettell of the Forest Department, in his Ne!w Source
of Revenue for India, states that the Muddar must " afford a material
(ox paper as good as, and cheaper than. Esparto," In this opinion he is
strong^ supported by the Curator of the Victoria and Albert Museum,
Bombay, wno pronounces this as one of the finest of Indian fibres, its
extended use being restricted only by the difficulty of extraction. In
the Kenn Report for 1881, however, an opinion is expressed by Mr.
Routledge quite opposed to this ; he believes that ** neither it (Muddar)
nor any other exogenous plants of similar characters can ever compete
with Esparto, nor be produced at a sufficiently low cost to admit of its
being employed as paper-makine material." Paper is prepared in the
following districts : Bellary in Madras, Furruckabad and Meerut in North-
Western Provinces. The plant is abundant in the Punjab, and, together
with the next species, is to a small extent made into paper. The cotton
or crown of hairs from the seeds, as also the fibre from the bark, or both,
is capable of being used for paper.
12
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[Part i;
When steeped in water the fibre rots quickly. The steaming pro-
cess is likely to produce good results. The fibre was extracted in Mysore
without the usual process of steeping. (Cameron)
Calotropis procera, R. Br.
Vera. — The Ak, muddr, North India.
Common in the Punjab, Sind, &c, taking, in Upper or North India,
the place which the preceding species holds in Bengal, the North- West
Provinces and South India.
It may be used for the same purposes as the preceding.
CANNABIS.
Cannabis sativa^ Linn,y Urticaceje.
Hemp.
"Vtxn.—Ganjd, bhdng, charas. Hind., Beng., Bom., Tam.j Ganjika. Sans. ;
Nabatul-qunnab, Arab.; Darakhte-kinnab, Pers.; Ganjair-ckeitu,
Tel.; Sechauk, Burm.
Rarely cultivated for its fibre in India, not being suited for cultiva-
tion in tne plains. It is remarkable that the natives do not make an
attempt to utilise the enormous quantities of inferior stems obtained from
the seed crop as a paper fibre.
CAREYA.
Careya arborea, Roxh.^ Myrtaceje.
Vem.—Kumbi, kumbh, Hind.; Dambel, Garo; Ayma, pailae, Tam. ;
Banbwe, Burm.
A large tree found from the Jumna eastward to Bengal and Burma
and in Central and South India. *
Its bark gives a good fibre for coarse cordage. (Gamble.)
It is used in Mysore as a slow match to ignite gunpowder. (Cameron.)
CARYOTA.
Caryota urens> Linn., Palmje.
^^•T/^^f*^^<V «wo«^, Lepcha; Baraflawar, Ass. ; Salopa, Uriya;
Bherld-mada, Mahr.; Conda-panna, erim-panna, Tam.; Minbaw,
OURM.
A beautiful palm, with smooth, annulated stem, met with in the forests
of the western and eastern moist zones.
The leaves give the Kittul Fibre, which is very strong and is made
into ropes, brushes, brooms, baskets and other articles. The fibre from the
sheathm^ petiole is made into ropes and fishing-nets, lines, &c. (Gamble),
and is suitable for the manufacture of paper.
CELOSIA.
Celosia cristata, Z/««., CnENopoDEiE.
Spons' Encyclopedia, page 938, remarks of this plant : " Common all
over Bengal and North India generally.
13
CELOSIil
61
62
63
6*
65
ART III.]
lORCHO-
RUS.
Economic Products of India.
" It yields a strong flexible fibre, so highly esteemed that rope made of
it sells at five times the price of jute rope.
Confirmation of this fact required, and also samples of the plant from
which the fibre has been extracted.
It is known in Bengali as Lal-mugra, but Roxburgh makes no mention
of the fibre ; indeed^ no author seems to do so.
CEPHALOSTACHIUM.
66 Cephalostachium capitatum, Munro, Graminea.
Vera. — Gobia, gopi, Nepal ; Sili, sullea, Khasia.
This "bamboo has stems 12 to 30 feet, thin, yellow, semi-scandent,
strong, with long internodes of about 2| feet, used for bows and arrows
by the Lepchas. It is often gregarious. It flowered in Sikkim in 1874. "
{Gamble,)
CERBERA.
67 Cerbera Odollam, Gaertn,^ Apocyneje.
Vera. — Dabur, dkakur, Beng. ; Kada-ma, Tam. ; Kalwa, BuRM.
An evergreen tree of the coasts of India and Burma,
A fibre prepared from the bark is said to have been sent by the Forest
Department of Madras to the Amsterdam Exhibition of 1883. (See
T. N, Mukharji's Amsterdam Descriptive List,)
CHAM-ffiROPS.
68 Chamsrops Ritchieana, Grif,, Palmje.
Vera. — Maeri, Trans-Indus ; Kilu, kaliu. Salt Range; Pharra, Beluch.
Leaves used for matting, fans, baskets, hats and other articles. Its
leaves and leaf-stalks give a strong, durable fibre which is made into
ropes ; and its seeds are used for rosaries. A beautiful collection of the
products of this plant was sent to the Paris Exhibition from the Punjab,
chiefly from the oalt Range, (Gamble,)
cocos.
69 Cocos nucifera, Linn,y Palmje.
The Coir or Cocoa-nut Fibre.
Vera. — NarieU Hind. ; Narikel, Beng. ; Tenna, Tam. ; Ou, Burm.
The thick pericarp yields the valuable Coir fibre of commerce. The
sheaths of the leaves are used to wrap up articles, and as paper to
write upon. The fibre of the leaf-is talks is also prepared, and seem likely
to prove useful in the manufacture of paper.
CORCHORUS.
[147] Corchorus olitorius, Lmn., and C. capsuUuis, Z«««., Tilucej;.
See Jute.
14
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants,
[Part II
CORDIA.
Cordia Myxa, Linn,^ Boraginkjs.
Vero. — Lasora, bhokar, gondi, Hitsid, ; Bohari, buhal,BENG,; Laswara,
Pb.; Lesuri, Sind; Bor la, Kvmavk ; Bokhar, Mahr, ; Vidi, verasu,
Tam.; Thanat, Burm.
A moderate-sized tree of the Salt Ranee, the Sub-Himalayan tract
from the Chenab to Assam, the Khasia Hills, Bengal, Burma, and Cen-
tral and South India.
The bark is made into ropes, and the fibre is used for caulking boats ;
as also ropes and fuses are made from it.
C. Rothu, Rom. af Sck.
Vem. — Gondi, gandui, gundi, Hind.; Liar, Sind; Narvilli, Tam.
A small tree in the dry zones of North- West and South India.
The liber or inner bark is made into rope.
70
71
CORYPHA.
Corypha umbraculiferaj Linn., Palma.
The Talipat Palm.
Vera. — Condorpam, Tam. ; BinS, kan. ; Tola, Cingh. j Pehin, Burm.
A tall tree of Ceylon and the Malabar Coast. Cultivated in Benga
and Burma.
The leaves are made into fans, mats and umbrellas, and are used for
writing on, as also are those of C. Taliera.
72
CROTALARIA.
Crotalaria Burhia, Hamilt.
Vem. — Sis, bttta, bhata, Pb.
Is said by Mr. Baden-Powell to yield a good fibre for cordage ; used
in the Punjab.
73
Crotalaria juncea, Linn,, Leguminosje.
Sunn or Sunn Hemp or Indian Hemp, Brown Hemp, Bombay
Hemp, Wuckoo-nar (or Travancore flax), Jubbulpur
Hemp.
Syn.— C. TEN u I FOLIA, Roxb,
Vem. — San, Beng. ; Ambddi, Bom.; Jenappa-nar, Tam.; Jenapa-nara,
Tel.; Paiksan, Burm.
Extensively cultivated all over India for its fibre, which is largely used
for cordage, coarse cloth, and the waste fibre for paper. This fibre is too
well known to require more than to be mentioned in the present enumer-
ation.
74
CymbopOgOn. S^ Andropogon.
15
[19]
^ART III.]
Economic Products of India,
DAPHNE.
75
76
77
78
79
80
CYPERUS.
Cjrperus exaltatus, Retz,, CvpERACEiE.
Commonly found in Bengal and in the Peninsula of India.
Yields fibre.
C. Iria, Z.
Vera. — BuTixhhooncha, Beng .
A small shrub, native of Bengal, Nepal, and the Peninsula.
Yields a fibre.
C. Pongarie, Rottb.
Vera. — CkumaH patee,
A shrub, common on the banks of the Ganges.
Mr. Cameron says that Dr. Bidie of Madras has manufactured good
mats from this plant.
C. tegetum, Roxb.
Vem, — Mudarktai, Beng.
The Calcutta floor-mats are entirely made of this Cypems. The culms
are split into two or three, and then woven into mats upon a warp of threads
previously stretched across the floor of a room. The mat-maker passes
the culms with the hand alternately over and under the successive threads
of the warp, and presses them home.
In different districts of India it is believed that two or three allied
species are used for this purpose. In Madras the form C. corymbosus
seems to be chiefly used. Specimens of all the grass-mats, with flowering
tufts of the grass from which they are made, would make it possible to
examine this subject thoroughly. As far as possible such specimens should
be supplied.
DiEMIA.
Dsmia extensE) R» Br., Asclepiadej;.
Syn. — ^AscLEPiAS echinata, Roxb.
Vera. — ChagulbanH, Beng.; U tarana, Sihd,
A common climber with a foetid scent; met with throughout India,
ascending to 3,000 feet.
"Twining, shrubby. Found wild in Bengal and in the Himalaya
(from Darjeeling to Nepal), and one of the commonest weeds in the Deccan.
Its stem yields a fibre which has been recommended as a substitute for
flax ; it is said to be very fine and strong, and to have gained a medal at
the Madras Exhibition, 1855." (Spons* Enc)
Birdwood, in Bombay Products, remarks that it is the commonest
weed in the Deccan, where it is called Ootrun, and that the late Colonel
Meadows Taylor was the first to draw attention to its valuable fibre.
This seems a likely fibre for paper manufacture.
Information, and samples of rough and cleaned fibre, required.
DAPHNE.
Daphne longifoUa, Meisn., TnYMELiEACEiE.
Vera. — Shedbarwa, Nepal.
A shrub of Eastern Himalaya, Kh^sia Hills and East Bengal.
The bark is used in the manufacture of Nepal paper,
16
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[Part II
Daphne papyracea. Wall.
Syn. — D. Cannabina.
Vem. — Set bariwa, saipura^ Hind.; Niggi, Pb.; Balwa, Kumaun;
Gande, kaghuti, Nepal ; Daysking, Bhutia.
A large shrub or small tree found on the Himalaya from the Indus to
Bhutan, between altitudes of 3,000 and 9,000 feet ; also on the Kh^sia
and Naga Hills ; one of the most abundant bushes on the hills between
Manipur and Burma.
From the bark of this plant is prepared the curious Nepal paper^ also
strong ropes. Paper-making is not known to the Nagas, who use the fibre
entirely for ropes. It would be interesting to know if D. mucronatay
Royle (Vkrn. Pech, Sind; kutilal, kantha, shalangri, gosho, shing,
mashur, sioana, jikri, dona, kdgsart, kansidn, sondi, Pb.) is ever used as
a paper fibre in Sind or the Punjab, where it is plentiful enough on the
hills and lower Himalaya.
D. Wallichii, Meisn,
Venu—Chhoia aryili, Nepal.
A shrub of the Eastern Himalaya, Khisia Hills and East Bengal.
The bark is used in the manufacture of paper.
DENDRO
CALAMU
81
82
DEBREGEASIA.
Debr^easia bicolar, Wedd., Urticaceje.
Vem. — Chainchar, chainjli, amrer, Jhelum; Sansaru, suss, Chenab;
Siarth talsiarij Ravi 5 Pincho, Sutlej ; Kharwala, shakai, Afg.
A large shrub of the Salt Range and the North-West Himalaya,
ascending to altitude 5,000 feet.
The fibre is made into twine and ropes.
D. leucophylla, Wedd.
Vera. — Puruni, Nepal j Senen, Lepcha.
A small tree of the North- East Himalaya up to 7,000 feet in alti-
tude ; Khasia Hills and the forests of Pegu.
Fibre sometimes used for cordage.
D. longifolia, Wedd.
Syn. — CONOCEPHALUS NiVEUS.
Vera. — Tashiari, Nepal; Ramhyem, Lepcha ; Putckaw, Burm.
A small tree of the North-East Himalaya to the Khasia Hills altitude
7,000 feet. South India and Burma. *
The fibre of the bark is occasionally used for ropes, and to make
fishing nets.
DENDROCALAMUS.
Dendrocalamus Hamiltonii, Nees, Gramineje.
Vera.— JTo^wa, Beng.; Tama, Nepal; Pas, Lepcha ; Wah Mechi-
Wahnok, GtkRO, ' '
The common bjimboo of the East Himalaya. Stems 40 to 60 feet hieh
or low and tangled. They are 3 to 6 inches in diameter, not straight but
are used for a vanety of purposes. ® * "
B
83
8*
85
86
17
Part III.]
Economic Products of India.
DUNCHI.
87
88
89
90
91
92
Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees.
Syn. — Bambusa stricta.
Vent. — Bans, bans kabatti kopat^ HjND. ; Karail, Beng. ; Bas^ udka, BoM.;
Kanka, Tel. ; Afyinwa, Burm.
This bdmboohas often deciduous leaves ; the stems are strong, elastic,
and nearly solid, 20 to 100 feet higrh.
Used for spear-handles and all purposes of house-building, baskets,
&c. (Gamble,)
DESMODIUM.
Desmodium tilisefoliumi G, Bon., Lkguminosje.
Vettf. — Sambar, skamru, chamra, mar tan, ?notha, pri, muri, laber, Hinl.
A lafge tree, met with all along the Himalaya, from the Upper Punjab
to Tavoy, in both temperate and tropical zones ; ascending to 9,000 feet in
altitude.
The bark yields an excellent fibre, extensively used for ro{>6-^tnaking ;
suitable for paper manufacture.
DOLICHANDRONE.
Dolichandrone falcata. Seem,, BiGNONiACEiE.
Vera. — Hawar, Oudh ; ICanseri, Mbywar ; Udda, wodi, Tel.
A small tree ; native of Oudh, Rajputana, Central and South India.
A fibre obtained from this plant was sent to the Artisterdam Exhi-
bition by the Forest Department of Madras. (See T, N, MukharjVs Des^
criptive Catalogue,)
D. Rheediiy Seem.
Syn, — Spathodea Rhebdii, Walh
^emm-^Deya-danga, Cingh. ; Thakutma, Burm.
A small tree, met with in Burma, Ceylon, and the Andaman islands.
Yields a fibre similar to the preceding.
DOMBEVA.
Dombeya umbellata, SxERcuLiACEiE.
Introduced from the Isle of Bourbon, and sparsely cultivated as aw orrist-
mental bush, ^ .. .. , ^ ..
The bark yields a good fibre. Dombey'a cannabina, a rifitive of Ma-
dagascar, yields a strong fibre, locally made into rough ropes.
DREGEA.
Dregea volubilis, Benth,, Asclepiadeji.
Syn»— AscLEPiAS volubilis, Roxb, ; Hoya viridiflora, R. Br,
^^[fl^.^^Tit'kungat Beng.; Hirandodi, Mahr; IHdi-palla, Tel.
A large, woody, twining plant, coftimon in hedges aiid thickets 5 fldwers
small, greenish, appearing in May ; met with in Bengal, Bombay, and
South India. . . , , ,
Contains a good fibre, sometimes extracted by the natives.
Dunchi Fibre. See Sesbania aculeata,
S8
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants,
[ Part III
EDGEWORTHIA.
Edgeworthia Gardneri, Meisn., THYMELjtACEiE.
Vem. — Kagkuti, aryili, Nepal.
A large, elegant bush, almost leafless when covered with its clusters of
yellow, sweet-scented flowers. Found along the Himalaya from Nepal to
JSikkim and Bhutan, and recently found plentiful on the mountains of
Manipur, extending to the northern frontier of Burma.
The strong, tough fibre obtained from the long, straight, sparsely-branch-
ed twigs of this bush must, sooner or later, become one of the most
valuable of Indian fibres. The finest Nepal Paper is made from it, and is
purer and cleaner than the paper from Daphne papyracea.
See Silk.
ERIODEKDROK.
Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC^ Malyacba.
The White Cotton Tree.
Veni. — Sa/ed simal, senibal, haHdti, kaian, HiND. ; Shwet sintitl, ^eug. ;
llavantf Tam.
A tall, deciduous tree of India and Burmai found throughout the hotter
parts.
The seeds are coated with soft, silky hairs. In South Canara a fibre
is extracted from the plant, which is suitable for the manufacture of
paper.
ERiOLiENA.
Eriolaena Hookeriana, W, & A,, SxERcuLiACEiE.
Vem. — Nar-botkUf Tel.; Arang, Berar; Kutki, bkonder, GoND.
A small tree of Central and South Indian
The bark yields a good fibre A specimen was sent to the Paris Exhi-
bition of 1878^
E. spectabiliSy Planch.
Verri. — Nar-botkuy Tel. 5 Arang, 6erAR; Kuiki, bkotider, GONO.
A small tree of the Central Himalaya to Nepal, found plentifully every-
where on the dry, red clay hills ill the aria districts of Manipur.
The bark yields a good fibre.
ERIOPHORUM.
Eriophorum comosum. Wall., Cyperaceje.
Syn. — SciRPUs comosus, Roxb,
Vem.^Bhdbar, bab, babila, N. W. P.; Pan-babiyo, AlMora.
This plant forms a small proportion of the fibre brought down to the
plains under the name of Bhdbar, the bulk being the fibre from SpodiopogOQ
angustifolius, Trin. (Atkinson,) But for the expense of transport to the
commercial centres, this grass would become one of the most useful of
Indian paper fibres. It is abundant in the North-West Provinces.
Eriopnomm is not far behind Esparto in the yield of dry fibre, and
is quite equal to it in strength.
ERIOPHO
RUM.
93
[218]
94
95
96
97
^ART III.]
FICUS.
Economic Products of India,
98
160-161]
ERYTHRINA.
Erythrina indica, Lam.
Vera. — Pdngrd, Hind.; Palitd^mddir, Bbng.; Pdngard, Mahr.; Kalydnd-
murukku, Tam.; Badidapu^hettu, Tel.; Erabadwgaka, Cingh. •
Kaihit, Burm.
It is stated that the bark yields a fibre. (Capt, Nutfs Report in
Liotard's Memorandum*)
Esparto Grass* See Lygeum Spartum and Macrochloa tenadssima.
EUCALYPTUS.
99 Eucalyptus Globulus, Labill, Myrtaceje.
Vero* — Kurpoora ntaram, MADRAS.
A lofty tree^ gre^^arious in Victoria and the south of Tasmania. Intro-
duced on the Nilgins^ and now completely naturalised.
The bark of the tree forms the paper material.
100
lOI
102
FICUS.
Ficus bengalensis, Z/:«»., URTicAcsiE.
The Banyan Tree.
Vera.— -Sar, Hihd, ; Bat, BEiiQ,;Bor,jortbor, Ass.; Alamarum, Tam.;
Pyinyaung, BuRM.
One of the most characteristic of Indian trees, in many cases each form-
ing a forest in itself from its habit of sending down roots from the branches.
A coarse rope is made from the bark and from the aerial roots, and
paper is also reported to have been formerly largely prepared in Assam
from the bark ; to a small extent it is stated to be still prepared at Lakhim-
pore in Assam and in Bfellary in Madras. Specimens of this paper, as
also a description of the process of preparation and the extent of the trade
in this paper, would be most acceptable.
F. Cunia, Buck.
Mem, — Khewnau, khurhur. Hind.; Dumbur, yajya'-domur, Bbng. ;
Kunia, Kumaun; Kanhya, Nepal.
A moderate-sized tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Chenab
eastward, ascending to 4,000 feet in altitude, Bengal, Burma.
The bark is used to tie the rafters of native houses.
F. infectoria, Wilid.
VectL^-^Pakur, Hind., Benq. ; Gdndhaumbara, dhedumbara,
Pepre,kurku, Tam.; Nyoungchin, Burm.
A large tree of Bengal, Central India, and Burma.
The bark yields a fibre.
Mahr.;
20
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants,
[PART III
Ficus religiosa, Linn,
The Pipal Tree.
Vem.— Pf^a/, Hind.; J^AaMwa, Bkng. ; i4r<wa, Tam.; Nyaungbawdiy
BURM.
A large tree regarded as sacred, found all over India.
A fibre is extracted from the bark. Formerly, the fibre was made into
paper in Burma and used in making" the peculiar green umbrellas of the
people ; but the manufacture has died out, and the umbrellas are now
imported from China.
F. T^^iSL^Roxb.
Vexn.—ySvi or peddi-jM, Tel.
This, Roxburgh remarks, is, next to F. religiosa, the larc^est species of
Indian fig. It is a large handsome tree, with smooth bark, wholly gla-
brous, ft is a native of the lower hills of Bengal and South India, but in
cultivation for shade is met with along the roads throughout India
The bark gives a good fibre.
FOURCROYA.
Fourcroya gigantea and F. longa&vai Amaryllideje.
These and Adam's Needle (Yucca gloriosa) are closely allied to Agave
americana. They are all members of South America, Mexico, and the
West Indies. F. longseva is the finest member of the genus, if not of the
order. Its flowering axis rises to 30 or 40 feet, and is covered with
flowers. F. gigantea was formerly called Agave foetida ; it is a much
smaller plant than the foregoing. It has been successfully introduced
into the Madras Presidency, and seems to grow freely enough. It is
known as the Great Aloe or, in Tamil, Simat-kathalai.
They all yield fibre of a very excellent kind, and seem likely to deve-
lope into fibre-yielding plants of the greatest importance ; certam, sooner
or later, to be cultivated in India.
GERBERA.
Gerbera lanuginosa, Benth., Compositje.
Vem. — Kapasiya, the name of the tinder prepared from the tomentum of the
leaves. Kupasi is also the name of a cloth spun from this curious plant.
It is a herbaceous procumbent plant of the lower slopes of the Western
Himalaya, having large, simple, ovate, oblong leaves, lyrately pinnate at
the base.
From the under-surface the tomentum is peeled off and used as tinder
by the hill tribes, or spun into a woolly-like twine and then woven into the
cnaracteristic bags in which they carry their hookahs. Specimens should
be obtained from Kumaun.
GIRARDINIA.
Girardinia heterophylla, Decaisne^ Urticaceje.
The Nilgiri Nettle.
Syn. — Urtica hetkrophylla, Roxb. iii,f 586.
Vera. — Atbo, alia, bichua. Hind. ; Keri, kingi, sanoli, aUfjdn, kdrla, PBi. ;
Ullo, Nepal ; Katu, Lepcha ; Iloru surat, Ass. ; Serpa, herpa, Bhutia.
An exceedingly common, large, herbaceous plant of the forests, with
long stinging bristles. It is common throughout most of the hill districts
of India and Burma, but especially upon the Himalaya.
21
6IRAR
DINIA.
103
104
105
106
107
:>ART III.]
GOSSY.
PIUM.
Economic Products of India,
It aflFords a fine, silky fibre, used in Sikkim for ropes find coarse clpth
resembling Gunny. (Gamble.) Roxburgh says of it : "The bark abounds
in fine, white, glossy, sjlk-like, strong fibres/*
GNETUM.
io8 Gnetum scandens, J^oxb., GNEXACEiE.
Syn. — G. Edule, BL
Vera. — Rumbal, tumble. Bom. ; Pilita, And.; Naun-mith, Sylhet; Gyooin.
'way, BuRM.
A large climbing shrub of Sikkim, and the Khasia Hills, East Bengal,
WBSt^^n Gh^ts, Burma, and the Andainans,
In the Andaman Islands the fibre is use4 for the preparation of hard
fishingrnets called Kud.
GOSSYPIUM.
IQ9 G0SSypiuni| a genus of Malvace^, yielding the valuable fibre known
as Cotton.
Consicjemble difference of opinion prevail^ as to the origin of the
pl^nt:s now quHiyated for the supply of cotton, and, indeed, the original
home of the anpestral type or types from which it was derived, is by no
means certain. The Flora of British India regards the form collected
by Stpck3 and Dalzell upon the limestone rocks of the coast of Sind as
a wild species, to which the name of G. Stocksii, Mast, h^s been given.
This establishes the existence of the genus Gpssypium as indigenous to
India. Whatever may be the origin or history of the cotton plants as
a whole, a careful examination of a large collection of dried specimens
will, it is thought, justify the separation of the Indian cultivated forms
into three sections, which, for convenience, we may regard as species.
These are G. arboreusn, L. ; G» herb^C(Stun, L, ; and G. barbadense, L. ; and
we propose to retain the synonymy and the varieties under these as estab-
lished in the Flora of British India^ merely suc^gesting the advisability of
transferring Var. religiqsum, 5/»., Rqxh,, from G. nerbaceusn, Z., to G. barba-
4(^e, L^ It seems probable that the form G. hirsutuffl, sp,, Z., is really a
hybrid, having the foliage of G. herbaceum, and the gashed bracteoles of
Q, )>^fidpfise. It may be placed, therefore, under either of these species.
110 G* arboreum, Z.
Diagnostic phfiracffirs.
Leaves, more or less hairy, U segmented, or almost cut to the base into 5 or
7 lobes, mostly 5, never 3. ^egments^ contracted at the base, narrow,
ovate, linear, acuminate^ or ovate lanceolate, not % as broad as long, cen-
tral lobe often having a small, supplementary segment, or tooth, in the
deep-rounded lateral sinus. Bracteoles, ovate, cordate acute, toothed or
entire. Flowers, purple with yellow centre, rarely whi^e. Seeds, free
from each other, covere4 with white cotton overlying a dense green
4own ; cotton^ not readily separable from the seed.
(Compare with diagnosis of p. herbaceum, page 25 and of G. barbadense. page 23).
The supplementary teeth on either side of the middle, or odd, lobe of
the leaf forms a most peculiar character, and in many cases a ready eye-
mark in the separation of this from the npxt species. There is often con-
22
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[Part II
siderable difficulty, however, in separating the forms of G. herboceum from
G. arboreuai, andf there cannot be a doujbt that they are intimately related
to each other, if not derived, as cultivated forms, from the same ancestor.
It seems very probable that they are indigenous to Asia^ if not to India.
GOSST
PIUM.
(COTTOJ
General Account*
G. arboreum, £., is a common plant, being still (as Roxburgh wrote
eighty years ago), " found in the gardens of the curious over most parts
of India, where it is in flower the greater part of the year,** It does not
appear to be cultivated on account of its cotton. It sometimes attains the
height of a small tree ; more frequently it is a densely-branched bush with
purple flowers, often having a yellow centre. It is said to be found indi-
fenous or cultivated in the Island of Celebes, in Arabia, Egypt, and
ndia. Royle says it is known in India generally as Nurma barre, and in
Mysore as Deo kufiasj that it may be cultivated like the ordinary
cotton ; and that turbans were formerly made from it and regarded as
sacred. It is probable that Rayle was labouring under a misapprehen-
sion; his plate No. 23 probably represents two forms of G. herba-
ceum instead of a twig of G. urboreum and one of G. herbacema* Ainsh'e
says that G. aiboreum is known as Shem-paratie in TamiL It is very
likely indeed that there are many cultivated hybrids between G. arboreum
and G. h^baceum. Mr. Duncan describes a lar^e bushy form (very pro-
bably a hybrid) in the Benares district, which yields cotton for five or six
years, and is there known as Nurmah. It is also reported to be cultivated
at Mal^a and at Calpee in the gardens belonging to the Rajah of Jalaun. i
Mr. Bruce supposes the Chundere Muslins to have been made from the |
cotton of this plant (G. arboreum).
Note*
It would tend greatly to remove difficulties were specimens of
this plant, together with its pods (and yarns or fabrics, if they exist) to
be supplied for the approacning Exhibition. A thorough investigation
of the forms of Indian cotton can be made only by obtaining dried
specimens, showing leaves and flowers along with the pods. These can
easily enough be prepared by pressing, between blotting paper, until dry,
a flowering twig from the actual plant from which the corresponding pods
have been obtained.
G. barbadetise, Linn.
Diagnostic characters.
Leaves^ sub-glabrous, broader', and more cordate than the preceding species,
with rounded ears at the base, about k segmented (or a little more)
into 3 to 5 lobes ; lobes, broad, ovate, acuminate more than \ as broad
as long (often very acuminate and then almost sub -lanceolate). Brac-
teoleSf larger and broader than in the preceding species, obtuse, deeply
lancinate. Flowers, yellow, with a crimson spot. Seeds, black, naked,
i.e., destitute of adnate pubescence, free from each other or cohering
in a kidney-shaped mass. Cotton^ readily separable from the seeds,
white, tawny, or almost brown.
The upper leaves in all the forms of this species are often only angled,
and, indeed, the main feature of the leaves of this plant is that they are
broader and much more entire than in either G. urboreum or G. herbaceom.
The lower leaves are 3 to 5 lobed, the lobes broad and often suddenly
acuminate, the sinus acute, not rounded, and never possessed of supple-
mentary teeth. The bracteoles in outline are almost obtuse, instead of
23
XZI
>ART IIL]
Economic Pfoducts of India,
JOSSY-
PIUM-
3TT0N.)
112
XI3
acute and are deeply gashed. I have followed the Flora of British India
in including under this species G. acuminatuffl, Roxh. sp.— the Peruvian
Cotton,hence the necessity of the extra character of the lobes of the leaves,
*' often very acuminate, and then almost sub-lanceolate.'* Royle kept this
distinct from the Bourbon Cottons, and from an economic point of view it
would seem that this is the more natural course, for, in addition to the
leaves being more deeply segmented, the seeds have the peculiar character
of cohering together in a kidney-shaped mass, hence g^enerally knwn as
Kidney Cotton. I propose, therefore, to refer the varieties and sub-vai ieties
or cultivated forms of G. barbadense to two sections :
isL — Var, hSLPhBidGnse proper.
This corresponds with the section known as the Bourbon Cottons.
This is supposed to have been originally introduced into India from
the Isle of Bourbon, hence the name Bourbon Cotton. As far as can be
traced it was first introduced into India about 1790. Probably it was ori-
ginally a native of the West Indies, and was introduced by the French
mto the Mauritius and Bourbon as early as 1780.
It includes many important forms, of which the following may be
mentioned :—
(a) Bourbon Cotton. — Royle states that this was first successfully in-
troduced into Guzerat. It is described as growing into a laree much-
branched bush, flowering for a series of years. In 1818 Mr. Gilders suc-
ceeded in cultivating it in the eastern districts of Kaira, on light, sandy soil.
Mr. Hale reports about the same time its successful cultivation at Malwa.
Subsequent writers affirm that in Guzerat Bourbon Cotton has become
naturalised.
(b) Barbadobs.
(c) New Orleans.
(d) Sea Island.
(f) Uplands.
(/) Egyptian.
(g) Georgian.
(h) Florida.
(0 Alabama.
Perhaps (c) and (d) are commercially the most valuable forms, especial-
ly the New Orleans, which commands the highest price in Europe. The
much-prized Dharwar is a form ot the New Orleans Cotton,
There are many other cultivated forms, too numerous to be mentioned
here, of which we have little or no information relating to India* Indeed,
little is known of those mentioned, and samples and information as to the
extent of their cultivation will be most acceptable.
2nd, — Var. religiosum, Roxb,y sp.
This corresponds with the Nankeen Cotton.
This is the Nankeen Cotton of Roxburgh, and seems to be a form
introduced to India at a much earlier date tnan the forms which I have
referred to the preceding variety. Its distinguishing feature seems to be
that the seeds are clothed with a tawny pubescence and enclosed in
cotton of the same colour, I have arrived at the conclusion that this
should be placed under G- barbadense mainly from the fact that the entire
set of sheets in the Calcutta Botanic Garden Herbarium (bearing the
name of G. rdisiosam), are most unquestionably forms of G. barbadensey
having the less hairy, broader leaves and deeply segmented bracteoles of
that species. It is quite possible that these sheets are wrongly named
G. relfeiosum, but in support of this departure from the Flora ^
British India, I would pomt out that Roxburgh remarks, under his G.
24
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[Part I
relisiosim, that '' this can scarcely be more than a variety of G. hirsu-
tum/' while in a concluding note upon Goasypinm, he says that, having
carefully studied the Indian Cottons for a period of over thirty years, he had
come to the conclusion that there were five species peculiar to Asia. '* G.
barbadense " and << hirsutum " being natives of America were not regarded
by him as Indian forms. He included G. religiosam among his indi-
genous Asiatic species, and in this view he may be quite right ; but it
seems natural that, whether indigenous or only an earlier introduction,
G. religiosnm should be viewed as more nearly allied to G. barbadense
than to G. herbaceum, since Roxburgh viewed it as doubtfully distinct
from G. hirsutiim, a form which he distinctly states to have come from
America.
jrJ. — Var. aeumlntaiim. Boxb,, sp.
This section includes the Peruvian or Kidney Cotton.
These Cottons are distinguished chiefly by the peculiarity of the black
naked seeds cohering together in a kidney-shaped mass. Some of the
forms have long been introduced into India. In fact, Roxburgh viewed
G. acuminatum as an indigenous plant. It is, however, probable that, as
with 6. religiosum, this is but an early introduction. G. peniTianum
is the scientific name under which the Peruvian Cottons are classed. The
following are the principal commercial forms :—
(a) Brazilian.
{b) Pernambuco.
(c) Maranham.
(d) Peruvian.
Hybrids.
It seems probable that the favourite New Orleans Cotton is a hybrid
between G. herbaceum and G. barbadense, reared in America, and that this
is the i)lant which received the botanical name of G. hirsutum, Willd,
It is chiefly characterised by having greenish seeds surrounded with fine
long silky cotton. This form has been most successfully introduced in the
Dharwar country, in the south of the Bombay Presidency, (see also Sec-
tion 2nd, page 29,)
It is very much to be rep-etted that an enumeration of the Indian
hybrid forms cannot be obtamed from the existing literature on this all-
important staple, and it is hoped that the present enquiry, tabulated
in a systematic form, may elicit much valuable information.
G. herbaceum, L.
Diagnostic characters.
Leaves, hairy, often quite hirsute, about % segmented into 3 to 5, mostly 3,
lobes ; lobes, ovate, oblong, acute or acuminate, about %, as broad as
long. Bracteoles, ovate, cordate, acute, toothed or entire. Flowers,
yellow with a purple centre, rarely wholly yellow or white or purple!
Seeds, ovoid, free from each other, covered with greenish or greyish
down ; cotton, white. ^
The most characteristic features of this plant are its hairiness, the
leaves only i segmented, segments often 3, generally 5, very rarely
if ever, 7. It has the bracteoles of G. arboreum; indeed, purple-
flowered forms can with difficulty be separated. It was probably
a purple-flowered form of this plant, or a hybrid form, which Royle mis-
took for G. arboream, and which he figured and described as the plant
that yielded the cotton made into turbans. It may be easily enough
25
60SS1
PIUM.
(COTTOl
RT III.]
Economic Products of India.
separated, however, by comparing the aggregateof existing characters with
those of the typical G. afboreum. Thus, even in the cases where the
flowers are purple or white (in both species), the deeply-segmented leaves
with more numerous, longer, and narrower lobes, of G. arboremn when
taken along with its less hairy character and more arborescent habit,
would prove sufficient to separate that species from G. heibacevffl. The
presence of the supplementary tooth in the sinus on either side of the odd
or terminal lobe would, however, remove all possible doubt, for, while this
character may not be present in evei^ leaf of G. urboreum, it is often so,
and, as far as my experience goes« is never met with in G« hef^^^um.
General Account.
This is the species to which all the forms of purely indigenous cotton,
yielding plants in India unquestionably belong. There can be no doubt,
however, that there are many hybrids between this plant and G. baibadense,
Linn,, or between it and G. arboremn. These may be referred to twasets,
viz., those naturally produced by insects or wind, probably prior to the
arrival of the English in India, and those naturally or artificially pro-
duced as the result, directly or indirectly, of the experiments conducted
by the British Government in India with a view to improve the Indian
cottons. There can be no doubt that there are hybrids which were widely
cultivated before Roxburjgh commenced to study them. But G. barbadense
may have been originally a native of India or, at least, of Asia, and some
of the forms of that species now met with in India may be truly indigenous,
as also the hybrids between these and the forms of G. herbacenffl. The re
are many instances of plants that are indigenous both to America and to
Asia, such as the species of Musa (the plantain) ; it is, therefore, not im-
possible that G. barbadense may have been jndig^enous to some part of
Asia, if not to India itself, as well as to America. At the same time it
seems more than probable that all the forms of that species came
originally from America; but if so, G. barbadense must have reached
India long before the arrivjal of the English. We have many other
such instances of importation from America to India at early dates, such
as the common Sheal kanta (Argemone mexicana), the pine-apple (Ana-
nassa satiya) and many others. The probability is that G. barbadense is a
truly American species, but we have in India many forms of it, of so
ancient a date as m some instances to have been viewed by Roxburgh
as indigenous species. I propose to separate these varieties, as far
as possible, from those of G. herbaceum, but there are some hybrids with
regard to which it is impossible to decide whether they should be
classed with American or with Indian Cotton. The following are the
principal forms of Indian Cotton or the varieties of G. herbaceum: —
Tst. — Var, herbaeeum proper.
The diagnostic characters already given are those by which this form
may be recognised.
Vem. — Rui, Hind.; Kapas, Beng., Dec; Rui, Pb.; Karpasi^ Sans, j
Pambah, Pers. ; Kurfam nssul, Arab. ; Vun-paratie, Tam. ; Pauctie,
Tel.
The forms under this variety have been referred to three primary groups
originfilly formed by Dr. Roxburgh, and although much has been attempt-
ed for Cotton, it is to be regretted that no better classification can be
suggested at the present day than that adopted by the father of Indian
Botany.
26
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[Part II
Section ist. — Bengal or Dacca Cotton.
This furnishes, with others, the long staple formerly woven into the ex-
quisitely fine muslins for which the eastern capital is famous. Dacca
Cotton proper is regarded commercially as the first quality of Indian
Cotton. The chief vernacular names for the Cottons of Bengal denoting
the staples of varying quality and value met with in the different districts
were given as follows in 1790 by Mr. Bebb in his account of the Cotton
trade of Dacca : —
I St. — Phootee, furnishing the finest yarn; is sown in October, and again
in the following April* after the crop from the previous sowing has been
gathered. It is an annual, attaining a height of 20 or 30 inches.
2nd» — Bhyratti, next, if not equal ; grows to 2 or 4 feet, and is sown in
October. Capsule large, fibre short, said to have been produced in My-
menbingh.
jrd» — Nurtna, — Mr. Bebb then mentions the Surat imported Cottons
as next in merit.
4th. — Serougee from Mirzapore, nearly as good as Surat.
^th. — Bo^a and other coarse Bengal Cottons, known chiefly by the name
of the district where cultivated. That from the eastward of Dacca and
north of the Bramhaputra on the low hills of Carrybarry is the best. The
capsule is described as larger than Bhyratti, the fibre snorter and coarser.
In i860, Mr. I. S. Wise, writing of Dacca Cottons, refers them to the
following : —
ist, — Borailli, the finest Cotton procurabk, and the largest Cotton
plant, growing often to 8 or 10 feet, bearing pods every month for three
or four years. Seems to be grown chiefly on the lowlands.
This description seems to apply more correctly to G. arboreum, or to a
hybrid of that species, than to G. herbaceuffl. Specimens of plants and
pods, if still known, would prove exceedingly interesting.
2nd. — " Sheraj Cotton is entirely a hill species, brought from Assam, and
probably from the western hills of the Garo Range ; it is considered second
in quality."
^rd. — Dacca Tqnjore Cotton, grown in high lands of red clay soil to the
north of Dacca.
4th.-T-** The ordinary Country or Indigenous Cotton of Dacca *' is a very
different and inferior plant. This is probably the form called by other
writers the Dheta Cotton. Of this Country Cotton there seems to be
two kinds, Dera or Dhera, sown in July, and Dhannah, sown broadcast
even along with other crops in March.
Jt seems probabje th^-t Mr. Wise, in speaking of Country or Indigenpus
Cottpn as inferior to the varieties mentioned and described as of better
quality, did not mean to suggest that the latter were not indigenous to
India, but rather that the inferior qualities were strictly indigenous to the
Dapca district. It is quite possible, however, that he meant that the
better class Cottons were not indigenous to India but exotics; in which
case some of the preceding forms of Dacca Cotton may have to be re-
moved from G. Iierpaceum and placed iinder G. barbadense.
Most distrjpts of Eastern ^nd Northern Bengal and Chutia Nagpur
produce coarse cottons, generally known by the name of the district where
each is cultivated.
In Benares Mr. Duncan, in 1790, mentions the following varieties in
the order of thejr importance : —
J St. — Rarreah or buroweh, giving J rut or clean cotton, sown in Aug-
ust, and reaped in M^rch or April. Requires good rich soil and plenty
, of water.
27
GOSSY
PIUM.
(COTTON
ART III.]
Economic Products of India,
SOSSY-
PIUM.
OTTON.)
^nd, — Ntirma, about equal in value to the preceding and far superior
to the following variety. This is described as not being a regular crop but
a plant which continues to grow for many years. This, therefore, is pro-
bably a form of G. arboreum.
3rd,^ Munnoah or yettor, inferior to the former, yielding only Jth
cotton, but is sown broadcast with other crops : most probably the common
Dera or Desi Cotton of other districts. In 1848, the Collector of Benares
mentions the Rarea and Mannoa, but takes no notice of Nurma, which
has apparently ceased to be cultivated as a cotton-yielding plant. This
is exceedingly curious and requires confirmation.
In Gorakhpur Mr. Blount mentions the following kinds —
1st — Kokte, described as a species of Nankeen, and should, therefore,
occur under G. barbadense.
2nd» — Murwa, generally grown on narrow strips of ground round vege-
table gardens, and is triennial or perennial. This may prove to be
G. arboreum or one of its hybrids. To that species probably the Nurma
of Benares and other districts belongs.
3rd. — Desi, the Common Cotton, sown in June, reaped in April fol-
lowing.
In Nagpore two kinds of cotton are mentioned, Rarea and Munnoa,
General Account,
The preceding are the vernacular names mentioned by authors as
given to Bengal or Dacca Cotton, cultivated over Bengal, Assam, Burma,
the North- West Provinces, and the Punjab. Before proceeding to the
second class of Indian Cottons formed by Roxburgh it is necessary to
point out the exceedingly imperfect character of the information contained
in this compilation, and to explain that it is given merely as a fair sum-
mary of the information available up to the present date, and published
in the hope that its manifest imperfections may suggest corrections and
additions on the part of the officers deputed to make the collections for the
forthcoming International Exhibition. It is quite possible, and indeed
certain, that many of the vernacular names here enumerated do not belong
to G. herbaceum. The primary object of the present effort is to bring about
a scientific classification of the Indian indigenous and exotic Cottons and
of their hybrids, in which all the known ciiltivated forms should be correct-
ly referred to their proper botanical species. It is believed that no real
food can be accomplished until this has been done, since eveiything'
epends on knowing whether a form recommended for experimental culti«
vation is suited to a particular district. This can be done only after the
different forms of Cotton have been scientifically worked up, and the degree
of hybridization with exotic forms has been clearly established. Indeed, it
is impossible to write with any degree of confidence reg-arding this— one of
the most important of Indian crops, since it is impossible to know what is
referred to by writers upon Cotton under the various local and vernacular
names. Thus, for example, a Magistrate and Collector writing of Nurma
Cotton may be understood to be speaking of the ornamental but apparently
non-cotton-yielding species G. aiboreum, or of some hybrid between that
and G. herbaceum, or of a hybrid with G. barbadense, if not of a variety
of the Common Cotton with purple instead of yellow flowers.
We do not know at present whether G. arboreum is a cotton-yieldinr
plant or not. Royle says that in his time it was known to yield Cotton and
bore the name of Nurma ; we hear of its being the best cotton-yielding
plant ; but other authors assert that it is entirety an ornamental and not a
cotton-yielding species.
28
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[Part I]
Concluding Note.
Much has been done to discover the soils suited for Cotton, and many
valuable experiments have been made by Government with exotic forms,
but what would appear to be the first and most natural enquiry has^
apparently, been entirely neglected, namely, a scientific and exhaustive
enquiry into the existing forms of Indian Cotton with a view to suggesting
improvements in the indigenous crop — such as the supply of better seed
from one district to replace the inferior kinds in another, improved modes of
cultivation and of cleaning the fibre. It does seem strange that in the
country that once supplied Europe with its manufactured cotton and raw
staple, there should exist neglected forms which have been lost or allowed
to decline and become unknown in less than a century through the
reaction of English prosperity in Cotton manufactures.
It is hoped that at the forthcoming International Exhibition such a
display of Cottons will be exhibited as may awaken a new interest in
this staple. In order to assist in the accurate identification of the forms,
it is earnestly solicited that a flowering twig", with a few well-formed
leaves and one or two flowers, may be suppliea alone with the pods and
fibre. These, as already explained, may with very little trouble be dried
for a week between a few sheets of blotting paper, the paper being changed
once or twice, when the specimens will be perfectly ary and ready for
transmission to Calcutta. If this cannot be undertaken, a twig should
be placed in a small box and despatched to Calcutta by post, having
been first carefully numbered or named, so that it may be recognised as
the plant from which a certain pod or staple was obtained.
We now come to the consideration of the second group of indigen-
ous Indian Cottons.
Section 2nd, — Berar and Surat Cotton.
This is the Cotton obtained from Berar. It is exported chiefly to the
Madras Presidency, to be made into the so-called Northern Circar Long-
doth. The fine cloths of Chundere are made of this Cotton. Dr. Irvine,
some time ago settled in Gwalior, says that this Cotton is known as
Nurma, but its real name seems to be Berari. In the eastern dis-
tricts of Guzerat the Cotton is known generally as Kunum or Lulliah,
and is of a very superior description.
Broach or Surat Cotton is very fine, the pods hanging from the plant.
They are distinguished chiefly as "Hingunghat, " " Oomrawattee,"
" Dhollera," and " Dharwar," the first-mentioned being regarded as the
finest of the Cottons of West India. It is impossible at present to
determine whether these are forms of G« herbaceum or of G. barbadense,
but they are probably forms of the latter species, if not hybrids.
In Cutch the Cotton is known as Wagriah. This is an annual, and
attains a height of 3 feet. The flowers are yellow, and the capsules,
instead of opening, remain shut, with only a small opening. The wool is
called Kalliah,
In South India there are two varieties, Oobum and Nadum\ the former
is much the better qualit]^ and is an annual. The Oopum is known as
Vanparti, Tam., Putti, Tel. It is possible that this may be the
so-called G. hirsutnm (Dharwar Cotton), which I regard as a hybrid
between G* hetbaceum and G. barbadense. It grows near the sea, where
the coast has much of the character of an American upland. Specimens
of the plant are required.
Section 3rd.- China Cotton.
I have followed Roxburgh in giving this section, convinced that when he
said that his notes and descriptions were the result of thiry years* study,
29
OOSST
PIUM
(COTTOJ
RT III.]
Economic Products of India,
[EWIA.
120
he must have had good reasons for his view. This seems, however, to be
the small abortive form met with on the hill tracts, and may have derived
its name from being brought down from the hills bordering^ on Burma
and China. Most importations from these tracts receive the name of
Chin or China. I can discover nothing to justify its separation from the
ordinary indigenous form, known as Deshi kupas, Royle seems to have
distorted Roxburgh's idea, for in his Culture of Cotton in India he
makes this out to be Nankeen Cottony which Roxburgh has distinctly
stated to be G. religiosum, and not a form of G. herbaceum.
2nd,'^ Var. obtusifolium.
To this section belongs the small-leaved and bluntly-lobed form met
with in Ceylon, to which Roxburgh gave the name of G. obtusifolium.
Royle asks, what has often suggested itself to me, if this can be the
original of the Indian forms of G. herbaceum, yielding all the preceding
forms of truly Indian Cotton. While exploring the Burma-Manipur
frontier I found this curious plant in a semi-wild condition. The
Kukis, who are passing across Manipur to the north, year after year,
carry out a most destructive mode of cultivation. A favourite spot
in the heart of a primeval forest is selected. Trees that have taken
perhaps centuries to grow are ruthlessly hewn down and, with the forest
brushwood, burnt out. This is caXXedjuming, The soil is carelessly hoed
and various crops are sown. After two or at most three harvests, the
tribe migrate to another spot to renew their depredations. Many culti-
vated plants survive these visitations, and taking hold of the cfeserted
spot continue to grow, fuming is also practised by the stationary hill
tribes, a plot of land being cultivated for two seasons and deserted for
lo or 15 years. During the Boundary Commissioners' explorations, I
repeatedly found fields of Wild Cotton or rather Cotton that had become
wild. At first I thought I had discovered a truly wild species. The
plants, as cultivated by the hill tribes on the Burmese frontier, are rarely
more than i to i J feet m height ; with small leaves, chiefly trilobed ; and
having yellow flowers, producing a tuft of poor cotton not larger than an
ordinary bottle-cork.
I have departed so far from the arrangement in the Flora of British
India as to suggest the removal of var. hirsntum, var. religiosum and
var* vitifolium from G* herbaceum, and propose to place these forms under
G. barbadense. The results of the present enquiry may disprove the pro-
Eriety of this departure, but from present information, it seems likely to
e supported.
I would here repeat what I have already stated, that not only the
recent introductions of the so-called American Cottons, but probably also
the so-called indigenous forms of this plant, are all purely exotic in their
origin. This species I take to include G. reli^osum, G. vitifolium,
G* acuminatum, and probably G. hirsntum.
GREWIA.
I2X Grewla asiatica, Linn,, TiLiACEin.
'Vem.^PhdlsaJ>karoahy Hind., Sind., Pb. ; Shukri, Beng. ; Phdlase, BoM. ;
PhuHki or PuHki, Tel.
A small, hazel-like tree, cultivated throughout India, said to be indi-
genous in the Salt Range, Poona, Oudh and Ceylon.
30
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[Part 1
The fruit has a pleasant acrid taste, and is distilled, and a sherbet is
made from it. An infusion of the leaves is regarded as demulcent.
The bark is used in rope-making, and much resembles the European
bast fibres.
Grewia oppositifolia, Roxh,
Vem.—Biul, biufig, bahtil, bhengaly bhenwal, bhimaly Hind.; Dhammany
pharwa, Pb.; Pastuwanne, Afg.j Bie^l, Simla.
A small tree, wild in the North-West Provinces, from the Jumna to
Nepal ; also frequently cultivated.
The bark gives a fibre frequently used in the Punjab for cordage and
paper-making, but is apparently not durable. One tree will give about
five seers of fibre, extracted by rotting for a month or more. The leaves
are used to feed the cattle, and, being stripped off, nothing is thus lost.
G. orbiculata, J^o/zle.
Vem. —
A shrub of the Western Peninsula, nearly allied to the following
species. ^
G. tilisfoUa, Va^l.
Vem.—Pkarsa, dhdmin, Hind. ; Damana, karakana, BoM. ; ICkesla kasul
Gond; CharcLchiy tharra, Tel. ; Dhamono, VkiY a. ' *
A moderate-sized tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Tumna to
Nepal, ascending to 4,000 feet ; also Central and South India.
„ ,The bark yields d good fibre, of which specimens were sent to the Paris
Exhibition of 1878 from Berar. (Gamble.)
GUAZUMA.
Guazuma tomentosa, Kunih,, Sterculiaceje.
The Bastard Cedar.
Vem. — Thainpuchie pattai, Tam. ; Rudracks-hachettu^TKU
^ A tree, stellately hairy upon the young twigs. Perhaps only introduced
into India, and probably a native of the West Indies. Frequentiv cuiti
vated in the warmer parts of the plains and in Ceylon; distributed to'
Java and tropical America. Dr Royle says it is " a South American
tree, mtroduced into India, and largely cultivated at one time in the
Madras Presidency, under the name of Bastard Cedar, as a fodder for
cattle."
Bark used medicinally, being regarded as demulcent *and sliehtlv
astringent. It yields a fibre, very little known. ^ ^
Madras might perhaps supply specimens. Further information esne
cially as to its present use as a fodder, would be very acceptable. '
HARDWICKIA.
Hardwickia binata, Roxh., LEGUHiNosiS:.
Venl.-^«yfl«,HiND5^rAa TAM.;Arar:V^//,j,fl^a,TEL.; Kamrd, karachi
Kan. ; Chota dundhera, Gond. **'^t^nt,
^J^?\^^-^\^"°"^ ^""^^^^ 'j^ ^"^ ^^""^^^^ ^^ ^^"^^ ^"^ Central India.
The bark yields a strong and valuable fibre. (Gamble,)
123
124
X25
126
31
^ART III.]
Economic Products of India.
[IBISCUS.
127
T
X28
HELIANTHUS.
Helianthus annuusi Linn., Compositje.
Vera. — Shuriya-mukH, Bbng. 5 Suryakdnta, Bom.
The common sunflower, largely cultivated in gardens in India.
The seeds yield an oil, and the twigs a fibre.
H. tuberosus, Linn,
The Jerusalem Artichoke, stated to be originally a native of Brazil,
extensively cultivated as a vegetable in India.
The twigs yield a fibre.
HELICTERES.
129 Helicteres Isorai Linn.y Sterculiaceje.
Venu—Maror-phal, jankaphal, kapasi, bkendu. Hind, j Antmordt Beng. ;
Itah^ GoDAVARi ; AttUf Gond; Kewan, kevana (the fruit — muruddsenga)%
Bom. ; Gubadarra, kavanchi, Tel.; Thungiche, Burm.
A large, dense shrub of the tropical or Sub- Himalayan regions ; from the
Punjab to Bengal, South and Central India, and Burma.
The curious twisted carpels are used in medicine.
The fibre extracted from the bark is strong, white, and very useful for
cordage, rough sacking, and canvas ; seems likely to become a source of
paper supply. Specimens were supplied by Berar to the Paris Exhibition.
HETEROPOGON.
031 Heteropogon contortusi Linn., GRAMiNEiE.
The Spear Grass.
Vem.— lVfl?rf», Tel.
Grows on pasture grounds.
Used as a fibre.
131
HIBISCUS.
Hibiscus Abelmoschus, Linn,, MALVACEiE.
The Musk Mallow,
Syn. — Abelmoschus Moschatus, Mcench,
Vcm. — Kasturi, kalla kasturi, bhenda. Hind., BoM. ; Mushakdana, kala
kasturi, Beng. 5 Hub-ul-mushk^ Arab.; Mushk-dana, Fers. ; Miishk
bhendi-ke-binj, Dec; Kastura-benda, kathe kasturi, Tam.; Kasturi
bendavittulu, Tel.
A herbaceous bush, springing up with the rains and flowering in the cold
season. Leaves, of various shapes ; the lower, broad, ovate, cordate ; the
upper, narrow, hastate, very hairy. Common throughout the hotter parts
of India, now met with in most other tropical countries.
The seeds are the Musk Mallow; warm, cordial and stomachic, aromatic
and tonic. The whole plant is mucilaginous.
The stem yields a strong fibre.
32
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[Part I
/
Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn.
Deccani Hemp ; Hemp-leaved Hibiscus.
Vera* — Ambdri, sankokla^ patsar, suni, Dec, Hind. ; Mesia-pdi, nalki>
pulua, Behg. } Garnikura, Sans.; Ambddd, Bom.; Palungii, Tam.;
Gotikura, Tel.
A small, herbaceous shrub, with prickly stems, apparently wild east of the
Northern Ghats ; largely cultivated, especially in North-West Provinces
and Punjab, for its fibre. Stewart says it grows at Ghuzni, altitude 7,000
feet, and is not uncommon on the North- Western Himalaya, at 3,000 feet.
The fibre is used for cordage in the North-West Provinces and the
Punjab. It is stronger, though not so good as Sunn (Crotalaiia jimcea).
A rope experimented with by Royle bore 190 lbs. ; while Sunn gave way
with 150 lbs. In Sind this is considered the best fibre for nets and ropes,
but it is rarely used for ropes. It is the chief fibre used in the manufac-
ture of paper in the Dacca district. It is also used for this purpose in the
Madras Presidency.
It is a very interesting fibre, and deserves more attention. It is some-
times met with as an adulterant of jute. The leaves are eaten as a pot-
herb.
H. esculentus, Linn.
The Edible Hibiscus ; Ochro of West Indies ; Gombo, Fr,
Vera. — Bhindi, raniuri, Hind, j Dkenras, Beng.; Bamya, Arab., Pers. ;
Bhenda,MAHR;Vendi {or bhendi), vendaik-kay, Tam.; Venda-kaya,
Tel.
A herbaceous, annual bush, naturalised in all tropical countries ; only
met with in a cultivated state; probably a native of both India and the
West Indies.
The unripe fruit is a favourite vegetable and medicine.
The bark yields a strong useful fibre, deserving attention. This fibre
seems likely to deserve some attention as a source of paper.
H. ficulneuSi Linn.
Syn. — H. STRICTUS, Roxb.; H. PROSTRATUS, Roxb.
Vera. — Kapasiya, N. W. P.5 Ban-dkeras (f), Beng.; Parupu-benda, nello'
benda, Tam.
A native of the southern provinces ; naturalised in the Punjab, and ex-
tending to Bengal, the Circars, and the Concan.
A small, herbaceous, and annual bush, which should be sown at the
beginning of the rains. Roxburgh recommends that the seeds should be
sown in a bed in May, and that the plants should be transplanted in rows
nine inches apart.
Like most other Mahractm, this yields a valuable fibre. Roxburgh
says, " In none have I found so large a quantity, equally beautiful, long,
glossy, white, fine and strong as in this. To these properties may be added I
the luxuriant growth and habit of the plant, rendering it an object of every
care and attention, at least until the real worth of the material is fairly as-
certained." Like many of Roxburgh's valuable economic discoveries,
this has remained for nearly a century without a single fact having been
added or an^ progress made towards utilising the tons upon tons of valu-
able fibre lymg useless on our waysides.
H. macrophyllus, Xoxb.
An ever-green tree, a native of Eastern Bengal and the Eastern Penin-
sula. Kurz says its Burmese name is Vet woon, and that the liber yields
a strong fibre. It is called Kachta udalf Kasaya palla in Bengal.
C 33
HIBISC1
132
133
134
135
ART IIL]
Economic Products of India.
BISCUS
136
137
138
139
Z40
141
Hibiscus mutabilis.
The Changeable Hibiscus.
Vera* — Skalapara, Hind.; Thulptidma, Beng.j Pudmu-charini, Sans. •
GuH-ajdib (Stewart).
This plant has its flowers white in the morning and red at night. It
is a native of China, but is now largely cultivated in gardens from the
Punjab to Burma and South India.
As with most of the members of the genus, the bark yields a strong
fibre, of which that from the inner layer is soft and silky, that from the
outer layer, hard and of a lead colour.
H. rosa-sinensis, Zinn.
The Shoe Flower, Eng,; Ketmi de Cochin Chine, Fr.
Vern. — yasut, jasum, Dec, HfNp. j ywrna, joba, oru, Beng. ; Tdsa-
vanda, Bom. ; Skappattup-pu, Tam. ; fava-pushpantu, Tel. ; Angharce-
. hindi, Arab. ; Angarce^hindi, Pers.
A favourite shrub in our Indian gardens, with single or double red
yellow, or white flowers.
The flowers are used to give a polish to leather and shoes, and the bark
contains a good fibre.
H. sabdarifTa, Linn.
The Rozblle Fibre.
Vern. — Lal'ambari, patwa, Dec, Hind.; JIfesta, Beng.; Ldla ambddi,
SiND. ; SivappU'kashuruk'kaif Tam. ; Erra-gom-kayay Tel. ; Chinbaung,
BURM.
A small bush, cultivated in many parts of India on account of the
succulent and acrid calyx.
The stems yield a good, strong, silky fibre. These are obtained by
stripping the twigs, when in flower, by rotting. The succulent calyx yielcfs
the fruit made into Rozelle Jelly or Red Sorell Jelly. This fibre deserves
more attention, especially, with reference to the paper supply.
H. tiliaceus, Linn.
Vem. — Bola, chelwa, Beng.; Thinban, Bvrm,
The coasts of India, Burma and Ceylon,
Yields a useful fibre, extensively used for cordage. It is said to gnin
in strength when tarred.
The fibre is readily separated from the green or unsteeped branches,
the work of preparation being less tedious than applies to the other fibre-
yielding plants of the genus. It appears to be well adapted for making
ropes, mats and possibly paper. {Cameron.)
H. tricuspis, Banks.
Veni* — Gurhul.
A tree, introduced from the Society Isle?, cultivated in gardens in
Bengal and the North Western Provinces.
A strong bast-like fibre is obtained from the inner bark of the trunk
and branches of this plant. The sample produced at Bangalore was
steeped in water for 13 days. (Cameron.)
H. vitifolius, Linn.
Vern. — Bun-kapas, Beng.
A common, herbaceous bush, common in the tropical jungles and
brushwoods, with large, yellow flowers having a deep rose purple eye at the
34
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants,
base of the corolla. The leaves arc often much perforated by insects.
The bark yields a strong fibre.
[Part II
INDIQO.
F£RA.
HOLOSTEMMA.
Holostemma Rheeddi Wall,, Asclepiadejs.
Syn. — AscLEPiAS anualaris» ^oxh,
MertL—Apung, Chutia Nagpur; Tulatule, Mahr. j Palagurgi, Tel.
An extensive climber, met with in the forests of India ascending to
altitude 5,000 feet, specially in Mysore, Bombay, Be ngal, and Assam.
Yields a fibre made into ropes.
X42
ICHNOCARPUS.
Ichnocarpus frutescens, Br., Apocynacea.
Syn. — EcHiTES frutescens, Roxb, {FL Ind,, it., 12,)
VertL—Srama, Hind.j Dudki, shyama-lHtta, Beng.; Nalla-tiga, Tel,
An extensive climber, met with on the Western Himalayas, from
Sirmoreto Nepal, altitude 1,000 to 2,000 feet; Upper Gangetic plain from
Delhi to Bengal, Assam, Sylhet, Burma and Ceylon and South India.
The root is sometimes used as a substitute for Sarsaparilla. It has
purgative and alterative properties. The bark yields a good fibre.
IMPERATA.
Imperata anindiiiaceai CyriiL, Graminsje.
Vera* — Shiro.
Lower Himalaya, altitude 7,500 feet.
The fibre is used for the same purpose as that obtained from the
Munja (Sacchamm munja, Roxb,), namely, to prepare the sacrificial thread
of the Hindus ; and the leaves are used for thatching. (Atkinson's
Himalayan Districts.)
From want of specimens I am unable scientifically to identify the
grasses used for fibre, paper, &c., and am, therefore, compelled to compile
from the writings of authors, in the hope that this sketch of the literature
may help to bring in material for the solution of many doubtful questions
of identity and synonymy. I am disposed to think that specimens of
the above plant are, by some authors, placed in Anthistiria aninctsaacea,
Roxb,, the Ulu Grass of the plains of India, which in some places clothes
our railway embankments with a white woolly coat. It seems likely that
they may prove to be synonymous,
INDIGOFERA.
Indigofera abropurpureai Ham., LEGUMiNosiE.
Vera. — Bankati, kala sakena, sakna. Hind.; Khenti Jund, Kaghak;
Kathi, gorkatrif Kashmib.
A small shrub of the Salt Range, from 2,500 to 5,oqo feet, af^d outer
Himalaya from the Jhelum to Nepal, ascending to 9,000 feet, but found as
low as 1,200 feet on the Siwalik Hills.
The twigs are used for basket-work and twig bridges.
35
143
144
14s
Part III.]
Economic Products of India,
JUTE.
Z46
nBRE.
stem.
Papep-
making.
Root.
POT-HERB.
Leaves
Shoots.
MEDICINE.
(Tonic).
Leaves.
ECONOMIC.
The reeds.
JUNCUS.
Juiicus efTusiiSi Juncacea.
Made into mats in Japan to which use Royle suggests that the
Himalayan species, Jniicat (flancns, might be put. In Europe J. gknciis
was formerly used as a rush wick for candles and small oil lamps.
JUTE.
JutCi the fibre obtained from the stems of two plants belonging to the
natuial order Tiliaceae. In the central and eastern parts of Bengal,
Corchoms capsularis, -^., is chiefly cultivated, while in the neighbour-
hood of Calcutta C. olitorius, Z.,is more frequent. Either or both
together yield the jute of commerce.
References— /^^jw Chunder Kerr's Report on Jute and other Fibres in BengaU
1877; Royle, Fibrous Plants^ Ind, 240-^252; Spons* Encycl., 940; Hook. Fl*
Br, Ind, i, 397 ; Roxb, Fl, Ind, Ed, C, B, C, 429 ; Ainslie, Mat, Ind, ii, 3S7
Drury, U. PL
Comm. and Vera. Names. —Jute, or Jew's MaHow, Eng. ; 3^ute, Mauve \des
juifs, cordetextile, Fr.j Jute, Ger.; Pat, Beng. Roxburgh says that
" the Bengalis call it jute," but Royle enters into an explanation ot.the origin of
the word, which he makes out to be a corruption of choti, the name of a coarse
doth formerly made from this fibre. In Orissa, this doth was called 7^ m^,
from which probably Roxburgh derived Jute, Phetcwoon, Burm.; Patta,
Juta, Sans. The plant when used as a pot-herb and dried as a medidne is in
Bengal called Nalita, The fibre is Pat or Koskta, and is commerdallyj^M^^.
The doth, which was once largely worn by the poorer dasses, although now
almost superseded by European goods, is called Tat, The coarser doth
mside into bags and used tor bedding was called Choti, The word gunny
is perhaps derived from ** gun,** a sail; or from **goni" a South Indian
name for coarse sackdoth, made originally, as it would appear, from Sunn,
not from Jute.
Properties and Uses.
Xifj. — It is extensively cultivated on account of the^^r^, which is
prepared by retting the stems in stagnant water.
j^, — The root is used as a fibre material in paper manufacture
and the
149. — "Rejections" are largely used in paper manufacture, and
for the coarse weft yarn of heavy bagging and sacking.
XgO.-^'* Cuttings " are used in paper manufacture, and in the
manufacture of heavy bags and sacks.
Xgl.^-The leaves and tender shoots are eaten as a pot-herb by the
natives and are brought into the bazars in large quantities in July and
Aiugust : they are never eaten by Europeans. This is in all probability
the same genus as that which yielded "the ancient Greek pot-herb
Korkhorus\ hence the botanical generic name.
152. — An infusion of the dried leaves is used by the natives as a
tonic ; for this purpose the leaves are known as nalita.
153. — ^The reeds or dried stems after the bark has been removed
are used for a variety of purposes, and Royle says they are nearly as valu-
able to the cultivator as the fibre itself. They are straight, brittle, and
readily combustible, and are largely consumed in the preparation
36
Fibres and Fibre^yielding Plants,
[Part I
of the charcoal used for gunpowder and in the manufacture of fire-
works. They are also largely used as tinder in the preparation of native
matches. They are formed into the large shady enclosures within which
the betel-pepper leaf is cultivated ; and from which was derived the
idea of the modern orchid-house. One of the most useful purposes
to which the jute cane is put, is the burning or charring of the hulls
of native boats to destroy or expel the insects which may have com-
menced their depredations upon the timber. For this purpose the
boat is raised to a certain height above the ground, and a few bundles
of the jute canes are ignited below. Tied in bundles, they are also
used for torch-light processions during the Lukhf'Pdjah ; Europeans
use them as pea-stakes. An occasional crop of jute is said to improve
a soil by exterminating the coarse grass which often takes a detrimental
hold of a field.
General Account,
CULTIVATION AND PREPARATION.
In Bengal, jute is largely cultivated in the following districts : Pubna,
Dinagepur, Rung pur, Mymensingh, Tipperah, Purnean, Julpiguri, Bogra,
Dacca, Hugli, and the 24-Pergunnahs ; moderately in Kuch Behar, Farid-
pur, Rajshahye, Backerganj, and in Goalpiira in Assam.
Soil. Jute seems to be capable of cultivation on almost any kind of
soil. It is least successful and almost unprofitable, however, upon laterite
and open gravelly soils, and most productive upon a loamy soil, or rich
clay and sand. The finest qualities are grown upon the higher lands
{suncC) in the vicinity of the homestead upon which the aus paddy, pulses,
and tobacco generally form the rotation. The coarser and larger qualities
are grown chiefly upon {salt lands) the churs or mud banks and islands
formed by the rivers ; and, indeed, the latter kinds may also be found
upon submerged lands, and may be said to luxuriate in the salt-impreg-
nated soil of the Sunderbans. Mr. Hem Chunder Kerr shows that in
1872-73 less than one million acres were under jute cultivation in Bengal,
and that these spread over about 37 million acres of country, (This
includes portions of the plains of Assam and Cachar where jute may be
cultivatea.) Should the demand be doubled, the production would
absorb only one-eighteenth part of the available land.
Cliniate. A hot, damp climate, in which there is not too much actual
rain, especially in the early part of the season, is the most advantageous ;
in exceptionally dry seasons one frequently finds crops standing through
the cold season which the cultivator did not regard as worth cutting down.
Preparation of Soil. It may be stated that, when the crop is to be
raised on low lands, where there is danger of early flooding, ploughing
commences earlier than upon the higher lands. The more clay in the soil,
the more frequently is it ploughed before sowing. The preparation thus
commences in November or December, or not till February or March ;
the soil is generally ploughed from four to six times \ the clods are broken
and pulverised ; ana at the final ploughing the weeds are collected, dried,
and burned.
Seed* No special attention is paid to the selection of good seeds, nor
do the cultivators buy and sell their seeds. In the corner of the field
a few plants are left to ripen into seed, and these are, next year, sown
broadcast. The sowings, according to the position and nature of the soil,
commence about the middle of March and extend to the end of June.
37
Part III.]
Economic Products of India.
JUTE.
Harvest The time for reaping the crop depends entirely upon the date
of sowing ; the season commences, with the earliest crop, about the end
of June, and extends to the beginning of October.
The crop is considered in season whenever the flowers appear, and past
season, with the fruits. The fibre from plants that have not flowered is
weaker than from those in fruit ; the latter is coarser, and wanting^ in gloss,
though stronger. It is late reaping that is chiefly accountable for the
coarse fibre found in the market.
Crop, The average crop of fibre per bfglia is a little over 5 maunds,
but the yield varies considerably, being as high as 10 or 12 in some
districts and as low as i — 2 or 3 in others, and it is also very depen-
dent upon the season.
Separation of Fibre by Retting^. At present, as practised by the na-
tives, the fibre is separated from the stems by a process of retting in
pools of stagnant water. In some districts the crop is stacked in bundles
for two or three days, to give time for the decay of the leaves,
which are said to discolouur the fibre in the retting process; in others
the bundles are carried off and at once thrown into the water. There
is some ground for thinking that, if the drying of the leaves by stack-
ing does not prevent the discoloration of the fibre, the fibre itself is
likely to be benefited by the process, since it is found to separate more
readily from the stems, and is thereby saved from the danger of rotting from
over^ maceration. In some districts the bundles of jute stems are sub-
merged in rivers, but the common practice seems to be in favour of
tanks or road^side stagnant pools. The period of retting depends upon the
nature of the water, the kind of fibre, and condition of the atmosphere. It
varies from two to twenty-fiVe days. The Operator has therefore to visit the
t^iilf daily, and ascertain, by means of his nail, if the fibre has begun to se-
parate from the stem. Thisperiod must not be exceeded, otherwise the fibre
becomes rotten and almost useless for commercial purposes. The bundles
are mlide to sink in the water by placing on the top of them sods and mud.
When the proper stage has been reached, the retting is rapidly completed.
The cultivator, standing up to the waist in the foetid water, proceeds " to re-
move ^mall portions 6f the'bark from the ends next the roots, and, grasping
them together, he strips off the whole with a little management from end to
end without breaking either stem or fibre. Having brought a certain
quantity into this half-prepared state, be next proceeds to wash off ; this is
done by taking a large handful ; swinging it round his head, he dashes it
rapidly against the surface of the water and draws it towards him, so as to
wash off the impurities ; then, with a dexterous throw, he spreads it out on the
surface of the water and carefully picks off all remaining black spots. It
is now wrung out so as to remove as much water as possible, and then
hung up on lines prepared on the spot, to dry in the sun.'' — (Mr, Henley^
in Koyle*s Fibrous Plants, 248,)
Extfaction of Fibre by meaits of Machtnery. There is little doubt
that the retting weakens the fibre very considerably. Could a simple
contrivance be invented for the purpose of extracting the dry jute fibre,
and if it were so cheap that it might be procured even by the poorer cul-
tivators, new and at present undreamt-of industries might spring into
existence. It is to be feared, however, that machinery will, for some
time to come, be beyond the means of the cultivator, and that the principal
improvement may be looked for in the application of natural, mineral,
or chemical appliances somewhat on the lines of the Ekmati Patent
process for the separation of fibres. A machine deserves attention which
is known as Garwood's patent : it does no more than separate the bark
from fche stem, and the fresher the stem, the more easily is the bark se-
38
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants,
[ Part III
parated. Mr. W. Cogswell, who is an undoubted authority on the
question of jute, expressed in December 1881 his opinion that a softer
fibre was obtained by the old process {^idz A. H. Society Proceedings,
December 188 1.)
COMMERCIAL VARIETIES.
There are several well-known commercial varieties of jute fibre, of
which the following, arranged in the order of their commercial importance,
are the more important : Uttariyd, Deswdl, Desi, Deord, Serajganji,
Narainganji, Bdkrabadi, Bhatial, Karimganji, Mirganji, and Jungipuri,
For convenience of reference we shall discuss these in alphabetical order.
Z* Bakrabadl. — A beautiful soft fibre, one of the finest qualities from the
Dacca district, being raised on the churs of the Megna river.
2« Bhatial. — A coarse strong fibre, chiefly exported to Europe for rope manu-
facture. It is grown on churs and obtained from the south of Na-
rainganj ; hence the name, from bhati, tidal.
3, Deora (in commerce Dowrah). — A strong useful fibre, used chiefly in rope
manufacture. It derives its name from a village near Faridpur, wh'ere
there was formerly a large mart for this variety of jute. The name is
given to all the jute from Backerganj and Faridpur.
4* Desi (in commerce Daissee), —T\i\s is a useful and good fibre, largely used
for gunnies ; it is long, soft, and fine, but it has a bad colour and is pro-
nounced '* fuzzy." It is produced in the districts around Calcutta, such
as Hugli, Burdwan, Jessore, and the 24-Pergunnahs.
5« Deswal. — A fine bright-coloured fibre, much admired on account of its
strength. After the Uttariya this is, commercially, the most important
variety. It comes from the neighbourhood of Serajganj, and is said
to consist of two kinds or sub-varieties : —
(a) Bilan Deswal, or fibre from the crop grown over bheels or
marshes.
ip) Charna Deswal, or fibre from the crop grown on churs.
6. Jangfipuri. — A poor fibre, short, weak, and more suited for paper manufac-
ture than for spinning. It comes from the Pubna district.
7» Kpiun^nji. — A fairly good fibre, very long and of good colour. It comes
from the Mymensingh district, taking its name from a small village.
8* Mir^nji. — ^Generally an inferior fibre ; the worst kind coming from Mir-
ganj, a village on the Teesta. The fibre generally comes from the
Rungpore district.
9. Narain^nji (in commerce Naraingunge), — This is an excellent fibre for
spinning, being long and soft. It comes from the Dacca district, and is
exported to Calcutta from the Narainganj marts.
10. Serajganji (in commerce Seraj gunge), — Produced in the Pubna and My-
mensingh districts.
II* Uttariya.— This is regarded as the finest variety; it is long, has a bril-
liant colour, is strong and easily spun, but it is not up to Desi or
Deswal in softness. It comes into the market in November. It re-
ceives its name on account of its coming from the northern portions of
Serajganj and that neighbourhood. The following are the localities
from which it is obtained : Rungpore, Goalpara, Bogra, parts of My-
mensingh, Kuch Behir, and Julpiguri.
These 11 varieties, and other minor examples, are, in commerce, gene-
rally grouped under four leading qualities represented by the Serajganj,
Narainganj t Desi and Deora ; and these again are classed as " Fine,"
Medium " and " Common " according, to the qualities of the fibres.
39
JUTS.
((
Part III.]
Economic Products of India.
JUTE.
PRICE OF CULTIVATION,
No trustworthy figures are available of the prime cost to the culti-
vators of raising and extracting a maund of jute fibre. But the follow-
ing figures which have been kindly furnished by a private firm lead to
the rates paid to the growers. Jute landed in Calcutta cost as follows
per maund in the last four years :—
Qaailties.
1879-80.
1880.^1.
z88i-8a.
1882-83.
(Fine .
Naraingan} . < Medium ,
(Common
(Fine .
Serajganj . •< Medium .
(.Common
Rs. A. P.
539
496
409
540
4 II
420
Rs. A. P.
503
469
3 13 7
520
480
3 15
Rs. A. P.
4 15 10
4 3 4
3 10 4
5 I
440
3 12
Rs. A. P.
376
2 15 2
276
390
3 I
290
The charges per maund incurred from the time the jute is purchased
from the producer to the time it is landed in Calcutta are as follows ap-
proximately : —
Freight to Calcutta
Drumming, shipping, &c. .
Aratdari ....
Bepari*s profit .
Total
Narainganj,
Serajganj.
Rs. A. P.
S
020
020
050
Rs. A. P.
080
020
020
050
I I
I I
AVXAL> . X A \/ AAV
Deducting the charges just shown from the cost of the jute landed in
Calcutta, will give the rates paid to the grower, thus 2 —
Qoalities.
1879-80.
i88o-8i.
i88i-83«
I882-83.
(Fine . ,
Narainganj . •< Medium .
(Common
(Fine .
Serajgfanj . •< Medium .
(.Common
Rs. A. P.
4 I 9
386
2 IS 9
430
3 10
3 I
Rs. A. P.
3 15 3
3 5 9
2 12 9
410
370
2 14
Rs. A. P.
3 14 10
334
294
400
330
2 II
Rs. A. P.
266
I 14 2
I 6 6
280
200
I 8
The prime cost to the cultivators must be something lower than the
figfures shown in this last statement ; and assuming that the data fur-
nished are near the truth, if not absolutely correct, they lead to the fol-
lowing important inferences, war,, {a) that the price of jute has
40
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants,
[ Part III.
JUTE.
declined considerably during the last four years, and (h) that while the
profits of the middle men have not varied, those of the growers have
fallen proportionately with the fall of prices in Calcutta. If the prices
which merchants can afford to pay to the growers do not rise, it is aoubt-
ful whether the latter will continue to cultivate jute in any considerable
quantities. At present the two classes of the fibre known as Narainganji.
and Serajganji form a very large proportion of the jute imported into
Calcutta, thus :—
Classes.
1879-80.
1880^1.
i88i-8a.
i88a-83.
Mds.
Mds.
Mds.
Mds.
Narainganj ....
Serajganj • • • •
25,00,000
26,00,000
32,00,00
28,00,00
35,00,000
30,00,000
45,00,000
35,00,000
Total Imports intoCal-
curiA ....
HISTORY OF THE JUTE INDUSTRY.
The HISTORY OF THE JUTK INDUSTRY is exceedingly interesting, and
intimately associated with the British rule in India. There can be no
doubt that jute was known to the people of India from, remote periods,
but the confusion which existed down to the present century in the words
sunn, pat or patta, bhanga and hemp, applied to certain Indian fibres,
renders it difficult to determine the plants referred to by the ancient
writers. The probability is that sunn hemp (the fibre of Crotalaria jun-
cea) was better known to the ancient Hindus t\\ait\ jute, and that in still
more ancient times the true hemp (Cannabis sativa) was known to them, if
not brought to India by their invading and conquering ancestors. It may
be assumed that sunni, patta^ and bhangi were synonymous and generic
terms for fibre and coarse cloth, without regard to the plant from which
the fibre was obtained. About the beginning of the present century, how-
ever, the word pat became fixed and associated with the fibre of Corchonui
olitoriiis and capsularis* Prior to that date the Government returns of
the exportations from India mention hemp fibre; this must have either
been sunn or jute, since true hemp fibre has not been cultivated for cen-
turies, and modern experiments have shown that it is not capable of culti-
vation as a fibre plant in the plains of India.
With the advance of civilization came an increased demand for cloth, at
first as a luxury, and latterly as a necessity. Jute probably met this demand ;
and, indeed, the poorer people, little more than half a century ago, were
largely clad in jute cloth of home manufacture, such as, at the present day,
is used by the aboriginal tribes. The increased facilities for the importa-
tion of cheap European piece-goods checked, however, the development of
the indigenous industry; but with the rapid progress in every other branch
of industry, there opened up a foreign trade in jute which the agricultura-
list found remunerative. The resources of the rich plains of India,
Burma, and China, and latterly America, Australia and Egypt, were
by the British mercantile fleet made available for the supply of grain.
Bags were required for this trade, and thousands of rough gunnies were
greedily bought up. The high price obtained was a powerful incen-
tive to increased activity, and thus the gunny-bag trade rapidly became a
41
Part III.]
Economic Products of India.
JUTE.
recognised part of the Bengal peasant's work. By and by, however,
European machinery began to compete with manual labour, and in due time
it gained the day. Jute was exported to Europe for cordage, and ultimate-
ly for the manufacture of the bags required in the grain trade. The first
commercial mention of the word " jute '* is in the customs returns of the
exports for 1828, when 364 cwt. were sent to Europe. Soon the agriculturist
found that his time would be more profitably spent in preparing an extra
quantity of fibre, than in manufacturing bags to compete with steam and
mechanical appliances ; the preparation of fibre speedily outstripped the
demand for home manufacture, and a large export trade was established
in raw jute to feed the Scotch mills. Thus transferred from its original home,
the gunny trade took a new start in Dundee, and down to the year 1854
little or no effort was made to improve the Indian manufacture by the appli-
cation of European machinery. In that year, however, the ** Ishera Yarn
Mills Company " was established at Ishera near Serampore by Mr.
George Ackland, a large owner of coffee plantations in Ceylon and non-
official member of the Legislative Council of that Island : these mills
were afterwards called the " Ishera Company, Limited," and are now
known as the " Wellington Mills." Three years later (1857) the "Borneo
Company, Limited," which was a company originally established to
exploit the Island of Borneo, founded the mills now known as the '' Bara-
nagore Jute Mills." In 1863-64 the Gouripore Jute Factory came into exis-
tence. Factories sprang up rapidly in every direction around Calcutta.
In the Trade Returns for 1869-70 the exportation of manufactured jute
was^,44l,863 gunny bags manufactured by power and hand looms, and
brbughf into competition with the Dundee bags. This trade developed
steadily, and in 1879-80, ten years later, over 55,908,000 gunnies were
exported from India. The relative importance of the export trade in raw
jute, as compared with the exports in manufactured jute of all kinds, may
be seen by a careful examination of the tables here given in the succeed-
ing pages, but the result may be summarised by saying that in 1881-82 the
exports of raw jute amounted to ;f 5,030,302, whereas for the same year
the entire exports from India of power and hand-loom jute manufactures
amounted to only ;f 1,097,250, Tnus, it would seem that even with 22 large
European factories at work in India, and the numerous hand-looms
scattered over the entire country, her foreign jute interests were four
times as valuable to India as her home manufactures. A comparison
between the exports of Indian ** power-loom " as compared with ** hand-
loom" manufactures will still further show the extent to which the jute
manufactures have passed out of the hands of the Indian peasants who
alone, little more than 40 years ago, met the demand for gunny bags.
This is seen very clearly when the above figures for 1881-82 are compared
with the exports of 1850-51. At that time the value of the gunnies exported
was greater than that of the raw jute, — the former being £215,978, the
latter, ;£ 197,071. There were no European factories in India in 1850,
so that the market was supplied by the Indian peasant's hand-loom.
Steadily the exports increased, the demand for gunnies calling into
existence the Dundee ijnills, and soon after the Indian factories. No-
thing could demonstrate the development of the jute trade more than
a careful examination of the exports of raw jute and manufactured
jute from i860 to 1880. During that period 22 factories, larger than
the average jute factories of Europe, have come into existence, and have
gradually commenced to pour their manufactures into the market, largely,
if not entirely, meeting the home (Indian) consumption. While this has
been taking place, the foreign exports of raw jute have uninterruptedly
continued to increase, each year exceeding the preceding, apparently quite
unaffected by the powerful Indian competition to the Dundee and other
foreign manufactures.
42
Fibres and Fibre yielding Plants.
[Part III
RAW JUTE.
EXPORTATION AND HOME CONSUMPTION.
The following abstract of the exports of raw jute from Cal-
cutta will be found exceedingly interesting, as showing the steady
and constant increase and development of the jute trade. The mean
exportations for each period of five years, during the 50 years commencing
with 1828, will be seen to have, in round numbers, almost doubled those
of the preceding period. It should be carefully noted, however, that
these figures represent but a portion of the jute industry, — namely, the
exports. The home consumption is generally about twice as valuable
as the (foreign) exports, (See page 48.)
Up to
Average of five
•^ years, in cwts.
1832-33 , 11,800
1837.38
•
67,483
1842-43
117,047
1847-48
234,055
1852-53
439.850
1857-58
710,826
1862-63
969,724
1867.68
2,628,110
1872-73
4,858,162
1877-78
5,362,267
The exportations from Bengal of raw jute during the last pub-
lished year (1881-82) were 7,510,081 cwts., so that the average for the
five years ending 1882-83 must be considerably over 6,000,000 cwts.
The rapid, yet constant, increase in the jute trade, which the above
figures show, from 364 cwts. in 1828 to 7,510,081 cwts. in 1883, represent-
ing an increase in value from Rs. 620 to Rs, 5,03,03,023 in the short
period of 55 years, speaks volumes for the noble fleet of merchant
vessels trading with our Indian j)orts. Mr. Hem Chunder Kerr, in his
valuable Report on the Cultivation of and Trade in jfute in Bengal,
has, as appears from the figures quoted, laid too much stress upon the
Russian war in 1854-55 as a cause of the development of the jute trade
of India. It doubtless was a cause, but an insignificant one as com-
pared with the internal administrative reforms and with the engineering
enterprise which, by railway, road, and canal, brought the resources of
India into the field of European commerce.
ExpoHation of raw jute . from all India from 1877 to 1882.
Years.
Qoantity in cwts.
Value in rnpees.
(877-78 .
1878-79 .
1879^80 .
1880-81 .
1881.82 .
5,450,276
6,021,382
6,680,670
5,809,815
7>5io,3i4
3,51,81,137
3,80,04,263 ^
4*37,00,325
3*93,40,296
5,03,03,023
JT7TE.
43
Part III.]
Economic Products of Indta^
JUTE.
The figures given for the successive years show that the exportation
of jute steadily increased from 1,092^668 cwts. in 1860-61, to 3,754>o83
cwts. in 1870-71 ; in i87i»72, it suddenly rose to 6,133.813 cwts., and
during the past ten years it has had an average of about 5,500,000 cwts.
The following analysis of the exports of raw jute from India for the
year 1881-82, taken from the Annual Statement of Trade and Navigation,
shows the presidency from which it was exported and the chief countries
to which it was consigned : —
Presidency
from which
Quantity in
Value in
Country to
Quantity in
Value in
exported.
CWtB.
rupees.
which exported.
cwts.
rupees.
Bengal .
7,510,081
5.03.01,752
United Kingdom
5.627,534
4,03,09,974
Bombay .
195
975
Austria
105,540
7.75.725
Madras .
38
297
France
141,181
9,90,031
Italy
82,308
6,32,384
Germany .
33.804
2,27,640
Egypt
34,957
2,34,670
United States .
1,431,014
67,57,183
Total .
Other countries .
Total
53.976
3.75.416
7.510,314
5.03.03.023
7,510,314
5,03,03,023
Indian commercial men calculate that on an average Scotland consumes
over 18400 bales (73,600 cwts.) a week. Of these, Messrs. Cox Brothers
consume 2,200 ; Messrs. Gilroy & Sons, 750 ; Messrs. Malcolm, Ogilvie,
& Co., 650 ; Mr, John Sharp, 700. In England the weekly consumption is
over 1,860 bales, the largest consumers being the Barrow Company, 600.
In Ireland the total weekly consumption is about 730 bales, the largest
firm consuming under 300 bales a week. Thus Great Britain requires
over 21,000 bales or 84,000 cwts. a week, or 4,200,000 cwts. a year
to keep her existing jute factories employed. These figures when com-
pared with the hand-loom consumption in Bengal shows how completely the
gunny trade has passed out of the hands of the I ndian peasant. The entire
hand-loom consumption in Bengal is given as 2,23,000 maunds a year, but
all6wing 50,000 maunds more to cover imperfections, this would give an
annual consumption of 105,000 cwts. The Scotch power-looms alone
consume 73,600 cwts. a week, or 3,710,000 cwts. a year.
France requires 4,000 bales a week, its largest consumer. Saint Freres,
requiring 700 bales; Germany requires 2,170 a week, of which the
Brunswick Jute Spinning Company consume 770 bales ; Belgium requires
845 bales a week; Austria, 580; Spain, 250 ; Holland, 400 ; Norway,
100, Taking annual figures for the whole of Europe it is found that Great
Britain and the Continent of Europe require 1,800,000 bales a year, or
6,428,580 cwts. Of course, these figures must vary considerably from year
to year, but they may be relied on as approximately and relatively correct.
It may be here stated that as merchants adopt the calendar year and Gov-
ernment the financial year, from April to March, considerable difficulty
has been experienced in comparing the Government Statistical Tables of
Exports wit)> those kindly supplied to me by one or two well known jute
firms in Calcutta.
44
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants,
[Part III.
JUTE.
Comparing with the above figures the 22 Indian factories, which on an
average each consume 500 bales per week, or 600,000 bales a year, equi-
valent to 2,142,948 cwts., it appears that to keep the existing factories
of Europe and India working, about 8,57 1,428 cwts. of raw jute are required ;
and adding to this amount the quantity annually consumed by America,
Australia and other foreign countries, vf^., 600,000 bales, or 2,142,498 cwts.,
not included in the above calculation, the annual consumption cannot
be much under 3,000,000 bales, or 10,714,476 cwts. In his report on
the jute trade in Bengal, Mr. Hem Chunaer Kerr gives the amount
raised in 1872 as 13)568,485 maunds. He further states that 5 maunds
per bigha is the average yield, and that the above quantity raised in 1872
was obtained from 925,899 acres.
Looking at the exportation of raw jute, of manufactured jute and the
home (Indian) consumption known to our commercial men, the statement
that the jute trade is represented at the present date by an annual con-
sumption of over 10,000,000 cwts. of raw jute does not seem to be far from
correct. This roughly represents an annual source of wealth equal to
about 8 millions of pounds sterling as compared to the exports in 1828
of £62.
THE MANUFACTURE OF JUTE, AND THEIR
EXPORTATION FROM INDIA.
In the vicinity of Calcutta, since 1864, 19 jute factories have sprung
up in rapid succession. Of these, 12 are limited companies, with a
nominal capital of Rs. 1,81,33,8005 the others are private factories.
These 19 factories have 5,464 looms and 87,071 spindles, and they give
employment to 21,089 men, 9,519 women, 4,254 young persons, and
2,719 children. In Bombay there is one limited jute company with a
nominal capital of Rs. 6,00,000, and giving employment to about 590
persons. In Madras there is a private jute company, employing about
878 persons. Thus up to the present date there are in all India 22 jute
factories with 5,655 looms, 90,755 spindles, employing 40,551 persons.
They are almost exclusively employed in the gunny bag or cloth trade,
three only doing a small business in cordage or other manufactures. New
mills and extensions are in progress which will probably increase the
number of looms to over 7,000.
In 1879 there were in England 12 factories, in Scotland 99, in Ireland
6; in all 117 factories, with 212,676 single and 7,492 double spindles, and
11,288 looms, giving employment in all to 36,354 persons. In India there
are only 22 factories, but these employ 40,551 persons.
It is difficult to make a reliable comparison without the details
of every individual factory. Judging from the published statistics
of jute factories in Scotland during the year 1879, and comparing 22 of
these with the Indian factories for the same year, we may^ however,
conclude that the Indian mill workman was inferior to the Scotch work-
man in the ratio of 3 to 7. That is to say, it requires 7 persons to work
one loom in an Indian factory, against 3 workmen in a Scotch factory.
This conclusion is arrived at by dividing the total number of persons
employed in a factory by the number of its loons and obtaining the
average for all Scotch factories and the average for all Indian fac-
tories. Of course this calculation is open to the error of the Indian and
English factories not nianufacturing the same cloth ; but relatively it may
be relied upon.
45
ART III.]
Economic Products of India.
JUTE.
Exportation of GvwY Bags during the past fve years.
Years.
POWKR-LOOM.
Hand-loom.
Quantity.
Value
Quantity.
Value.
1877-78 ....
1878-79 ....
1879-80 ....
1880-81 ....
1881-82 ....
No.
25,695,574
43,393,267
53,989,661
51,004,030
41,156,766
Rs.
71,37,022
99,71,8(59
1,09,13,660
1,04,97,636
1,05,12,437
No.
710,965
1,960,777
1,919,070
1,382,197
916,053
Bs.
1,59,664
4,55,032
4,08,119
2,68,553
3,28,375
The following analysis of the exports of gunny bags for the year
1881-82 shows the presidencies where they were manufactured and the
countries to which tney were exported : —
PUWER.LOOM.
Presidency
from which
exported.
Quantity.
Value.
Country to which
exported.
Quantity.
Value.
•
No.
Bs.
No.
Bs.
Bengal
Bombay •
40,409,325
1,03,10,851
Australia .
15,917,959
58,71,690
697,952
1,90,339
China: Hong-Kong
9,948,610
12,81,022
Sindh
12,068
2,839
Straits
6,408,812
15,02,609
Madras •
28,315
6,736
United States
5,949,500
8,77,634
British Bur-
9,106
1,672
Natal
7SZ>o57
2,53,154
ma (prob-
ably re-
Cape of Good
Hope.
519,150
2,19,763
exports).
Persia , •
393,419
1,03,792
Egypt
365,400
1,60,403
Ceylon
144,207
40,951
United Kingdom .
106,606
29,604
Total .
Other countries .
Total .
650,046
1,71,815
41,156,766
i^5»i2,437
41,156,766
1,05,1.2,437
Hand-loom.
Presidency
from which
exported.
Qnantiiy.
Value.
Country to which
exported.
Quantity.
Value.
Bengal «
Bombay .
Madras . .
Sindh •
Total .
No.
905,775
4,500
5,510
268
Bs.
3,25,816 ,
1,575
804
180
Australia
Cape of Good Hope .
United States
South America
Mauritius
Other countries
TOT^L .
No.
520,175
199,900
150,000
20,000
13,000
12,978
Bs.
2,44,369
44,630
28,250
5,400
2,515
3,211
916,053
3>28,375
916,053
3,28,375
46
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[Part III.
The following tables show the exportations of gunny cloth during
the past five years, and the presidencies in which the cloth was manufac»
tured and the countries to which it was exported during the year 1881-82:—
JUTE.
Years.
POWKR-LOOM,
Hand-loom.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
1877-78
1878-79
1879-80
1880-81 » • . . .
1881-82
Yards.
2,964,069
4,536,331
5,210,246
4,214,964
988,796
Bs.
3,55,190
5,14,655
6,06,543
5,05,617
1,19,455
Yards.
1,490
134,360
2,760
11,000
•••
Bs.
910
10,991
370
1,000
•••
Analysis of Exports of Gunny Cloth Cpo'Ufer4oomJ from India for the
year 1881-82,
Presidency
from which
exported.
Quantity.
Value.
Country to which
exported.
Quantity.
Value.
Bengal
Bonrmay
Madras
Total .
Yards.
975,111
12,485
1,200
Rs.
1,16,825
2,030
600
China: Hong-Kong"
United States
Ceylon .
Persia .
Italy .
Australia
Other countries
Total .
Yards.
505,000
366,200
44,062
41,900
11,459
11,050
9,135
Bs.
58,474
44,992
6,234
5,707
1,810
1,291
947
988,796
1,19,455
988,796
•
«,I9,455
The exportation of rope and twins durinc^ the past five years may
be seen from the following table ; and the analysis of that for the year
1881-82 shows the presidencies from which, and the countries to which,
they were exported : —
Years.
Quantity in
cwts.
Value In
rupees.
1877.78 ....
1878-79 ....
1879-80 ....
l88o-8i ....
1881-82 ....
4,428
2,768
2,053
2,229
1,372
54,431 '
28,298
"6,754
27,518
12,194
47
Part III ]
Economic Products of India.
JUTE.
Analysis of Exports of Rope and Twinb from India for the year
Pk'esidency from
iKhich exported.
Quantity
in cwts.
Value in
rupees.
Country to which
exported.
Quantity
m cwts.
Value ill
rupees.
Bengal
Bombay •
Madras
British Burma
Total
1.370
I
• • •
I
12,129
40
5
20
United States .
Straits
Australia .
Other countries .
Total
718
491
158
5
2,781
6,907
2,411
95
1.372
12,194
1,372
12,194
LOCAL CONSUMPTION.
It should be carefully observed that the preceding tables show only the
exportation, properly so called, of bales of prepared gunny bags, gunny
cloth, or jute rope as such. They do not include the thousands of gunnies,
&c., which annually leave the ports of India containing grain or other pro-
duce, nor those used for home purposes or sent to other parts of India.
The above figures do not, therefore, show the whole out-turn of gunnies
annually manufactured in India. In fact, from January to December
1882, 119,042,771 gunnies were actually made by power-looms, of which
only 41,523,607 were exported; so that the exports were barely one-third
of the number actually manufactured. The following table will show the
relations of the home consumption to the exports more clearly : —
Statement of Home Consumption and Exports of Gunnies _/r<?m ist January
to Bist December 1882,
Burma
Straits •
Bombay and Persian Gulf
Madras and Malabar
Coromandel Coast
Ceylon
Up-country by rail
Used for other exports from Calcutta
13.312,306
9.153.233
20,001,308
1,064,848
3.609,950
177.777
11,351,000
11,848,742
Total of Home Consumption
Australia •
New Zealand
Cape of Good Hope
Mauritius
Egypt
America
Hongkong (not Hessians)
Britain
Europe
11,372,387
5,060,160
706,308
1 19,078
691,078
20,554,251
413,700
516,417
90,231
Total of Exports
77.519.164
Grand Total of Home Consumption and Exports
41.523.607
119,042,771
48
Fibres and Fibres-yielding Plants.
[ Part III
CLASSIFICATION OF THE JUTE MANUFACTURES.
The manufactures of jute or pat may be referred to three primary
sections :
I. Cloth of different qualities ranging from substitutes for silk to
shirtines, curtains, carpets, and gunnies.
IK Paper chiefly prepared from the " rejections " and ** cuttings."
III. Cordage from the coarser and stronger qualities.
These three sections may each be divided into a number of sub-divisions,
which for convenience maybe arranged in two leading groups, viz.^ native
and indigenous manufactures, "hand-loom" and European or "power-
loom " manufactures, whether made in Europe or in India. We shall
first enumerate the indigenous manufactures since these bear on the history
of the industry,
INDIGENOUS MANUFACTURES.
Indigenous Cloth.-^Every homestead in Bengal has suspended from a
beam in the roof of the verandah a few bundles of jute fibre, which, while
talking pleasantly with a neighbour, the peasant twists, with various kinds
of spindles, into twine of varying thickness, intended for domestic purposes
or for the yarn from which the women prepare the home-spun cloth or
gunny bags. Babu Ramcomal Sen, in the Transactions of the Agri-Horti-
cultural Society, describes three different modes of preparing twine or
yarn in Bengal, The first is by means of a reel, called a dhera, the second
by the takur, and the third by the ghurgurra. The first is said to be
used in making yarn for gunnies, the second for fine yarns intended for
cloth, and the third for twine to be afterwards made into ropes.
The natives weave three distinct kinds of jute cloth : —
ist. Thick cloth used for making gunny bags. Of this there are three
qualities, the best being known as amrabati. These correspond to the
tnree qualities of hand-loom gunnies in commerce.
izndy Fine cloth. — This is generally knowh by the name of mekli dhokrd,
and is chiefly used as a doth to sleep on ; it is often beautifully striped
blue or red.
^rd. Coarse cloth. — This is lareely used for making the sails of country
boats (gun), and also for bags to hold large seeds or fruits.
The following are the prmcipal districts in Bengal where indigenous
jute manufactures (hand-looms) may be said to exist to any considerable
extent : — Hugli, consuming about 1,20,000 maunds of jute a year; Dacca,
50,000; Rungpore, 50,000; Moorshedabad, 38,000; Malda, 25,000;
ulpiguri, Pubna, &c., smaller quantities.
EUROPEAN MANUFACTURES.
Cloth made in Factories. — Jute is now largely used in the manufacture
of carpets, curtains, shirtings, and is also mixed with silk or used for imi-
tating silk fabrics. It has been applied extensively as a substitute for
hemp : for this purpose the fibres are rendered soft and flexible by being
sprinkled with water and oil, in the proportion of 20 tons of water and 2f
tons of train oil to 100 tons of jute. Sprinkled with this the jute is left for
from 24 to 48 hours, when after being squeezed by rollers and heckled, the
fibres become beautifully soft and minutely isolated^ and thereby suited
for a number of purposes unknown a few years ago.
The history of tnis trade is exceedingly interesting. In the year 1820
the fibre was first experimented with, but the result was unfavourable ; and,
D 49
JUTE.
Part III.]
Economic Products of India.
LEPTA-
DENIA.
154
in consequence, brokers were required to certify that sales of hemp
and other fibres were not adulterated with jute. In 1832 an enterprising
Dundee manufacturer experimented once more on the fibre, and the result
was that he was able to show that it might be used as a substitute for
hemp. From that date jute gained rapidly in public favour. Jute is one
of those fabrics capable of the most minute separation or sub-division, but
it is only within the past few years that it nas been extensively used in
the finer textile industries. For a lone time the difficulty of bleaching
seemed insurmountable, and the trouWe experienced in dyeing the fibre
appeared likely to nullify every effort to utilise it.* All these stum-
bling-blocks have, however, been removed, and there cannot be a doubt
that, but for the want of durability, jute would soon rank as the most valu-
able of all fibres. Its perishable nature, however, is fatal to its obtaining
a position much higher than it has already attained, and probably admix-
ture of jute in certain articles, such as sail-cloths, must sooner or later be
viewed as a criminal offence. The manufactures which occupy the atten-
tion of our Indian companies are almost exclusively the various forms
of gunnies.
KYDIA.
Kydia calycina, Roxh.^ Malvacejc.
Vera. — Polo, Pula, puU paiha, potari. Hind.; Barranga, bhoti, C. P. •
Kubinde, Nepal ; Vdranga, vdrangada. Bom. ; Kopasia, Uriya ;
Potri,pedda kunji, Tel. 5 Dwabot, Burm.
A small tree common in the forests of all parts of India and Burma,
except the arid region.
The inner bark yields a fibre.
LAPORTEA.
jtx. Laportea crenulata, Gandick., Urticacejs.
Vera* — Chorpatta, surat, Beng. ; Mortngi, Nepal; Mealum-ma, Lepcha;
Mausa, Cingh. ; Petyorkyi, Burm.
A tree of Sikkim, Assam, Eastern Bengal, the West Coast, Ceylon,
and Burma; with glossy, broad leaves and minute, stinging hairs.
It yields a good fibre, which can be made into ropes and coarse cloth.
LASIOSIPHON.
155 Lasiosiphon eriocephalusi I>ecne.
Vem^—Naha, Cingh.
A large shrub of Bengal and South India.
The bark yields a fibre.
157
LEPTADENIA.
Leptadenia Spartium, WigA/, AscLEPiADEiE.
Syn,— L. Jacquemontiana, Decne.
A small bush of the Himalaya on the Jumna, at Simla, &c. It receives
its name Spartium most probably on account of its being used for ropes,
baskets, &c., as Esparto Grass formerly was.
Yields an excellent fibre, used in Sindh. Dr. Royle says it is used
with Periploca aphylla, Decaisne^ to form the ropes and bands used for
wells, the combined fibres not being much affected by moisture.
50
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[Part III.
LICUALA.
Licuala peltata, Roxh., Palm;k.
The leaves of this palm are used in Assam for umbrellas and in »»,«
Andamans for thatchmg. In Chittagong it forms a greTt pin of the under
growth m some forests, notably the Kasalong Reserve, an5 its leaved ^.ndi;
the name of Kuruohipat, are universally used in the Ml tr^^ fo? Ihatchinr
and when grass is scarce are largely exported to the plains. ^natcnmg,
LINUM.
Linum usitatissimum, Linn., \as%b..
Flax, Linen.
''^^^'^f t1m""?4''teL."""""' ^^'"'■'' ""''''• ''"'""''• «°«- •• ^'^«-
Largely cultivated in Bengal and the North-West Provinces for its
LYCEUM.
"Ljgcam Spartum, Grai(ine£.
As the specific name implies, this grass is largely used for oaner-mak
mg under the name of Esparto Grass. It is a father hands^mTpTant
with extensive root-stocks, which run about and ramify under The sand
amongst which it grows. There are doubtless many grasses in India
which might easily enough be used for paper-making, suci aS2hMu«
Munja and S. sata. Information as to experiments of thifna^re^th
flowering samples for identification, are much required. See ako' next
species*
MACROCHLOA.
Macrochloa (? Stipa) tenacissima, GRAMiNEiE.
A rush-like grass, growing plentifully on the sandy tracts of the
Kr^Tw"- ^w- «r'^"y in Spain. Algeria. Moro^^ and the
Sahara. This is the true fesparto Grass, which, from remotest times has
been used for making hats, mats, baskets, chairs, agricultura ropis &c
and in which during later times an immense tradi has arisen for the
manufacture of paper. Saccharum Munja has long been used for corcLee
and forms a strong and useful rope, much used by boatmen in the North!
W«»t Provinces. Lists of Indian substitutes for Esparto GtW wUh all
available information upon this subject, and flowering specimens for iden-
tification, would be most acceptable. f =i.""cns lor laen-
MALACHRA.
Malachra capitata, Z., MALVAcniE.
Vera. — Ran^hendi, BoM.
It occurs throughout the hotter parts of India, from the North-West
Provinces to the Carnatic, and thrives in Bombay and Bengal. The Fl^l
of Brtttsh India remarks that this plant is not mentioned by Roxbut^h
51
MALACH-
RA.
158
X59
160
161
162
Part III.]
Economic Products of India*
HARS-
DENIA.
163
or included in Wallich's Catalogue. It is probable, therefore, that it is
only of recent introduction from South America.
An erect annual, with broad heart-shaped leaves covered with stiff
hairs. The flowers are yellow or white.
It yields a fibre 8 to 9 feet long, with a silvery lustre, and almost as
soft as silk.
Dr. King reports that for paper-making this does not seem to promise
much. It has been experimented with in Bombay as a substitute for jute
and reported upon favourab by the manager of the factory.
Manilla Hemp (Musa textilis)i Musaceje.
This is one of the most valuable of fibres, the finer quality being used
for fabrics, and the coarser, for cordage. Attempts, hitherto unsuccessful,
have been made to introduce this plant. Experiments with indigenous
wild plantains are more likely to prove successful, for there is every chance
that one of those common in our tropical forests at the foot of the hills
will prove as rich in fibre as the Philippine Island plant. It is unsatisfac-
tory to experiment with the cultivated fruit-yielding species, if it is desired
to discover an Indian source of Manilla Hemp. (See also usa teztilis.)
MAOUTIA.
J64 Maoutia Puya, Wedd,, Urticaceje.
Wem.—Pai, pua, Hind.; Puya, Nepal; Kyinki, Lepcha ; Yenki^ Limbu.
A shrub, with very white leaves, found in the Himalaya from Garhwal
eastward, the Kh^sia Hills and Burma, chiefly in old cultivations and
up to 4,000 feet.
It yields a strong fibre of very good quality, used to make fishing
nets, net bags, twine and cloth.
MARANTA.
165 Maranta dichotoma. Wall, Scitamineje.
Syn. — Phrynium dichotomum, Roxb.
Vem^—Pati, mukta-pati, paii-pati, Bekg. ', Thin, BuRM.
It grows in Eastern Bengal, Assam, the Coromandel Coast and Burma
It yields the Shital-pati mats which are made of the split stems.
These are smooth and cooling, and by Europeans are often placed under
the sheets in a bed to prevent the mattress from being too heating.
T. N. Mukharji, in his Amsterdam Catalogue, says: "The stems are slit
and made into smooth mats which, owing to their coolness, are largely
used in the hot weather for sleeping on. Some of the finest cost about £$
each." Those in general use average from R 2 to 3.
MARSDENIA.
166 Marsdenia Roylei, WigA^, Asclepiadejg.
Vem,—Murkula, UiUD. -, Pathor, Chenab; Tar, wn, Salt.Range ;
Kurang, Simla.
A small climber of the Eastern and Western Himalaya.
It yields a fibre, of which fishing nets and strong ropes are manu-
factured.
52
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[Part III.
%
Marsdenia tenadssima, w. & a.
Syn.— ASCLKPIAS TENACISSIMA, Roxb.
Vem. — ? ffaba (from Dymock).
A climber of Kumaun, Oudh, Behar, and Benral, and extending to
Chittagong and Ava. ^
Yields the silky fibre known as Rajmahal Fibre. A string, Roxburgh
says, broke with 248 lbs. when dry, and with 342 lbs. when wet, as com-
pared with hemp, which broke with 158 and 190 lbs.
This fibre has been much neglected.
M. tinctoria, JR. Br.
Syn. — AscLEPiAs tinctoria, Roxh.
Vem. — Kali lara, Nepal ; Jiyom, Lbpcha.
A climbing shrub of the North-Eastern Himalaya and Burma.
Like the preceding, this species yields a fibre, but it is collected on
account of its dye more than tor its fibre.
MELIA.
Melia Azadirachtai Linn.
The Neem or Margosa Tree.
Vem.— M'w, Hind.; Aead-darakhi, neb, Pers.; Kohumba, Guz. •
Baka-yan, BoM. & f rr . „> ,. . ^ >
Thimoawtafnaka, Burm.
Baka-van, BoM. & SiND; Veypam, Tam.; Yapa, yepa, Tel. •
Thimbawtamaka, Burm. '
A large tree, planted and self-sown throughout the greater part of
India and Burma.
The bark yields a fibre, of which a specimen, supplied by the Madras
Forest Department, was sent to the Amsterdam Exhibition.
MELOCANNA.
Melocanna bambusaideSi Trim., Gramineji.
Bamboo.
Syn.— Bambusa baccifera, RotA.
Vem^—Muli, metunga, bish, Beng. ; Kaoung-wa, Magh (Gamble). .
Kayinwa, Burm. '
The common gregarious bamboo of the Giittagong hills ; might be
used in paper manufacture.
Specimens required, there being none in the present collection.
MELOCHIA.
Melochia velutina, Beddome, Sterculiaceje.
Vem.-^Al-abada, And.
A small tree of the Andaman Islands, Burma, and Malay Archipelago
A strong fibre is prepared from the bark of this tree which, in the
Andaman Islands, is called Betma'da. From this a stout cord' is pre-
pared which is woven into the turtle net of the Andaman Islands, known
as Vtio'tepinga-da*
53
MELO-
CHIA.
X67
168
169
170
171
Part III.]
Economic Products of India,
HUSA.
172
173
[218I
174
175
176
MELODINUS.
Melodinus monogynus> jRoxd,, Apocynaceje.
Vera.—
A tall, milky climber of Sikkim and the Khasia Hills, and also indigen-
ous in Sylhet.
The bark contains a quantity of fibrous matter, which the natives of
Sylhet substitute for hemp.
MEMORIALIS.
Memprialis pentandra, Wedd., IJkticacem.
Vcm. — Jaiphal'jari, Garhwal.
It is somewhat common in the lower hills.
Yields a useful cordage fibre. (Atkinson,)
Mezenkuri. See silk.
MORINGA.
Moringa pterygosperma, Gaertn., Moringeje.
The Horse Radish Tree,
Vera. — Soanjnd, sanjnd, senind, Hind.; Suj'and, saj'na, Bbng. ; Segaia,
segavd, Bom. ; Swanjera, Sind ; Marunga, Tam. ; Saihan, Tel. ; Dan-
tha-lon, daintha, Burm.
A tree wild in the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Chenab to Oudh ;
commonly cultivated in India and Burma on account of its leaves,
flowers, and pods, all of which are eaten.
The bark yields a coarse fibre from which mats, paper, or cordage may
be prepared.
Mulberry Cloth, or Mulberry paper cloth.
Broussonetia papyrifera, Vent,, Urticaceje.
Vera. — Malaing, BuRM.
A small tree about 30 feet high, wild on the Martaban coast and in
China, Japan and the South Sea Islands.
The Japanese prepare their paper from the bark of this tree, and the
Burmese their papier mAch^ trays (Palabaik), used like the slates of
European school-boys. A coarse cloth is also prepared from it, used by
the Karens and largely so by the South Sea Islanders. These savage
islanders may be described as the inventors of the Ekman process for the
extraction of fibre, having from time immemorial separated the paper mass
from the fibre by boiling in an alkali.
Munga. See silk.
MUSA.
Musa paradisiaca, Zinn,, Scitamineje.
The Plantain.
Yeni,—Kela^ Hind., Bom.; Kala, Beng.; Kadali, Sans.; Vaghaip
paeham, Tam.; Hugapyaw, BuRM.
Extensively cultivated throughout India.
A beautiful fibre is obtained from the stems, though inferior to that
of the Manilla Hemp. The fibre is extracted in two ways, ist, by fer-
54
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[Part III.
mentation, and 2nd, by machine crushing. If the former course is to
be followed, the trees are left to dry to a certain extent on the ground
so as to lessen the weight of transporting. If the former, the tree
must be carried to the mill at once and passed under the rollers. About
4 lbs. of fibre are obtained from each tree, the leaf petioles being
reported as yielding the most valuable fibre, and relatively they contain
more fibre than the trunk. After crushing the fibre is boiled to separate
the gluten, carbonate of soda and quicklime being used. To make 3 tons
of fibre per day, it is necessary to have four boilers of 800 gallons each
and to give five boilings in the day yielding 1,680 lbs. of fibre for each
boiler. They require about 300 lbs. of soda and a proportionate amount
of quicklime. The fibres of different quality should be kept separate
in the boiling, the lighter fibres requiring only about six hours to bleach,
while the darker require eighteen, A lever is arranged to lift the boil-
ing fibre to the tanks to be washed. The washing must be thorough, the
fibre thereafter should be hung up to dry. {Christy's New Commercial
Plants) Considerable attention has of late years been attracted to the
subject of plantain as a source of paper. It cannot be doubted that a
great future is before the paper industry of India, and that the thousands
of plantain stems which are annually thrown away as useless by the natives
will yet come to be greedily purchased for paper manufacture.
Musa sapientum, Linn.
The Banana.
The vernacular names given under the preceding apply to this species.
The stems may be used for the same purposes. There seems to be a
promising future for plantain paper.
M. textiliSy Louis, Nees.
Manilla Hemp.
\tXVi.—Kaudirat rdnakela, BoM. {from Dymock.)
A native of the Philippine Islands, now thoroughly introduced in the
Madras Presidency,
" It has of late years been much employed for cordage of various
kinds, especially when considerable strain is required, as in ropes for
raising goods into warehouses or out of mines* Some yachts, as well as
many American vessels, have the whole of their rigging composed of
Manilla Hemp, and this cordage, when worn out, can be converted into
an excellent quality oiF paper. Though the plant yielding this fibre is not
indigenous in India, nor extensively cultivated, it is yet extremely interest-
ing, not only because it may easily be cultivated there, but because there
are other species of the same genus which may be turned to the same
useful account." {Royle,) See also Manilla Hemp,
NELUMBIUM.
Nelumbium speciosutxii Willd., Nymphg:ace£.
Lotus.
Vern. — Kanwal, Hind. ; Padma^ Beng. ; Kamala, nilophar {pubbun
The seeds, Kamalakadi (doda), puboora) {from Bymock), Sind. ;
Tamaray, 1 am. 5 Tamara, Tel.
Throughout India, extending as far to the North- West as Kashmir.
The long stalks of the Lotus yield a sort of yellowish white fibre,
which is used principally for the wicks of sacred lamps in Hindu temples ;
55
NELUM-
BIUM.
177
178
179
Part III.]
Economic Products of India.
OPUNTIA,
l8o
I8l
182
and the Hindu doctors are of opinion that the cloth prepared from this
fibre acts medicinally as a febrifuge. {Baden- Poioell)
Further information and specimens might be supplied by the Punjab.
OCIMUM.
Ocimum Basilicum, Z., Labiateje.
Var. — O. PiLOSUM, Benth., sp. Roxb, FL Ind., Ed. C.B.C., 464.
Sweet Basil.
Vem. — Bdboi iulsi, bdbui ghds, Beng. ; Shahasfaram, Arab. ; Manjirika (f),
Sabzah, Dec; Tirunitrup-pattiri, T am. ; Vibudipatri, Tel.; Kam
kasturi, Kan.
A shrubby, herbaceous plant, common throughout the damp tropi-
cal forest of India and Burma.
Spons' Encyclopedia gives the following curious fact regarding this
plant which seems unknown to most other authors : —
"It is cultivated to a small extent in the Hugli district, on account of
the strong fibre it yields for rope-making. The rope can be used only in
the dry season as it rots in the rains. The fibre might be available for
paper-making." This was apparently extracted from Baboo Hem Chunder
Kerr's report on Jute, wnere mention is made of this fact, page 102.
Babu T. N. Muknarji, in his Amsterdam Descriptive Catalogue, gives
part of a letter from Mr. Bowstead of Haripur Factory in the Bhagalpur
district, Bengal, describing a fibre from a plant called Marva which has
been identified with Ocimum pilosum? Artemisia vulgaris. The verna-
cular name given is that of Eleusine coracana (a species of Millet).
There is of course some mistake regarding the scientific names ascribed
to this curious plant; but as considerable interest must be associated with
the discovery, 1 beg to be supplied with specimens to enable me to Accu-
rately name the plant. The seeds of Ocimum Basilicum var. pilosum
are largely used, especially by the Muhammadans of Eastern Bengal, to
produce a refreshing and cooling drink. When thrown into water they swell
and become surrounded with a thin gelatinous layer. That Artemisia
yulgaris ( Wormwood) could be eaten or yield a fibre seems highly improb-
able, while Eleusine might be used as a paper-yielding fibre, and is cer-
tainly eaten.
ODINA.
Odina Wodiefi Roxb., Anacardiaceje.
Vern. — Kiamil, kimiil, kamldi, jhingan, mdwen, HiND. ; Jiyaly lohar-bhadi,
Beng. ; Simati, moya. Bom. ; Wodier, Tam. ; Gumpini, dumpini, Tel. ;
HnM, BuRM.
A moderate-sized or large, deciduous tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract
from the Indus eastward, ascending to 4,000 feet ; found also in the forests
of India and Burma.
The bark yields a coarse cordage, but a good bast, fibre.
OPUNTIA.
Opuntia Dillenii, ffbw., Cacteje.
The Prickly Pear.
Vern. — Nagphanoj nagphansi, HiKD. ; Pheni'Mansa, Beng. ; Papaskkali,
Kan.; Chaffalsend, Dec; Nagadali, Tam.
An erect, fleshy, thorny shrub, common all over the arid and dry zones
of India, and often planted as a hedge. It was originally brought from
America. {Gamble.)
56
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[Part III
A coarse fibre is obtained from it, suitable for the manufacture of
paper. Dr. Bidie writes : ** This abounds in every part of the country, and
nas become such a nuisance that large sums are expended annually
in cutting it down, and burying it, on sanitary grounds. Public money
might with great advantage be spent in ascertaining if this nuisance
could not be converted into a source of wealth. The supply would
certainly never be in the least affected by the utilisation of the fibre for
paper manufacture^ and in a half pulp state it might be exported to Europe
at a very low figure.
ORTHANTHERA.
Orthanthera yiminea) Wight,, Asclepiadaceje.
Syn. — Apocynea viminea. Wall.; Leptadenia viminea, Btk,^ Hook, .
Vem.—Mahui, Hind. ; Mowa, lancbar, Trans-Indus; Matii, Beas; Khip,
Delhi; Kip, Sind; Chapkia, Kumaun.
A glabrous shrub of the arid and northern dry region from Sind to
Oudh.
It yields a fibre, of which rope is made, often used in conjunction with
that obtained from Leptadenia spartium, Wight, for Persian water wheels
and moats in Sind and the Punjab.
ORYZA.
Oryza sativai Zinn,, Gramineje.
The Rice.
The straw of the ordinary rice has been recommended as a paper
material, especially the roots.
P^DERIA.
Psederia fetidai Linn,, Rubiaceje.
Vera. — Gundali, Hind.; Gunda-bhctdHli, Beng.
From the Central and Eastern Himalayas, ascending to an altitude of
5,000 feet, southward to Malacca and westward to Bengal. Common
around Calcutta, and also in Assam.
The best fibre is obtained from plants which grow on the alluvial de-
posits of rivers, as on the banks of the Brahm^utra. The fibre is strong
and flexible, and has a silk-like appearance. The root is used in native
medicine as an emetic. (Roxburgh.) The fibre has recently been attract-
ing much attention in India.
PANDANUS,
Pandanus Andamanensium, Kurz,, Pandaneje.
A tree of the Andaman Islands.
In the Andaman Islands various articles of apparel are made from the
fibre, such as tail worn by the women.
57
PANDA-
NUS.
183
184
185
z85
=*ART III.]
Economic Products of India,
^AVONIA.
I87
Pandanus odoratissimus, Willd.
The Fragrant Screwpine.
Vem. — Keura^ Hind., Bom. j Kea, keiuki, keori, Beng. ; Mugalik, kutaki,
Tel.; Thalaytalum, taehan, Tam. ; Satthapu, Burm. ; Kaida, thala,
Mal.; Muda-kaiyeya, Cingh. ; Kadar, Arab. ; Kadi, Pers.
A common, much-branched shrub, frequently planted on account of
the powerful fragrance of the flowers, but wild on the coasts of South
India, Burma, and the Andamans. It is found abundantly in Bengal,
Madras, Straits Settlements and the South Sea Islands.
"The leaves are composed of toueh, longitudinal fibres, white and glossy,
which enable them to be employed for covering huts, making matting,
as well as for cordage, in the South Sea Islands ; and in Mauritius for
making sacks for coffee, sugar and grain." {Him, Bot, p. 408.)
The fibre from the leaves might be profitably used in the preparation
of paper.
PARKINSONIA.
188 Parkinsonia aculeata, Linn., Leguminosj:.
An introduced shrub, or small tree, now almost naturalised in India,
especially in the arid zones, where it is grown as a hedge plant, parti-
cularly in Madras. Curiously enough, I found it plentiful as a hedge
plant in Manipur.
It yields a fibre of a beautiful white colour, a sample of which was sent
to the Exhibition of 1851 as a material for paper-making. The fibre
is considered as wanting in strength, though it may be made useful for
mixing with other fibrous substances and beaten into a half stuff.
{Royle.)
PARROTIA.
189 Parrotia Jacquemontiana, Decaisne, Hamamelideje.
Vem. — Pdser, peshara, po^ kildr, kirru, Pb.
A large, deciduous shrub of the North- West Himalaya, from the
Indus to the Ravi, between 2,800 and 8,500 feet.
The chief use of the wood is in basket-work and in the making of
bridges on the Himalayan rivers. The twigs are very tough and flexible,
and are twisted together to make thick ropes, often 300 feet long.
PAVONIA.
190 Pavonia odoratai WHid., Malvaceji.
Vera. — PeramuH-pu, Tam. ; Eira-kaH, Tbl.
Cultivated in gardens for its fragrant flowers in the North-West Prov-
inces, Sindh and Banda, Western Peninsula, Burma, and Ceylon.
The plant yields a fibre.
191 P. zeylanica, Cav.
Vera* — Siiiamutti, Tam.
North-West Provinces, Sind, Western Peninsula, and Ceylon.
The plant yields a fibre.
58
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[ Part III
PERIPLOCA,
Periploca aphylla, Decaisne, AsclepiadEje.
Syn, — Campelepis viminea, Falc,
Vem. — Buraye, SiND; Barrarra, bane, Trans-Indus ; Battia, Jhelum
and Chenab.
A shrub of the arid, dry northern zones of the Punjab and Sind.
It yields a good fibre, which, Royle says, is used along with the fibre of
Leptadenia Spartium to form the ropes, &c., required for wells and water-
lifts ; the combined fibre is not much affected by the moisture. Stocks
says : " used for cordage j flowers fragrant, eaten by the natives, taste like
raisins/*
PHOR-
MIUM.
192
PHCENIX.
Phoenix fariniferai Willd,, Palmje. iq3
Vern. — Chilta-eita, Tel.; Ichal, Kan,
A small, almost stemless, palm of sandy lands, near the sea at Corlnga.
The leaves are used for making mats.
P, paludosa, J^oxb. ig^
Vem. — Hintal, hital, goipatta, Beng. ; Thinbaung, Burm.
A soboliferous, often gregarious, palm of the Sunderbuns, Burma and
Andaman Islands.
Its leaves are used in the Sunderbuns to make rough ropes for tying
boats and logs, and for thatching.
P. ^IvestriSi JRoxb. ipg
The Wild Date Palm.
Vem, — Khajur, khaji, tkalma. Hind,; Shindi, Mahr. ; Pedda, cita,
Tel.; Peria-eetcham, Tam. ; Ichal, Kan,
A tree with ashy, grey foliage, wild and cultivated throughout India.
The fibrous leaflets and the fibre from petioles are made into mats,
ropes and baskets.
PHORMIUM.
Phormium tenax^ Liliaceje. 2^5
New Zealand Flax.
Originally a plant of New Zealand, now largely cultivated in waste
lands bordering on the sea in tropical or warm temperate countries, such
as St. Helena, Algiers, South France, and the Orkney Islands.
The fibre is soft, white, and of a silky lustre, and is now largely used
for making ropes and paper*
There does not seem to be much chance of this ever becoming an
Indian fibre half so valuable as many indigenous Indian plants, although
in some parts of the country it might easily enough be acclimatised. It
is stronger than either flax or hemp. It is naturally white and takes
colour freely,
Mr. Cameron says that this plant has been introduced, and succeeds
well, in the South Wynaad. On exposed grass-land, at an elevation of
2,000 to 3,000 feet, it grows with great vigour.
59
ART III.]
Economic Products of India.
ACCHA-
BUM.
197
piNua
Pinus sylvestris, Linn,, Conifkrjk.
The Silver Fir.
By the Ekman process this or any other species of pine wood may
be reduced to a cellulose pulp and made from tne boiler direct into paper,
which, without the aid of a microscope, cannot be distinguished from
paper made from ordinary fibres or linen.
Pita Fibre. See Ag;ave americana.
POLLINIA.
198 PoUinia eriopoda. Trim., GRAMiNEJE.
Syn. — Andropogon involutus, Stend.; Spodiopogon angustifolius.
Trim,
This is the plant which yields the fibre made into Babar strings, so
largely used in the tract between the Jumna and the Sarda. It is parti-
cularly abundant in the Garhwal Himalaya, and Stewart suggests that it
might be found useful as a paper material. See also Eriophorum como-
sum (Wall).
POLYALTHIA.
199 Polyalthia longifolia, Ben/h. &f Hook,/,, Aifoi^ACEM,
Syn.— UvARiA LONGiFOLiA, Lam, ; Guatteria longifolia. Wall,
yem,^Asok,debddri, HiND. ; Asoka, asiipdla, BoM. ; Assothi, Tam. ; Asokd
devadaru, Tel.
A large, evergreen tree with smooth bark, wild in Ceylon, and planted
as an avenue tree throughout Bengal and South India. ^^
A good bast fibre was shown me by Babu T. N. Mukharji, which was
said to have been prepared from the inner bark of this tree and sent to
the Amsterdam Exhibition.
200
POUZOLZIA.
Pouzolzia viminea, Wedd , URxicACEiE.
Vem,—Chhota Hail, Nepal; Kyingbi, Lepcha.
A shrub or small tree, with thin grey bark, of Kumaun, Nepal, Sik-
kim. Eastern Bengal, Assam, and Chittagong, ascending to 5,000 feet.
The bark is used to make ropes.
201
SACCHARUM.
Saccharum fuscum, Roxh., Gramine^.
Vem.-^PaH-hari, Beng. ; Kilik, N. W. P. ; Tat, neja, Himalayan names.
The culms are used in the manufacture of pens and screens ; the leaves
and reeds, for thatch ; and the leaf-sheaths, like those of most wild species
of this genus, may be used to supply the fibre from which the sacrificial
thread is prepared.
60
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants,
[Part III
Saccharum Mara, Roxh.
Vera. — Sarpat, sara, sarkara, shur. Hind. ; Sara, shar, Beng. ; Gundra,
Tel., Sans.
Coxnxnon in the plains.
The fibre is inferior to S« Monja. The reeds are used for matting,
thatching, chairs, &c. The flower tops may be used as a paper material.
It is used in Mirzapur for tow-lines, and must, therefore, possess tenacity
and strength. (Atkinson »)
The leaves are sometimes made into mats, and bundles of the stems
of this or other species of Saccharum are used for floating heavy timber
on the rivers, Coldstream states, the young flowering tops are regarded
as good fodder for milch cows, and that the poor people in the Punjab
eat the pith. The root of this species, and that of S. Munja and
S. spontcmevm, are used by the natives as a medicine under the name of
Darba ganda. It is burned near women after child-birth, or near scalds,
its smoke being regarded as beneflcial. {Stewart)
S. Munja, Roxb.
MuNj Grass.
Vem*^~Munja, sirki, the upper half of culm ; Seutha, sarpat, the lower
half; the blade and sheath yield the strong cordage known as Munj-sar'
ianda (or kana), sarra, Pb.
This grass is common in North India.
It is useful in the manufacture of strong ropes, strings, mats, and paper.
For ropes it is much valued on account of its elasticity and strength, and a
power of resisting moisture, common to few other fibres. The Sirki is used
for thatching, covering carts, and constructing exceedingly cheap chairs.
Under the name of Vind and Munj, a large quantity of the products of
this plant reach the plains of the North- West Provinces from the lower
hills. (Atkinson.) It is very abundant in the Punjab, often covering
whole tracts of country, its tufted masses constituting a formidable obstacle
to agricultural progression, it being almost impossible of extermination.
The flower-heads and sheaths of this plant constitute the best paper
grass material in India. The bdn-munj is the flower sheath from which
the natives prepare a fine thread.
Munja and several species of Sacchanim is largely used in the Upper
India Paper Mill near Lucknow.
Specimens of the different plants so used, and of the ropes, thread,
paper or paper half stuff much required.
S. offidnarunii Zinn.
The Sugar-cane,
Vera. — Ckhfgannd, Hind., Beng. ; Usa'ULkHR,
The refuse of the sugarcane mill has been recommended as a paper
material.
S. semidecumbensy Roxb.
Vem.—Khori, Beng.
This species is used indiscriminately with S. fuscum.
S. spontaneuniy Zinn.
VtrtL-^Kans, kagara, kosa, ktis. Hind. ; Kash, Beng.; Rellu-gaddi, Tel. ;
Khan, kahu, Sind. ; Kahi, kdns, Pb. ; Kasd, Sans. ; Kagara, Mahr.
Common in Bengal, the Sub-Himalayan tract and Bundelcund.
The grass is used to make rope and mats and for thatching ; and pens
are made of its reeds. It is given as fodder to buffaloes and elephants.
6i
SACCHA
RUM.
202
203
204
205
ART III.]
Economic Products 0/ India.
SANSE-
lERIA.
206
207
208
209
SALIX.
babylonicai Linn,^ Salicine^.
The Weeping Willow.
Vera* — Bisa, hada, bed, katira, majnun, Pb.; Giur, Kashmir; Tissi, Nepal.
It is cultivated in North India. Said by Stewart to be indigenous in
the Sulaiman Range.
The branches are made into baskets.
S. daphnoides, VilL
VenL-'Bed,lnddi,betsa,bashaliPB.; Yur, Kashmir; Ckangma, West
Tibet; Richangy Lahoul.
A shrub of the North- West Himalaya, both on the outer ranges and
in the inner arid tract. It extends to the Alps and the mountains of
Central Europe.
The twigs are used for baskets.
S. tetrasperma, Roxb.
VerxL—Bed, bent, haishi. Hind.; Pant jama, Beng. ; Laila, bains,
N. W. India; Bis, beis, bitsa, bin, magsher, safedar. Ph.; Yir, Kashmir ;
Bilsa^ Oudh; Bhesh, GA.RO; Bhi, Ass.; Wallunj, Bom.; Niranji,
Kan.; Momaka, Burm.
A moderate-sized, deciduous tree, found throughout India, on river-
banks and moist places, and in the Himalayan Valleys, ascending to 6,000
feet.
The twigs are made into baskets.
S. Waliichianay And,
Wem.—Bwir, Pb. ; Bhains, bhangli, kaigUi, N. W. P.
A large shrub of Afghanistan, Kashmir, Himalaya, eastward to Bhutan,
ascending to 9,000 feet.
The branches are made into baskets.
SANSEVIERIA.
210 Sansevieria zeylanica, Wilid., HiEMODORACEiE.
The Bow-string Hemp.
Syn.—It seems doubtful if the Bengal plant (S. Roxburghiana) should be
viewed as the same as that met with in Ceylon.
Vtm.—Murba, murahara, murgli, Beng.; Murgali, Dec; Mallai,
mangi, Salem ; Ghonasaphan, Mahr. ; Tshama-cada, chaga, saga,
Tel.; MaHl, Tam. ; Marura, Sans.
A stemless bush with a rosette of 6 to 8 succulent leaves, the inner ones
being often 4 feet long and ending in a long straight spine ; scape rising
from the centre i to 2 feet long, flowers greenish, white, erect 4 to 6 toge-
ther in clusters. (Compare with Yucca glpnosa.) ^ ,, ^
It makes its appearance on the coast of Bengal, extending to the Madras
Presidency, common on the Coromandel Coast, in great abundance in Cum-
bum and in Dindigul District. It is also plentiful in Ceylon extending to
Java, the coast of China, and Africa. It is probable that the Java and
African plants are distinct species, the latter bearing the name of
S. gnineen^.
62
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants,
[Part II
From the succulent leaves is extracted a beautiful, soft, silky fibre, held
in high esteem by the natives on account of its elasticity and its consequent
suitableness for bow-strings. Sir W. Jones says : " From the leaves of
this plant the ancient Hindus extracted a very long, elastic thread, called
Maurvi, of which they made bow-strings, and which for that reason was
ordained by Menu to form the sacrificial zone of the military classes.'*
This fibre was mistaken by Roxburgh for the China grass (Rhea), It is
easily cultivated and associated with Yucca fibre and deserves every atten-
tion. Specimens of dried leaves, of the root, and of the fibre and the fabrics
manufactured from it should be supplied by Madras. The fibre is much
valued in Europe for ropes used in deep-sea dredgings, and makes a very
superior paper.
SESBA-
NIA.
SARCOCHLAMYS.
Sarcochlamjrs pulcherrima, Gaudieh, Urticaceje.
Syn. — Urtica pulcherrima, Roxb,
Vem. — Tsatya, sapsha, Burm.
A large, handsome shrub with tri-nerved leaves, grey beneath ; common
in Eastern Bengal and Burma, especially in deserted cultivation.
The liber gives a good fibre for ropes.
211
SESBANIA.
Sesbania aculeata, Pers,, LEcuMiNosiB.
Wem,'" Dkanicka, Beng. ; Kdn-sevari, Mahr. 5 Erra-jilgua, Tel.
This plant is found in Bengal and South India.
A strong fibre is extracted from its stalks, which is made into ropes
and fishing nets, as water cannot act upon it. This fibre is considered
superior to Jute in strength and durability. It is best suited for the manu-
facture of cordage, for which purpose it is preferred to Crotolaiia and
Corchoms.
212
S. sgyptica, Pers,
Syn.— ^SCHYNOMENE SISBAN, Roxh,
Vem. — Jait, jhinjan, janjhan. Hind.; yayaniit Beng.; Saori, Berar ;
Shewari, Dec. ; Sevari, Mahr.; Suiminta, Tel. ; Yethagyi, Burm.
A soft-wooded tree, cultivated in many parts of India and Burma, wild
in tropical Africa.
Tne bark is made into rope.
213
S. Grandiflorai Pers,, Leguminosje.
Syn. — /EscHYNOMENE grandiflora, Roxb, ; Agati grandiflora, Desv.
Vem. — Basna, Hind. ; Buka, bak, Beng. ; Skevari, agasta, Mahr. ; Agati,
Tam. ; Aoesi, Tel. ; Poukpan, Burm.
Cultivated throughout India and Burma ; a doubtful native.
A handsome, small tree with pink flowers. The inner bark appears
to be likely to yield good fibre. (Dymock,)
63
2x4
^ART III.]
Economic Products of India.
SILK and
SILK
WORMS.
215
216
217
218
219
220
SIDA.
Sida carpinifoliai Linn,^ Malvaceje.
Syn. — S. ACUTA, Burn, ; S. lanceolata, Roxh,
Vem.^Kareta, Beng., Hind.; Tupakariya, Mahr.; Vatta-tirippi, Tam. ;
Chitimuti, Tel.
A small plant found chiefly in South India.
A good fibre is obtained from the stems.
S. cordifoliai Linn.
Vem. — Bi/band, muttava. Hind. ; Berela, bala, Beng.
A small weed generally found in moist places.
Ihe plant yields a fine, white fibre.
S. rhombifoliay Linn.
Vtm.^Swet'berela, Beng. ; Athiballa-chettu, Tam.
It grows abundantly in Northern Bengal in the rainy season.
The bark of this plant yields, according to Dr. Roxburgh, a large quan-
tity of very delicate, flaxy fibre. Sfons* Encyclopedia says that it affords
much fibre, having great strength, and average length and fineness.
Silks and Silk-worms.
Silk is produced by two families of Lepidopterous insects called Bomby-
cidae and Satumiidae. The first of these two families comprises four genera,
viz., Bombyz, Ocinara» Theophila, Trilocha.
BOMBYX.
The Bomb3rx includes six species, enumerated by Mr. Frederic Moore
in a list published in Mr. Thos. Wardle's Hand-book of the Wild Silks of
India. They are as follows, and form the class of worms commonly
known as " the domesticated silk-worm,*' or "the mulberry silk-worm " : —
B. arracanensis, Button,
The Burmese silk- worm, domesticated in Arracan, said to have been
introduced from China through Burma ; yields several broods annually ;
cocoons larger than the Bengal monthly species.
B. croesi, Button,
The Nistri or Madrasi of Bengal, introduced from China ; domes-
ticated in Bengal; yielding seven or eight broods of golden yellow
cocoons in the year, or larger size than B. sinensis.
B. fortunatus, Button.
The desi (commonly spelt dasee) of Bengal ; yields several broods
annually, spinning the smallest cocoon of a golden yellow colour.
64
Fibres and Ftbre-yieldinfr Plants,
[ Part III.
Bomtqrx moi% Linn.
The common silkworm, domesticated in China, Bokhara, Afghanistan^
Kashmir, Persia, South Russia, T\iv\iey, Egypt, and Algeria, Italy, France,
and Spain, in all of which countries it produces but one crop annually,
spinning the largest cocoon and the best silk of a golden yellow, or
white.
B. sinensis, Button.
The Sina, Cheena, or small Chinese monthly worm of Bengal, partially
domesticated in Bengal, where it was introduced from China ; produces
several broods in the year ; cocoon white and yellow.
B, textor, Button.
The Borofulu of Bengal, domesticated in South China and Bengal ;
an annual only, producing a white (sometimes yellow) cocoon, of a differ-
ent texture and more flossy than B. mori.
The other three genera, commonly classed amongst wild silk-worms,
are, as follows :—
OCINARA.
O. diaphana, Moore.
Kh&sia hills.
O. lactea, Button.
Mussooree, North-west Himalaya up to Kulu, feeds on Ficus venoaa,
spinning a small, yellow cocoon, yielding several broods during the sum-
nrer.
O. moordi Button.
Mussooree, North-west Himalaya, also found in DehraDun ; also feeds
on Ficus venosa as well as on the wild fig, spinning a small, white cocoon ;
it is multivoltine.
THEOPHILA.
T. bengalensis, Button.
The wild silk-worm of Lower Bengal, discovered in the neighbourhood
of Calcutta feeding on Artocarpus lacoocha; found also at Ranchi, in
Chota Nagpur.
T. huttoni, Westwood.
The wild silk-worm of the North West Himalaya. A wild species, the
worms bemg found abundantly feeding on the indigenous mulberry in
the mountain forests of the North West Himalaya.
T. mandarina, Moore.
The wild silk-worm of Chekiang, North China. Worms stated to feed
on wild mulberry trees, spinning a white cocoon.
T. reiieiosay Bel/er.
The Jort of Assam and Deo-muga of Cachar ; feeds on the bur tree
(Ficus indica) and the pipul (F. religiosa).
SILK and
SILK
WORMS.
223
224
223
226
227
228
229
230
E
65
Part III.]
Economic Products of India.
SILK and
SILK
WORMS.
231
T.
i, Moore,
c-it-t. '^x*'® ^'**^ silk-worm of the South East Himalaya (also found in
Sikkim).
TRILOCHA.
T. varians, Walker.
North and South India.
MULBERRY SILK INDUSTRY.
The domesticated or mulberry silk-worms form an industry quHe
distinct from that connected with the wild silks. Mr. L. l.iotard,
in a memorandum just published by the Government of India, gives a
full account of the industry, and the following extracts are taken from
it: —
"The multivoltine worms are confined chiefly to Bengal, where they
produce three chief crops, locally termed bunds, i, e., three seasons of
hatching, feeding, spinning and gathering the cocoon. The November
bund extends from ist October to end of February, the Marqh bund
from 1st March to 30th June, the July bund from ist July to 30th Sep-
tember. The worms thrive best in the cold season, t . e., in the October-
February bund. In this bund the boro-poloo, or annual worm, is also
reared in Murshedabad and a few other places. The March bund is not
so good ; and the rainy season bund is the worst.
"In Upper India and in Kashmir the univoltine worms are those
usually reared; the rearing takes place in February and March ; and the
eggs obtained in the latter month are stored in cool places or sent to the
hills to preserve them from the effects of the summer heat. Towards
the middle of the following February, when the mulberry trees send forth
new leaves, the eggs are brought back to the rearing houses and allowed
to hatch.
In Bengal, — *' The cultivation of the mulberry and the rearing of
the worms are conducted by the peasantry and by two different classes
the cultivator of the mulberry and the rearer of the worms of
people who are under no obligation but their own interests. The
destination of the cocoons is two-fold : they are as a rule either sent to
small native filatures where the silk is roughly wound and usually con-
sumed in the hand-looms of the country, or consigned to Madras, or to
the Bombay mills ; or they are brought to the g^eat European factories in
Bengal where, after being reeled by steam machinery, the silk is con-
signed direct to Europe. The chief silk-producing districts are Raj-
shahye, Murshedabad, Malda, Birbhum and Midhapur, with Nuddea,
Bankura, Bogra and Rungpur of less importance * * *."
The industry has, during several years, been in a declining condition.
Mr. Liotard says : —
" Different opinions have been advanced to account for (jhe decline iis
the silk industry of Bengal. The extensive importation from Japan and
China to Europe since the opening of the Suez Canal — the larger yield
of recent seasons in Italy and France which receive regular sui^plies of
silk-worm eggs from Japan — the indifferent quality of the Bengal siilk, and
the probable fact that the demand for silk goods has not kept pace pro-
portionately with the increased supply thrown upon the market — have all
been brought forward as so many causes of the stagnation and gradual
66
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[Part IIL
decline of the Bengal silk industry; and perhaps there is some truth in
each and all of these opinions. '' But there seems to be evidence to lead
to the belief that of the European aTid native sections of the industi^^ it
is the European that has suffered the more seriously. In Rajshamye,
the native is almost entirely in the hands of the European section)^
and the European section complains of the obstinacy with Which the
native workers in silk demand high prices in the race of the active
competition with Bengal silk which nas set in from Europe, China
and Japan. The native section, however, does not seem rea<^ to lower
their pnces, or accept any radical change of custom. The Bengal worm
suits Its circumstances ; it eats little comparatively, and thrives on the iin-
mature or shrub mulberry leaf which is renewed at every cutting ; it is
considered less troublesome in rearing, and spins often, being multivoltine,
except in Murshedabad and Midnapur, where the annual worm (^oro-
poloo) is reared. The silk thread obtained is wantinc^ in wiriness, and a
Dad system of reeling makes the threads crusty and an abomination to
the European silk-thrower. The European firms, who have so p-eat a
stake in the Indian industry, have repeatedly made efforts to bring im-
provements in the native system of rearing and reeling. But the natives
care little about that so long as their industry goes on according to custom,
and they can raise and dispose of their produce by reeling it off themselves
for despatch to other parts of India. European firms find themselves
compelled to buy the native produce or close their filatures. These
facts may lead to the inference that the native section can eo on prosper-
ing whatever may happen to the European section ; but uie Collector of
Mai da is of a contrary opinion ; he writes :
'^ ' If the European-sapervised silk filatures were closed, the native silk industry
would stilly thrive for a long time, but undoubtedly such collapse would recoil upon
it and be disastrous to the native silk industry which is so largely subsidised ana in-
directiy guided by European capitalists. Without that capital and guidance and
support the native silk industry would, it is believed^ become very precarious, and
collapse after a time.'
"The native section, however, is not without its vicissititudes : sometimes
the worms fail to spin from extremes of heat and cold, from too much
rain and cloudy weather in their last stage, and from the want of oppor-
tune showers for the mulberries^ Sometimes, when the rainy season is
good, mulberry leaves are abundant and then the crop of cocoons is fine,
and there is a glut in the native silk market, which brings down the price
of cocoons and of reeled silk; sometimes again, the silk crops in France,
Italy and China are very good and the market for Indian silk is then
very bad. Lastly, the rents of land under mulberry cultivation are exces-
sively high, and this, which is not the least of thedrawb^ks, enhances the
cost of producing silk, tempts the rearers to give the very least quantity
of leaf required, and causes, by a semi-state of starvation of the worms,
the weakness in the silk which renders it difficult to reel without break-
age."
North'Wesi Provtnces.'^Certaiin experiments made by Government
from 1875 to 1882 to ascertain the suitability of the natural condi-
tions of Dehra Dun for the rearing of the annual mulberry silk-worm
gave encouraging results, and Messrs. Lister & Co., of Bradford (Eng-
kind), took over the whole enterprise and received an assignment of
land in that district for the carrying out of the industry. They have at
present an agent who supplies eggs to the native cultivators and purchases
the cocoons from them on oehalf of his firm, besides himself rearing certain
Quantities. Elsewhere in the Provinces there is little or no silk produced ;
tne raw material is generally obtained from > Bengal and manufactured in-
to cloths in a few places, and Bengal also sends manufactured articles.
67
SILK
WORMS.
Part III.]
Economic Products of India,
SILK and
SILK
WORMS.
Punjab. — Messrs. Lister & Co. have assents in the Kanm and Gur-
daspur districts, who supply e^gs to the cultivators and purchase the
cocoons produced, which tney reel in the filature here established by their
nrm.
In the other Provinces the production of mulberry silk has not
gained an^ importance, and trials made to introduce or develop the
small existmg industry, have so far not been fruitful of any marked results.
The manufacture of silk cloths, plain and embroidered, continues, however,
as of old to be done in several places in the Punjab, the Bombay Presi-
dency, Madras and British Burma, with the raw material imported either
from China, Persia or BengaL
The exports (Indian) of silks, raw and manufactured, to other countries
by sea have been as follows during the last three years : —
1
2
3
4
5
6
i
7
8
9
10
S-i'
a
S
-•^•s
9
OflBcial
years.
Meaning of
the figares.
Raw silk.
Ghussum
or waste
silk.
•
OD
bread for
Ing.
Piece
goods.
oods of
mixed
other mate
1
5
Otal value
rupees.
18.447
1,630
O "
o
114
H -
1880^1. 1
Quantities .
S50.665
733.464
2.127.576
215,391
••.
Yalaes
48.40^
6.26.732
14.943
8444
20.04.065
2.15.026
912
7740.165
/
Quantities .
310.750
747.693
28.h83
271
2426,635
124.630
440
• ••
1881-82. 1
Values
3047.275
8.34.213
31.143
1,397
20.57.722
1.55,282
1,765
60,98.797
1882^ .|
Quantities .
501.576
834,415
23.452
107
2.589.217
202347
88
...
Values
44,10.415
10.04.361
26.656
667
2549,997
2.43390
1,200
8237.186
Non.— The quanUtiee in Cols. 3 4, 5, 6 and V are lbs j those in Cols. 7 and 8 are yds. ; the
values are everrywhere rupees.
The provinces whence the exports proceed are : —
Nature of Silk.
Indian silks
EXPORTED FROM
Official
m
(J
YEARS.
•
>%
•
6
"3
ho
1
•
i
9
e
g
TS
•5
OQ
£
^
C
CO
^
OQ
Rs.
Rs.
Rs.
• •
Rs.
Rs.
1
Rciw • . .
48,12,407
27,841
95
• ••
...
Chussam or waste .
5*98,502
26,730
• ••
1,500
...
Cocoons
14,803
• • •
• ••
140
...
I880-3I ./
Thread for sewing .
8,026
33
85
• • •
•••
Piece goods
I7>47>2i8
219,482
663
35,575
1,127
Goods of silk mixed with
other materials
60,459
1,51,985
120
2,462
• ••
\
Other sorts . • k
Total
• •
• ••
900
12
• ••
72,41,415
4,26,071
1,863
39,689
1,127
68
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[ Part III.
Official
YEARS.
1881-82
1882-83
Nature of Silk.
Raw ...
Chassam or waste .
Cocoons .
Thread for sewing .
Piece goods
Goods of silk mixed with
other materiab
Other sorts
Total
Raw ...
Chassam or waste .
Cocoons . . .
Thread for sewing .
Piece goods . . ^
Goods of silk mixed with
other materiab .
Other sorts
Total
INDIAN SILKS EXPORTED FROM
a
Rs.
29,70,024
7,87,878
245
17*93*848
17,731
1,120
56,01,984
44*06,073
9,62,819
31*956
• • •
23,12,092
44*059
Rs..
44*023
40,364
• • •
553
2,44,466
1*35*102
4,<>4,507
77*46,999
4*343
28,471
••*
667
1,88,547
1*97*564
1,200
4,20,791
a
CO
Rs.
1,800
• ••
• ••
600
916
...
•••
3.316
1*346
•••
• ••
1*346
Rs.
1,428
5,971
5
18,387
1,929
645
38,365
13,071
4*700
17,967
2,267
38,005
9
CQ
n
Rs.
• ••
• ••
105
530
625
...
...
45
...
•••
45
SILKiand
SILK
WORKS.
The countries to which the exports proceed are shown in the next table j
the figures are those of 1882-83 :—
•
•
ii^h
•
Countries to
1
^M
'i
« ^ d
Ml B
1
which export-
ed.
1
J
bo
§
Goods
mixed
other
rials.
u
S
Total.
Rs.
Rs.
Rs.
Rs.
Rs.
Rs.
Rs.
France
14,51,368
8,73*395
..^
6,38,111
•••
• ••
29,62,774
Italy-'
26,00,251
6,200
««•
6,000
• ••
• ••
26,12,451
United Kingdom
3,03,204
1,24,766
26,656
15*11*311
• ••
1*867
19,67,147
Arabia
3,282
•••
•.»
87,964
73*742
• ••
1,64,988
Straits Settle-
ments • •
...
•••
.••
51*746
29*547
...
81,293
Aden
...
...
.••
34*434
40,352
...
74,786
Mauritius .
• ••
.••
»••
73,851
• ••
.••
73,851
Turkey in Asia .
51*733
...
...
15*214
2,449
• •«
69,396
Persia
*••
•••
•••
39*003
16,542
.••
55,545
Other countries .
1*334
•••
...
62,363
81,258
• .•
1*44*955
Total .
44*10,415
10,04,361
26,656
25*19*997
2,43*890
1*867
82,07,186
69
Part III.]
Economic Products of India.
SBfaad
SILK
WOBIS.
233
234
235
237
The family of Saturnidae comprises eleven genera, under which are
grouped nearly 400 species, all of which are silk-spinners. The eleven
genera may be noticed in alphabetcal order :—
I. ACTIAS,
Includes five species known in India.
A. igneSCenSi Moore.
Andaman Isles.
A. letOi Doubleday.
Inhabits Sikkim, Khisia Hills and Sibsagor.
A. moenas, Doubleday.
Sikkim and Khasia Hills.
A, selene (McLeay.)
Inhabits Mussouri, Sikkim on the north; Khisia Hills, Shillong
Sylhet and Sibsagar on the east, and Madras on the south. Feeds on
the following trees :— ^
xat^Coiiarianepalenals, Wall,
A shrub of the Himalaya, found from Murree to Bhutan and in
Sikkim.
and.— Juglana regia, Linn.
The Walnut.
Vera. — Akhrot, Hind., Beng.; Kowal, Lbpcha.
Wild in the north-west and Sikkim Himalaya, often also cultivated.
3rd.— Odinawodier, Roxb.
VtaL—yiyai, Bkng ; Kashmala, Hind. ; Gampina, Tel.
A deciduous tree met with throughout the hotter parts of India, and
along the foot of the Himalaya to Assam, Burma and the Andamans.
4th.— Pierisovaiifolia D. Don.
Vcm.— ityar. Hind. ; Anjir, Nepal ; Piaaay, Bhutan ; Kangshiar, Lbp-
cha.
A tree or shrub common in the Khiisia Mountains and in the Hima-
laya from Bhutan to Kashmir, also in British Burma.
5th. Prumus Cerasus, Linn,
Thb wild Cherry.
Cultivated in the North-West Himalaya.
A. dnensiSi Walker.
Found up to ttow in North China.
IL ANTHER^A.
AnfhAf^a. A ffenus of silk-worm moths belonging to the sub-order
'l^^Sa, of which the most valuable are the T^isscr, Munga and
*^*Th^lowing enumeration of the Indian Economic species belonging
.r. Iw^ ^PniTs has. in substance, been taken from Mr. Moore's brief
daJSfi^fonTpu^^^^^ in Mr. T.' Vie.rd\e^s Hand^Bpok of the Wild Silks
«^^/a. It will be found to indicate the chief regions where the more
important Tusser silk-worms are met with.
70
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[ Part III.
Antheraea andamana, Moarty Hsterocxra.
An allied species to the common Tu8ier» inhabiting the South Andaman
Island.
A. assama. Heifer.
The M4nga of Assam, also found in Sikkim; in Assam it is exten-
sively cultivated, often in a state of domestication, although the insect
produces the best silk when reared upon the trees inlthe jungles in a
semi-wild condition. A considerable export trade exists from Assam in
Munga silk-yarn.
A, frithiiy Moore.
A common species, found in the hot valleys below Darjeeling, and to a
certain extent along the outer ranges of the Himalaya, ascending to 2,000
feet, also in Sikkim. The fibre is reported as finer than that obtained from
the ordinary Tusser.
A. heiferii) Moore.
Met with along with A. Frithii in the sub-tropical East Himalayan
valleys.
i, Moore.
This yields the Meeankuri silk of Assam, a fibre nearly white, and
valued at about 50 per cent, above that of Munga,
Specimens of the cocoons, of the silk yarns and fabrics prepared from
this insect should be procured from Assam j also all available informa-
tion. The worm feeds upon Tetnmthera poUuithA Wall, the Meeankuri
of Assam. It is stated to be abundant.
A. mylittai Drury.
The Tusser silk-worm. This well-known and valuable insect seems to
be met with throughout the low hills of the central plateau of India.
A. nebulosa, Huiton.
This worm is reported to be met with in the jungles of Colong, Sing-
bhum and Chutia Nagpur.
A. perrottei^ Guir. Min.
A silk-worm, said to be a native of Pondicherry, reported to produce
four broods a year.
A. roylei) Moore.
This is the oak-feeding silk-worm of the North- West Himalaya (Simla,
Masuri, Almora, &c.) ; also found in Sikkim. The cocoon is large and
very tough ; but as it is reared successfully in houses, it is regarded as
capable of improvement and development.
A. slwalika,^ Moore.
This is the Tusser worm met with on the submontane districts of the
Punjab. This species feeds upon the Zizyphua Jujuba {per or htri)^ and is
found plentiful m Hoshiarpur District.
Antheraea assama, Heifer.
The Munga Silk- Worm.
'VtXVU'^M^nga, m4ga, Ass.
This insect is met with chiefly in Assam, extending east to the Naga
hills and the mountains of North Burma> including Silhet and Cachar,
7'
SILK and
SILK
WOBMS.
238
230
240
24.Z
242
243
244
24s
246
24.7
[240]
Part III.]
Economic Products of India,
SILK and
SILK
WORMS.
and extending south to Tipperah. In Cachar and the Naga hills
I am not aware that the cocoons are even collected, although, in some
districts, they are quite plentiful. In his Hand" Book of the Indian Wild
Silks, Mr. Wardle gives a map of the Munga silk, showing it to be found,
in addition to the above localities, far away to the west in Dehra Dun,
and across the Peninsula at Dhurrumpur in the Bombay Presidency.
This is apparently founded upon a remark made by Mr. Qeoghegan
that it is met sparingly at Dehra Dun ; but in the text of his work
Mr. Wardle makes no mention of these localities. It would be exceedingly
interesting to know if the insect is actually met with so far away from
Assam, and to what extent. Specimens of the cocoons, yarn and fabrics,
along with information, would be most interesting from the Don and
from Dhurrumpur.
This insect is, to a certain extent, domesticated in Assam, being reared
in houses, but it is found to produce better and more productive cocoons
when let go wild on the trees around the cultivator's house. It is stated to
have five broods a year. The breeders of Upper Assam annually import
their seed cocoons from Kamrup, all attempts to successfully perpetuate
the species in domestication having failed. Breeding cocoons cost Rs. 2
per thousand.
The worm is described by Dr. Brandis {Indian Forester, Vol, V,p. 55)
and by Mr. Hugon and other authors as feeding in Assam upon the
following trees : —
lati — Cinnaniomvm obtusifofinm, Nees.
Ram-ieapat, Beng. j Patichanda, Ass.
A large, evergreen tree of the outer Himalaya, ascending to altitude
7,000 feet. The Mdnga silk-worm sometimes feeds upon the leaves of
this tree,
and. — Cylicopodaphne tiitida, Meissn,
Kofoloah, Ass.
A large tree of East Bengal, Assam and Burma, on the leaves of which
the Munga silk-worm sometimes feeds. This is most probably the
Kontooloa referred to by Hugon.
3rd* — MicheUa Champaca, Linn.
Champa, or Champaca, Beng. ; Tiiasappa, Ass. ; OtUia champ, Nep.
A tall, evergreen tree, with large, yellow, strongly-scented flowers.
Cultivated throughout India, wild in Nepal, Bengal and Assam.
Captain Jenkins says the Mdnga silk-worm feeds upon this tree,
but I am inclined to think there is some mistake regarding this statement,
the species found upon the Champa being most probably quite distinct
from the ordinary Mtinga.
4ih*— Machilus odoratissima, Nees.
Soom, Ass. ; Kawala, Hind. ; Dingpingwait, Khasia.
A large tree of the Eastern Himalaya ascending to altitude 8,000
feet ; common in Assam and the Khisia hills.
This is the chief plant upon which the Munga silk-worm feeds. It
grows gregariously, forming forests, and is often cultivated around villages
to feed the domesticated worm, for, in some parts of Assam, the Munga
may be said to be in a state of domestication.
5th.~S7mploco8 grandiflora, WalU
BumroH, Ass. 5 Moat soom, Phbkial.
A handsome tree or large bush which Mr. Mann says is sometimes
used to feed the Mdnga silk-worm. Two other members of this genus,
72
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[ Part III
are used to feed the small yellow silk- worms (Eria), viz., S« cratoegfoides,
Ham,y and S. ramosissima, Wall, Could it be possible that Mr. Mann
mistook large Eria worms for the Munga for it would seem unlikely to find
the Munga feeding upon anything but laurels.
6th.— Tetranthera glauca, Wall,
Digloiti, Ass. ; Sempat, Nepal ; Diglilati, Mechi.
An evergreen tree of the Eastern Himalaya and East Bengal, upon
the leaves of which the MiSga or Munga silk-worms are sometimes fed.
Tth.—Tetrantheia monopetala, RoxK
Sualu, Ass. ; Haura, Cachar ; Bolbek, Garo. ; Meda, gwa^ singraf, marda,
kerauli, patoia. Hind.; Mendah, kari, leja, Gondi.
A moderate-sized tree of the Sub-Himalaya, extending from the Ravi
eastward to Bengal and Burma, and south to Central and South India.
Upon the aromatic leaves of this plant the Muga silk-worm is stated to
feed in Assam.
8th.~Tetianthera polyantha. Wall,
Adakuri, edenkuri, mezenkuri, Ass. ; Siltitnber, Nepal ; Terhilsok, Lepcha.
A small tree of the Eastern Himalaya, Assam and the Khisia hills.
In Assam the leaves are largely used to feed the Muga silk-worm; in
fact, this tree is next^in importance to the Soom for this purpose.
Dr. Brandis makes no mention of the Champa tree being used in
Assam to feed the Muga worm, while Captain (the late Genera Jenkins
says : " The silk produced from the worm feeding upon this planl) gives the
finest and whitest silk, used only by the Rajah and great peotple, and is
called Champa-pattea Munga, The thread is sold at from Rs. 1 1 to 12 a
seer. With the exception of this plant and the species of Symplocos
referred to above, the Muga silk-worm seems to feed entirely upon
species of Laurel. This is a most remarkable fact, of itself circumscribing
the home of the Munga worm, and removing it in a marked degree
from all the other silk-worm moths. One can hardly imagine a
creature, displaying so decided a preference for dry, evergreen, aro-
matic leaves, takmg to any other kind of food, and there would, from this
fact alone, seem some doubt regarding the Champa tree as a source <rf food
for the Mdnga worm. Information from Assam should be obtained, as also
specimens both of worm and cocoon feeding on the Champa. The former
snould be preserved in small bottles or tubes amongst a little spirits of
wine, or simply brandy and water. There is every probability that the
Champa-feeding worm (if such exists) is a perfectly distinct species, and as
it is reported to yield the finest Munga silk, it seems highly desirable that
special attention should be given to tnis subject. It is the more probable
that this shall be found a correct conjecture, since up to within a few years
the Aniheraea mezankiiri was supposed to be the same species as the
common Munga. Mr. Hugon places the Champa-reared Munga on a par
with the Mezankuri, and regards both as 50 per cent, finer than the
ordinary Munga.
Thb Munga Silk-Worm.
On being hatched this caterpillar is composed of alternate black and
yellow rings, but as it grows older the black bands are reduced to blackspots
or moles in regular lines, on each of the twelve rings which form the body.
As it matures the colours change still further, the main colour becoming
light greenish-yellow, with brilliant red moles, each having a gold edge
around it and four sharp prickles and a few black hairs. When full
73
SILK and
SILK
WORMS.
Part in.]
Economic Products of India,
SILK and
SILK
WORHS^
248
[244]
ffrown it is about four inches long. The eggs are hatched in 10 days»
the moth remaining within the cocoon for 16 to 20 days.
The Cocoon.
Is fawn-coloured^ laree and thin^ devoid of the curious suspensor
so characteristic of the Tusser cocoon. The short period of lethargy
does not necessitate so much care in the construction nor protection of
the cocoon as is displayed by the instinct of the Tusser worm.
The Fibre.
The soft loose fibre from the inner part of the Muga Cocoon is " thrown,"
in Assam, into a simple kind of yarn, and in this condition it is lareely
exported. The fabrics made from it are worn by the middle class,
the Eria silk fabrics by the poor. The outer fibre is about y^ inch
in diameter, and bears a strain of 2} drams, while the inner fibre is
-nV?$* ^"^ ^^^^ support 3 drams. The tension of the outer fibres is about
one inch to the foot, while the inner fibre is about* if inches. The fibre
b not only much finer than the Tusser silk, but it is round, like that
obtained from the mulberry-fed worms. It will show the difference
between the Munga and Tusser silks to give here the measurements of
the latter so as to allow of comparison :—
From edge to edge of the Tusser fibre, Mr. Wardle says, the diameter
is y^th part of an inch taken from the outer fibres, and from the inner
fibres tVJj ; the former bear a strain of 7 drams, while the fine and uniform
fibres from the inner layer of the cocoon bear as much as 8 drams. The
thickness of the Tusser fibre is about -^^ part of an inch.
The mullberry silk-worm of Bengal produces a fibre ^-^^ part of an
inch in diameter for its outer fibres and ^^j^ for its inner.
Antheraea mylitta, Drury.
The Tusser Silk Moth, Eng,; Tussore, Fr,; Bombtz sside,
Wtnu — Tasar or bughy amdjarvo iiuar, Birbhumj Chattisgkari tasar
Santhal Parganas; GuH tasar, Bankura; Data, daha, ampath
ampoHa tasar, Manbhum; ^arA (described by Buchanan and Hamilton
in the ^stricts of Bhag^lpore and Dinagepore), Beng. ; Katkura or tussar,
kutkurikankvri mung, gori, deamunga, Ass. j Tusuru, Hind. ; Kalissura,
Dec
The Tusser silk- worm is, perhaps, the most abundant, as it is the most
important, of the so-called Indian wild silks. It seems to occur in a wild
state in the forests of the lower undulations of the plains of India, but is
apparently absent from North India, Burma and Ceylon. I found it
occasional in the lower and hotter forests of Manipur, often ascending
to 2,000 feet in altitude. This fact extends the apparent eastern line of
habitat of the insect to the mountain slopes of North Burma.
Mr, Hugon regarded the insect called in Bengal Bughy, ^hich is met
with feeding upon the BSr (Zizjphva), to be a different species from the
^arvo, found on the ilsan (TennlaaUa), but Moore and other Entomolo-
gists think this is not the case. As Economic products, however, they differ
considerably from each other, and the worm is of a difterent colour. If not
distinct species, these forms illustrate, in a marked degree, the effect of
different food in changing many of the characters of an insect. The so-called
Tusser of the Punjab is, however, a perfectly distinct species» which I have
accordingly excluded from present consideration*
* In pare 58 of bis Hand-book, Mr. Wardle gives the tension of the inner fibre ai
i|, and m nis table at page 68 be shows it as only | inch per foot.
74
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants*
[Part II
The Home of the Txtsser;
It may be said to be a denizen of the highland forests inhabited by
the Santtial, the Kol, the Khond, and the Gond^ extending west and south-
west of the Gangetic alluvial basin. Commencing at Rajmehal the region
of the Tusser silk-worm may be said to stretch aw^ south through the
Bajmehal and Kurackpore hills to the^ table-land of Chutia Nas^pur, thence
to the mountain tracts of Orissa, of the Central Provinces, and the Northern
Circars to Haidarabad. Taking the westerly direction this region may
be said to pass from Rajmehal and Bhagulpur^ through Behar, to the
Kaimor mountains and Bandelkhand, thence to the Central Provinces and
Berar. Practically speaking, this region may be said to have the Ganges
for its northern boundary and the Godavari for its southern, with the coast
ranges from Midnapur m Orissa, to Ramgaur in Haidarabad, as its south-
eastern and the Narbada river and the Kaimor mountains as its north-
western boundary. Of course the Tusser insect crosses these limitations
to a certain extent, being met with on the north of the Ganges along the
foot of the Himalaya from Nepal to Sikkim, Assam and the Ehiisia hills,
the Naga hills and the Lushai country to Chittagong, the Sunderbuns,
and, sparingly, in the neighbourhood of Calcutta. It also crosses the
Godavari, extending into the mountains of the Madras Presidency, and is
even reported as met with in Mysore, Beyond the region which nas been
defined however, it can only be said to occur to a small extent,, and in a
wild and neglected condition, for, with the exception of a small corner of
the North- West Provinces at Mirzapur, the cocoons aref not even col-
lected. The name Tusser has unfortunately been applied to all fawn-coloured
indigenous silks, and in the North- West Provinces at Mirzapur a mixed
cotton and silk fabric bears that name. It is exceedingly doubtful there-
fore if the Tusser worm proper occurs anywhere beyond the region defined,
and it is incorrect to regard it as met with throughout the entire
Peninsula of India. Mr, Wardle gives a map of the region inhabited
by the Tusser insect, colouring the whole of Fndia, except Cashmir, Rajput-
ana, Bhutan, Burma and Ceylon. This is (]uite a mistake. It seems, prac-
tically speaking, to be absent from the Punjab, Rajputana, the North- West
Provmces and Oudh. It nowhere occurs upon the Himalaya proper, never
ascending above 2,000 feet in altitude, and it rarely if ever exists on the allu-
vial plains, except where these are limited and confined by hilly undulations.
The centres of the Tusser silk trade in India may be given as follows : —
In ^en^a/.— Bankoora, Bishnapur, Bhaugulpor^ Futwa» Gaya, and
Nawada.
In the Central Provinces, — Raipore, Bilaspore, Sambulpore, Upper
Godavari, Chanda, Bhundara, Nagpore, Balaghat, Seonee, Chhindwaraand
Betul.
In Berar and Haidarabad —EWichpore, Kummeer, Warrungal and
Bhudrachellum.
Food op the Tusser.
The following are the principal trees upon which the Tusser caterpillar
feeds: —
Anogeissiis latifbfia, Wall.
Vem.— X>^^«a> dhdura, bakU, Hind.; G6bra, dhokridan, Rajputana.
A common tree of the Tropical Himalayan forests, extending to Central
South India. Captain Brooke mentions the wild wormsin the Seonee
forests as being met with on this tree.
75
SILK aii<
SILK
WORMS
'ART III.]
Economic Products of India.
ILK and
SILK
970RMS.
BomtMue malabaricom, DC.
Vern. — Semul, shembal, semur, bouro. Hind., Beng., Ass. ; Illavam^ Tam. ;
Burga, buraga, Tel.
Mr- Hugon mentions this tree as being one of the chief trees in Assam
upon which it feeds.
Careya arborea, Roxb,
Vtm.—Kumbi, Hind. ; Komba, Bom. ; Boktok, Lepcha ; Dambel, Garo
Ayma, Tam.
Carissa Canmdas, Linn.
VtrtL—Karaunda, kurunda, HiND. ; Kurumia, Beng. ; Kalaka, Tam.
Eugenia Jambolana, Lam.
Described by Major Coussmaker as being a good plant to feed this
worm upon.
Ficus religlosa, Linn.
The Peepul ; Aswdi, asud, Beng.
Mr. Gamble says the gori or rf^omMg^a silk-worm feeds upon this plant
in Assam. I am unable to decide as to what insect is meant, but have
guessed it to be the Tusser, but it may probably be Bombyx reUgiosa,
Heifer.
Ficus retusa, Linn.
VertL—Kamrup, air, Beng. ; S^amu, Nep. ; Situyok, Lepcha ; Yerra,
juri, Tel. i Pilcda, Kan. ; Nyoungop, Burm.
A large, elegant tree, often cultivated in India in avenues.
Lagerstrcemia indica, Linn.
Vem. — Telinga-china, Hind. ; Daiyeti, Sind and Pb.
A small bush, much cultivated in Indian gardens on account of its rose-
pink flowers.
Lagerstrcemia parviflora, Hook.
Vem. — LenAya, dhaura. Hind.
A small tree or large bush, wild in Bengal, Central, and South India.
Ridnus communis, Linn.
Vem. — Rand, arund, arendi. Hind.
Shorea robusta, Gaerin,
Vem. — Sal, sdla, sdlwa. Hind. ; Koroh, Oudh ; GUgalt Tel.
Mr. B. H. Hodgson {journal, Agri.'Horti. Society of India) says the
Tusser feeds chiefly upon this tree in the Mechi forests at the foot of the
Sikkim Himalaya, r. Heifer mentions this same fact, and it is also
reported to be the tree in Midnapur upon which the insect feeds.
Tectona grandis, Linn.
Vem. — Sagun, Hind. ; Tekku, Tam. j Kyum, Burm.
Col. Sykes states that the Kolisurra (or Tusser) worm feeds upon this
tree in the Deccan.
Tcrminalia Arjana, Bedd.
yicm.—AnJan, arjun. Hind., Beng. ; Vella marda, Tam.
Terminalia Catappa. Linn,
VeXTL.-^Badam, Beng. ; Tori, Kan. ; Vedam,TAii. ; Catappa, Mal.
Mr. Hugon mentions that the Tusser feeds largely in Assam upon
this tree.
Terminalia tomentosa, W. & A.
Vem.— Sfl/, seni, asan. Hind, j Piasal, Beng. ; Amari, Ass.
This is one of the most favoured Tusser trees.
76
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[ Part III
Zizyphus Jujuba, Lam,
Vem.—KtUt Hind. ; BA^, Beng. ; Bh6r, Mar. ; Blair, Bom.
Captain Brooke, writing of the Tusser silk, in Seonee, states that it is
not known to feed upon this tree, but in other parts of India it is reported
as doing so.
Much has been written regarding the improvement of the Tusse:
Cocoon, and the question of food has naturally taken a first place in
the controversy connected with this subject. Lag^erstroemla indica and
parviflora, possessing the property of rapid growth, seemingly to lux-
uriate under severe pruning or plucking of the leaves, are unquestion-
ably the most successful bushes for this purpose. The Zizyphus (or B^r)
is also a favourite, and of the remainder perhaps Shorea robusta and
Temunalia tomentosa are the most important.
In Bhagulpore Dr. Buchanan states that the tree chiefly used is the
last mentioned, the worms being lifted within baskets on to the trees and
changed from tree to tree as the leaves are consumed. They are only
applied to the same tree once in two years.
SILK an!
SILK
WORMS.
Crops of the Tusser,
The Tusser silk-moth has, generally speaking, two crops a year, but
instead of being bivoltine in its wild state, it is most probably quadri-
voltine. The cocoons are purchased by the rearers in May and June
from persons who collect them in the jungles. The larger ones are, gene-
rally speaking, females, and as much as 8 to lo cowries are paid a piece
for these, while the smaller or male cocoons only fetch 4 to 5 cowries.
The crops may be traced out as follows : —
xst Crop.— From the Dhaba or seed cocoons in Bhagulpore, the Arty a
or Ranwat in Seonee, the insects emerge in June, eggs are produced,
then worms, and by July these pass again mto the chrysalis, coming
out as perfect insects in three weeks, that is, in August. This is the first
or Bhadeli crop, from Bhadon, August. The Bhadeli cocoons are not sold
except to rearers. They are preserved, and from them a fresh supply of
insects is obtained, the perforated cocoons being then sold at a low rate.
2nd Crop.— The Bhadeli insects lay their eggs, and in due course these
hatch and worms are obtained which pass into chrysalis in September, the
cocoon being mature in October, or in some districts, not until November.
This is the second crop known as the Kartic or Katkahi, because it ap-
pears in the month of Kartik (October and November).
Captain Brooke, in his interesting account of the Tusser industry of
Seolee in the Central Provinces, published by Geoghegan, describes an-
other crop : —
3rd Crop. — In Nagpur seed-cocoons from the Kartic crop are reserved,
and in due course these produce eggs, worms and a crop of cocoons which
mature in January, This crop is accordingly known as the Magh or
Mag^ur,
4th Crop. — Captain Brooke infers, and apparently correctly, that in
its wild state the Tusser insect is quadrivottine, the Dhaba or May
seed-cocoons being obtained from the Magh, so that the Dhaba is really the
fourth crop. Entomologists seem to regard the insect as bivoltine, and
the reports from different parts of India are most conflicting. It is
remarkable that so much confusion should exist regarding the life-history
of so very important an economic insect. Our ignorance in this respect
must be viewed as indicating the amount of interest taken in the develop-
ment of the Tusser silk of India.
77
^ART III.]
Economic Products of India.
SILK and
SILK
WORMS.
As practised by the natives of India, the rearing of the Tusser cocoon
crop occupies about five months a year, commencing from the bursting of
Dhaba cocoons in June to the sale of the Kartic crop in the end of
September or beginning of October. Dr. Buchanan enters into a discus-
sion regarding the different modes of obtaining seed, the important facts
of which agree with all other accounts. Wild cocoons are sometimes
collected and sold to the reeler, but as a rule they are sold to the rearer.
These are called Dhaba. The silk produced from this would, accordingly,
be Dhtiba silk, but that which finds its way into the hands of the weaver is
chiefly the Sarihan silk, or that produced from the first and second crops
above discussed. Should seed cocoons be preserved from the Kariic
crop over till next May in place of fresh Dhaba seed, the silk produced
from this source is known as Lang^a, So much has the insect deterior-
ated, by this temporary domestication however, that this class of silk is
regarded as very inferior, from which fact it seems quite clear that the
true success of the Tusser silk industry of the future lies in the fact
that, unlike the mulberry and other domesticated worms, it is never likely
to be visited with a plague;, spreading ruin to the very foundations of the
industry, such in fact as recently passed over the mulberry industry.
Fresh silk seed is always procurable, and from our interminable forests
this is ever likely to remain the case.
In Seonee Captain Brooke {see Geoghfgan, page 146) reports that the
insects are in a state of partial domestication, being tended in all their
stages, the rearers depending upon the wild supply for their seed cocoons.
The seed cocoons are placed in baskets which are generally, for this
puxpose, large and flat. The insects escape from the cocoons during night,
and in some districts the males are allowed to fly away, in others sdl are
confined together in a room. Whichever course is followed the males
soon discover the females and perform their mission. In 15 or 20 hours
after their escape from the cocoons, the females are picked up and placed
in closed baskets ending in long, narrow mouths, carefully lined with
fresh leaves. Sometimes earthen pots lined with leaves are preferred.
In the course of a day the females commence to deposit their eggs, laying
from 50 to 200 during the first three or four days of their brief existence,
perishing in 8 or 10 days more.
Thb Egos.
The Eggs are small, white, flattened, oval bodies, deposited in masses
often adhering together. They are biconvex, nine, if arranged in a row,
measuring one inch. On the ninth day the eggs are hatched within the
baskets above described.
The Worm or Larva.
At first, when the worm escapes from the egg, it is so small tbat it can
hardly be seen. It at once commences to eat the leaves linine the baskets ;
as the baskets are at this stage placed on the trees, the worm soon
attacks the fresh leaves thus supplied, and rapidly increases in size. It
moults five times, at intervals of from 5 to 8 days; commencing to
construct its cocoon in about 36 to 40 days, after the date of hatching.
When full grown it is about 4 inches in length, of a pale green colour,
having 12 joints marked with reddish spots, and with a reddish yellow
band running along either side. It is so heavy when mature that it is
compelled to walk along the delicate twigs suspended from below by its
feet. Birds and ants are its gp*eatest enemies.
78
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants,
[Part III.
Superstition regarding the Worms.
Throughout India a strict and severe superstitious observance is pre-
served from the period of hatching until the cocoons are collected. The
men engaged in this trade lead lives of the strictest abstinence during
this period^ and so distasteful is the necessity for this observance^ that^ as
compared with other industries^ silk labours under a considerable dis-
advantage. It is remarkable that this religious observance is not confined
to one race of men, nor to any particular religious community, nor, indeed,
is it restricted to a particular species or class of insects. It seems universal.
In the month of April, while in Manipur during the Burma-Manipur
Expedition, I expressed a wish to see the process of domestication adopted
in tnat State. I was accidentally near a silk-cultivating villaee at the time.
I was shown the worm and cocopr on condition that I would not approach
the house. I took my seat upon a vail near by, and they were brought to
me. A woman also came and showed me the process of reeling. News
of this fact spread to the Maharajah and his Durbar in g^eat alarm asked
me to on no condition make even the most accidental enquiry regarding
the worms, in case, as had happened on a former occasion, they should
take revenge of the intrusion and die off, to the ruin of a large population
of cultivators. An edict preceded my every movement, pr^ibiting with
severe penalty, any person from showing me the worms on the cocoons or
answering even questions I should address to them on the subject of silk.
Dr. Buchanan accounts for the origin of these observances, as instituted
to preserve a monopoly in the hands of a certain community, who took
pains to make every one else believe that they and they alone could suc-
cessfully rear the insect. Mr, Baden-Powell describes in his Punjab
Products the successful introduction near Amritsur of the mulberry silk
worm by Jafir Ali, a Kashmiri. That gentleman, to preserve a mono-
poly, adopted at once the practices of the professional silk-worm rearers.
He would allow no one, not even his sons, to approach the worms in case
of the evil eye proving fatal to his crop. In most parts of India women
are supposed by the silk cultivators to be unclean^ and are accordingly
not allowed to see the worms, and the men who tend on these will not
approach a woman in case of being defiled. In Manipur, however, I found
women busily reeling thp cocoons and tending the wiw-ms at the same
time.
The Tusser Cocoon.
During the long period the insect remains in the lethargic condi-
tion, tX is absolutely necessary that the cocoons should be stroojgly ajid
firmly attached. Were they loosely £x«^d to leaves, as with many other
species <A silk-worm, in the course of a few months, the leaves being
caducous, the cocoons would be precipitated to the groiuxd, where, of
necessity, the creature would perish. But this is entirely prevented, for
tHe Tusser worm not only spins a closely-woven and nrmly-cememted
cocoon of the appearance and consistence of the shell of an eigg^ but
the cocoon is suspended by an elegant and ingenious cord from the twigs
around which a strong loop is formed. This su^pensor is generally about
3 inches in length, the loop being flattened on the tpp of the twig to a
considerable extent, so as to make the suspended cocoon less likely to be
dashed backward and forward. In fact, it soon becomes so firm that the
cocoons remain suspended rigidly from the often leafless twigs like so
many fruits.
The cocoon itself is almost perfectly oval, smooth, of a grey colour, with
darker veins reticulating across its outer surface. The largest are about 2
inches long and i J broad, the average size about i| inches long. The inner
layer of fiibre is quite loose, forming a soft cushion for the insect within. For
79
SILK zsA
SILK
WORKS.
Part III.]
Economic Products of India,
SILK and
SILK
WORMS.
a long time this layer was all that could be utilised as a silk fibre, but recent
modes of separating or decomposing^ the cement has rendered it possible to
utilise almost the entire shell. Major Coussmaker has paid special atten-
tion to the subject of the cement by which the Tusser worm consolidates its
cocoon, and he has been able to arrive at an interesting conclusion, namely,
that this substance consists of the excrements from the alimentary canal,
and that its nature and colouring or injurious power, greatly depends
upon the food upon which the worm has been fed. He is of opinion,
consequently, that judicious feeding will ^freatly lessen this difficulty, by
altering the nature of the cement. The silk, of which the pedicel or sus-
pensor is composed, as also the outer shell, is of a reddish colour, and is
built up of short broken fibres firmly cemented together. The inner layer
is much finer, and entire.
" Each species of silk-worker has two stores of silk, one on each side of
the alimentary canal, and below its mouth it has two so-called spinorates
or orifices, through which the silk issues simultaneously in fine parallel
filaments. As the silk is drawn out of the?e stores, the worm coats it with
a varnish technically called "gum," which contains a brownish-yellow
colouring matter.
"The Tusser worm, in spinning its cocoon, takes short sweeps of its
head from side to side, depositing the silk very closely in parallel fibres,
which take a zigzag course round the cocoon as he does so. It has been
thought that the worm twists or spins the silk as it exudes it, but this is
not uie case. Besides the gum which coats the silk, the worm secretes
at intervals a cementing fluid, which it kneads by an expanding motion of
its body through the whole cocoon to consolidate and harden it. This
cement gives to the cocoon its drab colour." ( Wardle.)
When about to spin its cocoon the worm, as if to screen itself, first
binds together a few leaves within which it commences its operations.
The cord or suspensor is next prepared. The cocoon is then proceeded
with, and at first it is so transparent that the entire movements of the
creature may be carefully studied. By-and-bye it becomes quite opaque
through the coatings of cement with which it binds the threads together,
and in the course ofa few days it is perfectly hard. It requires in all 15
days to construct its cocoon.
The hard outer layer or cocoon shells of this moth are now largely
carded and spun into Tusser silk, but from almost time immemorial, they
have been used for the formation of strong bands or strings, by being
carefully clipped off round and round. These straps the natives regard so
strong as to resist both fire and water ; they were formerly, and are even
still, used in the Deccan to fasten the barrels of matchlocks to their stocks.
In Bengal the Tusser cocoon is, perhaps, most plentiful in the district
of Bhagulpore, having in former days been there made into coarse cloth
used by the poorer classes. In Assam, at the present day, a similar
coarse cloth is even now regarded as fit only for the very poorest, the ^'rya
silk being so very plentiful that the poor can afford to be clothed in silk
garments.
From almost time immemorial the Erya silk cocoons have been carded
and spun in Assam, but it is within the past few years that it has been
found possible, as above stated, to treat the Tusser cocoons in this way.
The perfect insect.
The escape of the perfect insect from the cocoon is caused through
its secreting a fluid which softens the cement on a spot on the apex of the
cocoon. It is quite a mistake to think that it eats its way through. It
has no mouth, properly so speaking, and certainly nothing by which it
80
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[PARt III
could cut the cocoon. When softened the insect simply forces its escape
by displacing the fibres.
On escaping from the cocoon it discharges its duty^ the perpetuation of
the species, durmg a brief existence of lo or 12 days. It neither requires
food nor is it provided by any process by which it could eat or digest food,
hence, having accomplished its mission, it perishes.
Native mode of reeling the silk.
In Bengal about 400 cocoons are placed in an iron pot along with 7}
seers of water, in which a small piece of potash has been dissolved. The
bottom of the pot is protected by a small piece of mat, to save the
cocoons from being burned. The cocoons are boiled for one hour.
The alkaline water is then poured off and the cocoons transferred to a
clean pot, where they are left standing over for three days, exposed to the
sun, a thin cloth being tied over the mouth of the pot to prevent them being
soiled by dust or birds and insects. On the fourth day they are again
boiled with 2^ seers of water for about an hour, and thereafter poured
into a basket where they are allowed to cool. They are then washed with
cold water and spread out upon a floor of cow dung ashes to dry, a
cloth being stretched across to keep them clean. In six hours they are
ready to be reeled, but should experience show that some are still not
ready, these are carefully picked out and exposed for a longer period to
the action of the sun.
Each cocoon is now carefully picked, by the hand, so as to remove the
waste outer shell known Sisjhurt, This substance is sold at a small rate
to potters to make the brushes with which they apply the pigments to their
wares. The outer continuous fibre of each cocoon is then sought with the
hand and those from 5 to 10 cocoons (according to thickness of required
thread) are twisted together by being rubbed across the left thigh. The
thread thus formed is wound upon a crude spindle, which is twirled in one
hand while the fibres are twisted by being rubbed upon the thigh with
the other. While being reeled the Tusser cocoons are not placed in hot
water, but are left quite dry dancing about in a basket. The first or finest
thread removed in this way is called lak. After the removal of the lak
there remains a coarser thread which is next reeled. This is known by
the same name as the waste, namely, jhurt. This coarser thread is sold
to men who prepare silk strings. The perforated cocoons are also reeled,
but they bring a much lower price, because the fibre has to be so often
joined that the thread is very inferior.
Working in this way a woman will boil, dry, and reel about one rupee's
or 400 cocoons in 10 days, or 1,200 a month. These will yield about
2,247 lbs. of fine thread {lak) worth Rs. 5-6 and i^ annas oi jhurt The
cost of pots and firewood leave a profit of Rs. 1-8 to Re. 1-12 per mensem.
{Dr, Buchanan*)
Italian and French mode of reeling.
In principle this is identical with that described as practised by the
natives of India, namely, the extraction or uncoiling of the natural fibre
from the cocoon (each of which, as prepared by the insect, is composed of
two filaments), the fibres from a required number of cocoons being
wound together and slightly twisted into a thread known as a "single."
In practice, it is very different however. The fibre is cleansed of all its
impurities, which, by the native process, are left adhering to it. A fixed and
definite number of fibres are wound together into the " single," which is of
uniform thickness, and much finer than can be produced by the natives
of India. In other words, the one produces a careless or accidental thread,
and the other an accurate and definite one. A skein of 1,000 yards
F 8t
in
SILK and
SILK
WORMS.
Part III.]
Economic Products of India.
SILK and
SILK
WORMS.
length of the ordinary native-reeled "single" weighs from 9 to 15 drams^
technically known as 152 to 255 " deniers ". From Tusser cocoons reeled
by the Italian process Mr. Wardle obtained a size of 51 deniers or 3
drams per 1,000 yards. The Tusser fibre is about y'^ part of an inch,
or three times as thick as ordinary silk, so that 51 deniers would, for such
a fibre, be regarded as a good practicable result. The denier is equal to
about 0*825 grains.
The cocoons are boiled for a considerable time in an alkaline solution,
to which some glycerine may be added. After being boiled they are
conveyed to a basin over which a semi-rotating brush is so adjusted as
to brush off the outer waste shell and ultimately pick out the continuous
threads. When these have been found the cocoons are transferred to the
reeler. A number of cocoons, with the ends of their found fibres twisted
together, are placed in the hot-water basin of the reeling machme ; four or
five of these are passed through the agate centre guides and the croiseur,
and are thus cleansed, and to a required extent twisted, before being
conveyed to the reel. The reel is driven by a handle or windlass, and
the connection between the fly wheel and the reel is such that the reeler
may stop the action at any moment, having a lever near by which throws
the reel out of gear, should any necessity arise for stopping the machine.
The moment a thread breaks, or whenever a cocoon is reeled out, the end
of a fresh one is quickly presented and the action continued.
Prepared by this mode the thread is cleaner and devoid of smell ; it
takes colour more rapidly, and without requiring to be bleached, the
lighter shades of colours may be given to the silk.
The Italian-reeled fibre, the primary thread, or "single," produced by
reeling, has now to go through the process technically known as "throw-
ing." Two or more " singles " are " thrown " together, and spun or twisted
into a yarn. For many years English spinners could only produce the
" tram " or weft required by the silk-weavers. The finer and more deli-
cate " organism " or warp had to be imported from Italy and France,
John Lombe of Derby managed to become possessed of the secret how-
ever, and from that date it spread rapidly over the world. The tram or
weft yarns are composed 01 two or more singles, only slightly twisted to-
gether, being left loose and open so as to cover more freely the warp.
Warps are rarely composed of more than two singles, and for fine warps
a " smgle " alone is used. It is much more difficult therefore to produce the
warp which has to go through six processes, vis,, winding, cleaning, spinn-
ing, doubling, spinning and reeling; the warp has 8 turns in the inch, weft
only 4, Reeling is as a rule performed by quite a distinct person from
the spinner, and the singles reach the latter firmly twisted into " knots "
and tied up in batches known as "books." The Italian-reeled tusser is
as pure as ordinary silk, and only loses two ounces a lb. on being dyed,
while native-reeled tusser loses as much as seven and never less than
five ounces a lb. That is to say, the European reeled yarn loses I2i as
compared to 37J per cent. The books of thrown silk, as they reach the
weaver, are known as " hard yarn." For most fabrics they have to be
softened by being boiled, a process which brings out the brilliancy of the
fibre as well as softens the yarn. By the process of softening native yarns
lose seriously in weight, and thus not only are native-reeled singles and
thrown yarns unsuited for the majority of European purposes, but on bemg
purified they lose so seriously as of necessity to cause their commercial
value to be considerably below that of European reeled and thrown silks.
So great are these disadvantages that the future of Tusser silk depends
more upon the efforts put forth to improve the reeling than upon improve-
ments in the breed of the insect. There is not the slightest reason why, with
cheap Indian labour, could improved reeling be introduced, India might
render the exportation of raw cocoons a thing of the past.
82
Fibres and Fibre^yieldtng Plants.
[Part III
Thb Tusser Silk Fibre,
Mr. Thomas Wardle, in his interesting Hand-Book on the Wild
Silks of Indian states that " there is a striking peculiarity about the fibre
of Tusser silk. I have carefully and thoroughly examined it many times
under the microscope, and find undoubtedly that it is almost flat and not
round, as is the case with the silk produced by the mulberry-fed worm.
There is no doubt that it is to this property that Tusser silk owes its jglossy
or vitreous look, reflecting a little glare of light from the angle of incidence
on its flat surface, whilst the mulberry-silk fibre, being round, reflects the
light in all directions. Bv some this property is considered a drawback,
but by the time the fibre has become modified and the flatness diffused
in the loom, I think the lustre of the cloth is enhanced by it. This tape-
like appearance gives the fibre this disadvantage, that it is less homoge-
neous than the round fibre of the mulberry-silk, and I find an undoubted
tendency in it to split up into smaller fibrets, of which the fibre is evident-
ly composed, causing the silk to swell out when subjected to severe dyeing
processes, particularly the bleaching one of recent date, thus giving a
substantial and important reason why its coloured cements should be re-
moved."
English and Italian improvements in the reeling and spinning of the
Tusser cocoon have produced, within the past few years, a complete revo-
lution in the European demand for this common Indian insect. While
experiments to improve the rearing, and, if possible, to domesticate the
worm, have, in India, failed financially, when compared with the success and
enormous development of the introduced mulberry worm, there seems
every probability that a reaction will at an early date commence. The
demand for Tusser cocoons and Tusser silk seems likely to become each
year more urgent. A careful perusal of Mr. Wardle s most interesting
Hand-Book forces upon one the conviction that, since recent discoveries
render it possible to spin even the waste particles rejected from the reeling,
every fibre of the cocoon being now utilised, a great future is certain to
immediately open out for this, one of our most common and most plentiful
wild economic products. It is absolutely necessary to impress upon the
people of India the distinction between reeled Tusser silk and spun Tusser
silk. By the former the cocoons, after being boiled in an alkaline solution,
have the original thread drawn out from the interior, a process which could
only be carried to a certain extent, all experiments having failed to soften the
cement so as to allow of the entire cocoon being reeled. Indeed, even were
it possible economically to soften the cement entirely, a large proportion
of the outer shell could not be reeled owing to its being composed of broken
or short threads. By the Indian, and indeed by the old European, mode of
reeling the Tusser cocoon, about one ft. of reeled silk was all that could
be prepared from ii fts. of the cocoons; the remaining lo fts. were
technically known as tusser-silk-waste. Mr. Wardle says that a few years
ago this tusser-waste was valueless and lay about our English ports, for
some time, quite unsaleable. It now is greedily bought up for 25. a ft.
This is due to the fact that these waste cocoons can be carded and
spun into thread like other fibres, instead of being reeled j thus not only
utilizing the waste but opening up a complete new silk industry, of spun and
carded silk fabrics. From these spun silks many new fabrics, which are
rapidly gaining public favour, have come into existence, of which the
following may be mentioned :—
The European Manufactures of Tusser Silk.
xst — Imitation seal-skin doth. The use of this fabric for cloaks and
mantles for winter wear has already commanded a regular and estab-
lished place in the market. The Tusser spun thread for this purpose has
83
SILK and
SILK
WORMS.
ART III.]
Economic Products of India.
ILK and
SILK
?ORKS.
a much closer resemblance to the true seal-skin than could be produced from
any known species of reeled silk, and it is, moreover, much more durable.
snd^Tusser spun yam also bids fair to become an important substitute
in the manufacture of Utrecht velvet.
3rd. — It promises to become extensively used in carpet manufactorey
excelling all other silks in possessing rigidity, a quality indispensible in a
carpet fibre. The brilliancy with which the silk-coloured threads enliven
carpets and other mixed fabrics seems certain to give birth to a totally
new and unlimited industry.
Mr. Wardle, from whom the above information regardincf the manu-
factures of the Tusser has been derived, urges the absolute necessity
of pressing upon the people of India this new discovery, with the view
of encouraging them to preserve the vast quantities of cocoon waste,
the supply of which in Europe will be the only impediment to the de-
velopment of this new industry. China is already alive to this position,
and at present the waste and perforated cocoons used in the spinning
trade are chiefly imported into Europe from that country.
Reeled Tusser silk has also undergone immense improvements, and is
largely made into silk fringes and into the woollen cloths known as grena-
dine or mandarin. It may be stated that this new impulse to the Tusser
trade took its birth from the Paris Exhibition, where these facts were first
made known. The average London consumption for the four years ending
1877 was 238 bales, for 1878 (the year of the Paris Exhibition) it became
736 bales, while in 1879 the consumption was increased to 1,142 bales.
Amongst the silks of commerce Tusser occupies perhaps the least im-
portant position, but this is due to two causes, one of which has now been fully
discussed, namely, that one maund of cocoons of tusser would yield about 4.
seers of silk-reeled fibre or ^^th of the weight, while the mulberry cocoon
would give almost half its own weight of fibre. This difficulty has now been
removed. The worm is wild ; it occurs abundantly throughout the vast Pe-
ninsula of India. While the entire weight cannot be reeled every particle of
the cocoon can be utilised. The second great difficulty to the develop-
ment of the Indian silk trade is the imperfect and faulty system of reeling.
This fact is at once established by the published figures of the sales of Tusser-
reeled fibre, the Italian or improved fibre obtaining 3 or 4 times the
price of the ordinary native-reeled silk. What seems wanted therefore is
to introduce the Italian process of reeling the cocoon, and to instruct the
natives to carefully preserve the waste or outer shell, when there cannot be
a doubt, the wild Tusser industry could compete favourably with the intro-
duced mulberry- worm. It would certainly afford a remunerative employ-
ment for the vast population of our lower hilly undulations, who, by nature,
are opposed to agricultural labour, and who are driven out of the silk
market through their lowland neighbours having taken to rearing the
domesticated mulberry silk-worm as an auxiliary to their other employ-
ments.
Dyeing and Bleaching of Tusser Silk.
It was for long thought that an utterly insurmountable obstacle existed
to the development of the Tusser silk trade in the difficulty experienced
in causing the fibre to take the lighter shades of colour. That is to say,
it was thought impossible to bleach the fibre so as to fit it to take the lighter
shades of colour. Within the past few years, however, this has been so far
overcome that time may be stated to be all that is required to secure
complete success, allowing of the development of scientific principles which
have already been recognised as having vanquished tne difficulty of
bleaching. There are two widely different modes by which this most
84
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants,
[Part 1
desirable object has been accomplished. Allusion has already been
made to Major Coussmaker's discovery regarding the matter voided by
the insect during the construction of its cocoon. This was stated to
constitute the cement used by the worm in consolidating its cocoon, and
to be the substance which imparted the objectionable colour to the fibre.
Systems of improved feeding was stated to greatly alter the nature of the
excrements, and so completely has Major Coussmaker been able to carry
out this idea that he has produced cocoons perfectly free from the objec-
tionable colouring matter, the worm having been taught to void the
injurious materials before constructing the cocoon. It is to be hoped that
this proves a convenient and practicable process of rearing the insects,
for it completely removes the chief obstacle to the Tusser silk. The natural
cocoon has now, however, been found to be capable of bleaching or of part-
ing with its colour whenever the fibre is brought into contact with nauseant
oxygen. This was first discovered by M. T. du Motay, who used per-
manganate of potash for this pi;rpose, — one of the most powerful oxidising
bodies, upon organic matter. Unfortunately, however, this substance
injures the fibre, but the re-action establishes a principle which will un-
doubtedly be applied successfully with some other re-agent. Binoxide of
Barium, by simple contact with the fibre, accomplishes the same purpose,
but it is expensive.
It is to be expected, however, that in a very short time an easy and
simple mode of bleaching the cocoon may be discovered. Dyed with the
deeper shades, or simply left in its natural colour, Tusser silk is rapidly
assuming a recognised and established commercial position. It takes
freely and easily to aniline dyes, which, while fleeting {petit teint), are
brilliant and attractive, and for many purposes, where absolute fixity of
colour is not a desideratum, they serve an important purpose. Many of
the indigenous Indian vegetable dyes are, however, equally serviceable for
Tusser silk, especially those which, like the aniline colours, cannot resist
direct exposure to light. The following may be mentioned as the Indian
dyes specially recommended for Tusser silk.
*zst.— Biza Orellana, Linn.
The Arnotto yields from the pulp around the seeds an excellent yellow
dye, extensively used for Tusser silk, the colour being deepened into red
when used in combination with Mallotus philippineiisis, Miill Arg.
2ad«~Butea frondosa, Roxb.
The flowers [tesu) of this plant yield a pretty yellow dye, but it is
fleeting.
3rd.— Carthamus tinctoriay Linn.
Safilower has been long valued on account of its beautiful red colour;
it is one of the most extensively used dyes for Tusser and other silks in
India.
*4th.— Delphimom saolculaefoliiuxi, Boiss,
Vera. — Asbarg, ghafie, Pb.
A herbaceous plant met with on the Himalaya, but largely imported from
Afghanistan to Multan, where they are used along with Akalhir (Datisca
Cannabina) and alum to produce a permanent yellow dye with silk. Silk
is often dyed with Asbarg alone, being steeped in a solution prepared by
boiling 31 lbs. of the dried flowers in 5 gallons of water. Asbarg with
indigo produces the greens in which silks are often found dyed.
•5th.— Flemingia congesta, Roxb,
This small, gregarious bush is common everywhere throughout the
hotter damp forest of the lower hills, especially so in Chutia Nagpur and
Central India. This is the plant which yields the Wards medicine of
85
SILK a:
SILK
WORM
ART III.]
Economic Products of India.
[LK and
SILK
^ORMS.
Africa.^ The hairs from the capsales and youn|^ flowering twigs of this
plant yield an excellent brilliant orange dye, suitable for silk. Informa-
tion of this dye-stuff has recently been obtained from Europe, but appi rent-
ly the people of India are ignorant of this valuable dye.
*6th.— LaCy Cochineal and Indigo dyes are also sometimes used for silk,
the latter very rarely.
^'Tth.— Mallotus philippinensis, Mull.
The powder obtained from the fruits known as Kamela or Kama
laguri is one of the most frequent silk dyes in India, imparting a rich red,
orange or yellow colour, and not requiring a mordant to fix it. The fruit
dust is sometimes boiled in a weak solution of alum before the silk is im-
mersed in the dye solution.
8th.— Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis, Linn.
The corolla tubes known in the bazars of India, by the name har^
singhar. They impart a beautiful orange or golden aye, often used in
combination with turmeric, when it is said to be less fleeting than when
used alone.
9th.— Woodfordia floribanda, Sails.
The flowers of this plentiful bush (Dawi) give a red colour to silk.
I am conscious that the above brief enumeration of the dyes either
used by the natives of India for Tusser silk or for other silks, and likely
to prove serviceable for Tusser also, is exceedingly imperfect, I have
placed an asterisk opposite the names of the dyes which are most used
m silk-dyeing. The question of the extent to which Indian dyes are suit-
able for Tusser silk remains still to be solved, and I cannot help feeling^ that
page 46, which treats of this subject, is the least valuable part of Mr.
Wardle's most instructive and useful Hand^Book. I am not aware of the
leaves of Phyllanthus Esnblica yielding any kind of dye, although this
stands third in Mr. Wardle's list. It is exceedingly doubtful if the seeds of
Cassia Tora yield dye of any kind. They have been mentioned by one or
two authors as being in Madras used along with indigo in certain process-
es of dyeing, the starch of the Cassia seeds apparently assisting the indigo.
These illustrations from Mr. )Nsird\e^s List of Indian Dyes are referred to
with the view of showing that while he has investigated the subject of Tusser
silk with most untiring zeal and with great success, the whole question of
the dyeing of this most useful fibre has still to be solved. It is probable
that for some time to come the success which has attended the use of the
aniline dyes must be left undisturbed, but it seems likely that an extensive
and personal inquiry in India into the practices of Indian dyers would
more rapidly discover the desired key to the proper dyeing of Tusser silk
than years of experimenting with small quantities of dried and imperfectly
identified dye-stuffs.
It is highly desirable that a concentrated inquiry throughout the
entire Empire should, if possible, be made into the subject of Tusser silk,
and especially into the modes of dyeing the fibre, so that at the forth-
coming Calcutta International Exhibition we may be able to continue and
develope the new interest which the Paris Exhibition started in this
natural wild silk fibre. Specimens of the cocoons, perforated and unperfo-
rated, of the reeled fibre and yarns, as also of the woven fabrics should be
obtained and so catalogued as to be kept quite distinct from the other species
of silk. Descriptive accounts of the processes of reeling the fibre and
specimens of the appliance used for this purpose would be most useful and
interesting. Full descriptions of the processes of dyeing and specimens of
the bazar dye-stuffs used, as also samples of yarn or fabrics dyed are most
86
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[Part II
urgently required. We have at present only two specimens of dyed
Tusser silk in our collections.
SILK an4
SILK
WORMS
III. ATTACUS.
Includes nine species known as the Atlas and Eria Group, of which
the most important is the Eria or Arindi : —
A. atlaS) Linn.
Found in China, Burma India, Ceylon and Java. In India its habitat
extends from Sylhet and Cachar to Sibsagor, Johore, Sikkim, Mussourie,
and Almora. The cocoon is well stored with a fine silk.
The following are the trees on which this insect feeds.
xst. — Artemisia vulgaris, Linn,
Vcm. — Dona, Hind., Beng. ; Titapat, Nepal; NagdanafCACVikR,
A gregarious shrub in Sikkim Hills, also in Bengal and Assam.
2nd.— Phillanthus lanceolarius, MulL-Arg.
A shrub on which the insect is said to feed in Mussourie.
3rd. — Excaecaria insig^s, MtUL-Arg,
Vem.—IOiinna, Hind. ; Dudla, Pb.
A tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract, also found in Chittagong, Burma,
and Western Ghrfs.
4fh.— Celastoma malabathricum, Linn.
Vem. — Choulisy, Nepal ; Tungbram, Lepcha ; ShapH, Meg Hi ; Lutku
Cachar ; yetpyai, Burm.
A large bush met with throughout India up to 6,000 feet in altitude
chiefly near water-courses. The Atlas worm, when fed on the leaves of this
tree, is said to give a very white silk.
5th.— Symplocos crataegoides, Ham,
VeriL^Lood, Cachar ; Lodh, Kumaun ; Lqfa, Svtlej; Lq;, Pb.
A small tree inhabiting the Himalaya at an altitude from 3,000 to
8,000 feet, also Assam, KhSsia and Martaban Hills.
A. canning!, Hutton.
North West Himalaya ; common in a wild state ; produces annually
hard, compactly-woven cocoons of a rusty orange or grey colour. Feeds
on the leaves of —
xst. — Coriaria nepalensis, Wall,
A shrub of the Himalaya from Murree to Bhutan, also irt Sikkim.
and.— Xanthophyllum hostile (See Hook, Vol, /, 2og)
A. cynthiOi Drury.
Inhabits the regions from Sylhet, Cachar and Shillong tb Sibsagor,
Sikkim, Mussourie and Simla; also found in South Andamari.
A. edwardsiai White,
Sikkim, Cherra, Khisia Hills, and Mussourie.
248
249
250
251
87
Part III.]
Economic Products of India.
SILK and
SILK
WORMS.
252
253
254
255
256
A. guerini, Moore.
Inhabits Eastern BengaL
A. lunulOi Walker.
Sylhet.
A. obSCUrus, Butler.
Occasionally found in Cachar ; the worm feeds on a plant called in the
vernacular Lood.
A. ridni, Jones.
Inhabits Assam and parts of Bengal, and extends from Darjeeling to
Nepal, Kumaun and Ladak. It is the Eria of Assam and Arindi of Ben-
gal, and a fuller account is given at the end of this enumeration of the
species.
A, sUhetica, Hel/er.
Found in Sylhet and Sikkim .
A. ricini) Jones,
The Eria silk-worm.
V&nu—Eria, Ass. ; Arindi, Beng.
The habitat of this worm has been given above. In Assam it is very
common ; "and in Bengal it is found in certain quantities in the districts of
Rungpur, Dinagepur, Bogra, Julpigori, Darjeeling, Chittagong, Gya,
Shahabad, Purnea and Pooree. r . ^ .
It is reared by the natives in these parts in a state of semi-domesti-
cation ; it is said to produce four crops. The female moth, says Mr.
T. Wardle, lays her eggs round a twig ; the twigs with the eggs on are
sold in the markets, and are bought by rearers.
Thb Worm.
The Eria worm, when full grown, is about 3! inches long. It feeds
on the leaves of the following plants and trees, and moults four times :—
xst. Ailanthus ezcelsa, Roxb.
Vem.—Makarukh, Hind., Mar. ,- Peru, Tam. ; Pedu, Tel. ; Gormi-kawat,
Uriya.
A tree of North- West India, Behar and the Western Peninsula.
2nd. Ailanthus glandulosa, Desf,
A lofty tree often planted in Central and Southern India.
3i:d. Coriaria nepalensis, Wall.
See account given above,
4th. Ridnis communis, Linn.
The Castor Oil Plant.
Vtai.-'Arendiy Hind. ; Bhairenda, Beng. ; Aneru, harnauli, Pb. ; Ind-
rendi KuMAUN; Orer, Nepal. ; Raklop, Lepcha; Sitamunuk, Tam. ;
Sitamindi, Tel.; Nerinda, GoiiD ; Haralu, Kan ; Kyeksu, Burm.
Cultivated throughout India, usually for the oil which is expressed
from the seeds ; often found growing wild. The leaves ot this plant is
the best suited and commonest food of the Ena worm.
88
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants,
[ Part III
5tb. Xanthoxylon hostile.
6th. Gmelina arborea, Roxb.
Vem.—Gumhar, Hind., Beng.; Gomari, Ass.; Gumai, Cachar ; Bolkobak,
Garo j Gumadi, Tam. ; Gumar-tek, Tel. ; Shewney, Kan, ; Shewan,
Mar.; Chiman, Bhil; Yamaney, Burm.
A deciduous tree throughout India, and in the sub-Himalayan tract,
also in Burma and Ajidaman Islands.
The following trees are also mentioned as being fed upon by the
worm, Birsonah, Hindograss, Koosool, Litta-pakori, Murkurdal, Okonni,
The Cocoon.
The cocoon which the Eria worm forms is somewhat loose and flossy,
orange red, sometimes white.
The Fibre.
Its thickness is j^ of an inch when taken on the outside of the
cocoon, and ,;^^ in the inner part. The average value of the fibre may
be stated to be from 12 annas to one rupee per 2 J lbs. Mr. T. Wardle
obtained, in 1879, through the Government of India, 70 lbs. of Eria
Cocoons : he had them carded or dressed and spun, and reported that he
knew of no silk better adapted for spinning. "The staple {Mr. Wardle)
obtained from the first draft's operation is glossy, long, and very fine.
Its fineness is owing to that of the ultimate fibre. It is about one-half
finer than Tusser silk, although not more than two-thirds as fine as the
Bengal mulberry-fed silk of Bombyx mori or silk of Commerce, The
after or shorter drafts are also of much importance as showing the econo-
mising of the shorter fibres after the longer ones have been removed.
These are used for less important manufactures than the long staple.
Nothing is wasted in the modern mode of spinning. The yarns made of
these fibres are of great regularity and fineness, proving this silk
capable of uses for spinning and^weaving purposes to an unlimited extent."
Dyeing op Eria Silk.
Under this head also we must have recourse to Mr.'Wardle, and
relate in his own words the result of his careful, comprehensive experi-
ments ;— "
«r/' T^® dyeing of Eria silk much resembles the dyeing of Tusser.
Whether owmg to the flatness of its fibre, or to the nature of its
sencme, it is far behind mulberry silk in its natural affinity for
dye-stults. Heat and the media of mineral salts, however, are the
?nncipal agents in bringing the fibre into a dye-receiving subjection. * * *
'he dyeing baths have to be much stronger in tinctorial matter than
those for mulberry silks. It follows, therefore, that there is an unavoid-
able increase in the cost of dyeing Eria silk, as is also the case in Tusser
silk, and to about the same extent. Probably I shall not be far from
accuracy in stating that Eria silk requires twice as much dye-stuff
as mulberry silk, thereby causing the dyeing to cost considerably more.
The Eria cocoons being of two kinds, some of them rust colour and others
white, cannot be dyed into pale colours without bleaching, which again
adds to the cost of dyeing. It bleaches very well with the bioxide of
barium process, and takes excellent colours in pale tints afterwards.
89
SILK and
SILK
WORMS.
Part III.]
Economtc Products of India.
SILK and
SILK
WORMS.
For dark shades bleaching is not necessary, nor would it be necessary
for paler shades in silk spun from the white cocoons if they could be kept
separate from the brown ones. * # I have succeeded in imparting a
variety of colours to this silk which leave little or nothing to be desired.
As far as I can learn I believe this is the first time in Europe that Eria
silk has been white."
Thk eria silk industry in India.
As already mentioned, the production of Eria silk is confined chiefly
to Assam and parts of Bengal. Certain inquiries made by the Govern-
ment of India in 1879 furnished the broad result that in Bengal small
Supplies of the silk are at present worked up chiefly for home manufac-
ture and use ; and that in Assam only a few of the northern districts and
the Jaintia Hills produce it in any appreciable quantities. But the
general opinion of the local authorities was that production would be
stimulated, if remunerative prices could be obtained, and an effective
demand would lead to a large increase of production.
From the details of the reports of district officers concerned the follow-
ing particulars may be noted : —
In Assam, about 54,000 lbs of Eria silk, in the raw state, unreeled, can
be obtained annually from the districts of Kamrup, Darrang, Nowgong,
and Lakhimpur, and about 30,000 S^s. from the Jaintia hills. In Goal-
para and Sibsagar, the production of silk is carried on to a very limited
extent, chiefly for home consumption. In Cachar the silk is worked up
for their own use, by the hill tribes in almost every village of the hills in
the northern parts of that district. From Sylhet no information has been
furnished, but here, as well as throughout Assam, the necessary food of the
Eria worm grows in abundance.
In Bengal, the Dinagepur district can supply about 13 maunds of
Eria cocoons annually in the winter. In Rangpur about 30 to 35 maunds
are produced, but it is difficult at present to obtain any supply, as the
natives are unwilling to sell the cocoons ; they prepare therefrom cloths for
their own use. In the Bogra and Julpigori districts the silk is worked up
for home consumption only, the quantity produced being about 18 maunds
of cocoons in Bogra and 40 to 50 maunds of thread in Jalpiguri. In the
Darjeeling Terai about 10 to 12 maunds of cocoons could be annually
obtained. In the Chittagong district a small quantity of the silk is pro-
duced, and the thread is made into twine for fishing purposes and sold
to the extent of Rs. 500 annually in the local bazars. In Purneah the
worm is reared to a very small extent for the silk, which is used in home
consumption only. In Gya the silk is worked in certain wild tracts. In
Shahabad the quantity produced amounts annually to about 9,000 lbs.
In Pooree the worm, though entirely neglected, is common, especially in the
Khurda estate ; and in this latter place if a demand arises a new useful
industry could easily be opened to the natives.
IV.-CALIGULA.
257 I. C Simlai Westwood,
Simla, Kumaun, Mussoorie, and Khasia HilllB; forms an open, net-
like cocoon ; feeds on —
X8t— Juglans re^fia.
See account given above.
90
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants,
[Part III.
1
2nd.— Pynis communis, Linn,
The Common Pear.
Veni. — Naspati, tang, sunkeiut, Pb.
Cultivated and somentimes wild in the North West Himalaya and
Kashmir.
3rd.— Salix babylonica, Linn,
Vem. — Bisa, bada, Pb. ; Giuty Kashmir ; Tissi, Nepal,
A tree commonly cultivated in North India.
C. cachara^ Moore.
Cachar.
C. thibeta, Westwood.
North West Himalaya, Mussourie, and Sikkim; forms a light, open,
net-like cocoon 5 feeds on the —
xst.— Cydonia vulgaris, Pers,
The Quince.
Vem. — Bihi, Hind.; Bamsuni, Kashmir.
Cultivated in North West India and up to 5,500 feet in the Himalaya.
2nd.--Pieris ovalifolia.
See account given above.
3rd. — Pyrus communis, Linn,
See account given above.
V.-CRICULA.
C. drepanoides, Moore.
Sikkim.
C. trifenestrata, Hel/er.
Very common in Assam, where it is known as Haumpotoni ; occurs in
Moulmein ; forms an open, net-like cocoon of a beautiful, rich yellow colour ;
feeds on the following trees : —
xst.-— Machilus odoratissima, Nees.
Vem. — Soom, Ass.; Dingpingwait, Khasia ; Phamlef, Lepcha ^ Kawala,
Nepal, Uihd ; Dalckini, Pb.
A large tree of the outer Himalya, extending to the Khasia Hills,
Assam and Burma.
2nd.— Anacardium ocddentale, Linn,
The cashew nut tree.
VenU'-^Kaju, Hind ; Htjuli, Beng. ; Kola mava, Tam.; fidi-fnamidi,
Tel.; Thee-hok-thayet, Burm.
A small, evergreen tree in the coast forests of Chittagong, Tenasserim,
Andaman Isles and South India.
SILK and
SILK
WORMS.
258
259
26a
261
VI.-L(EPA.
L. katinka, Wes/wood.
Sikkim, Shillong, North Khisia Hills, Sibsagar, Assam, Upper Burma.
91
262
Part III,]
Economic Products of India.
SILK and
SILK
WORMS.
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
L. miranda, Moore.
Sikkim Himalaya.
L. sikkima, Moore.
Hot valleys of Sikkim.
L. WTBlicSLf IfuUon.
Mussoorie; forms a long-pointed cocoon of a dark greenish-grey
colour.
VII.-NEORIS.
N. huttonl, Moore.
Mussoorie, North- West Himalaya; the worms appear in April;
feed on the wild pear-tree ; and spin a thin silken cocoon.
N. Sbadulla, Moore.
Yarkand.
N. Stoliczkana, Felder.
Ladak.
VIII.-RINACA.
R. zuleika^ Hope.
Sikkim.
IX.-RHODIA.
R. newara, Moore.
Nepal ; spins a brilliant green cocoon ; feeds on a species of weeping
willow.
X.-SALASSA.
271
272
273
274
275
S. lola, Westwood.
Sikkim Himalaya.
S. anna^ Moore.
Sikkim Himalaya.
XI.-SATURNIA.
S. cidosa> Moore.
Hot valleys of Sikkim Himalaya.
S. groteiy Moore.
Sikkim Himalaya.
S. lindia, Moore.
Found in the Sikkim Himalaya and Kulu*
92
Fibres and Fibre-yielding Plants.
[ Part III.
Spathodea Rheedii, Wall. See Dolch androne Rheedii, Seem.
SPONIA.
Sponia orientaliSi Planch,^ Urticaceje.
Vera. — Baduy manu, C. P.; Tugla, Lepchaj; Jupong, phakram, jigini,
sapongt &c», Ass. ; Mini, Tam.
A small tree of the Himalaya from Nepal eastward to Bengal, Burma,
Central and South India.
The bark yields a fibre, used to tie the rafters of native houses, for
carrying loads, and for making the coarse cloth known in Assam as Amphak.
Specimens of fibre, and of the rope and cloth made from this plant,
should be obtained from Assam ; but it would be interesting to see similar
preparations if any such are made by the hill tribes of South India, where
the plant also grows. It is often cultivated by the Coorg planters for
shaoe, and is there known as the Charcoal Tree.
S. politoriai Planch.
Vera. — Janum, kkasaroa, mdrni, batu, bankaria, HiND.; Bantaman,
kanglu, khtiri, Pb. ; Khdoi, Nepal ; Tuksai, Lepcha.
A small tree of the Salt Range, outer Himalaya, Oudh and Sikkim.
The bark yields a fibre which is used to tie the rafters of native
houses and for carrying loads.
STERCULIA.
Sterculia coloratai Poxb.^ Sterculiaceje.
Vera. — Bodula, walena, samarri. Hind.; Moola, Beng.; Sitto-udal, Nepal;
Bhai'koi, BoM.; Khoausi, Mahr. ; Karako, Tel.; Weshaw, BuRM.
A moderate-sized tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Jumna
eastward. Central and South India, Burma, and the Andaman Islands.
{Gamble.)
The bark is used in rope-making. Fine specimens of the fibre were sent
to the Paris Exhibition of 1878. {Gamble.) The liber furnishes an infe-
rior fibre. (Kurs,)
S. guttata, W. ^ A.
Vtm.-- Goladdra, Mahr. ; Kamli, Tam.
A common tree of South India (Malabar),
Its bark yields a valuable cordage. The bark of the younger parts
of the tree abounds with very strong, white, flaxe.i fibres, of which the
inhabitants of the Wynaad manufacture a kind of coarse cloth. {Spons*
Enc, Gamble, &c.)
S. urens, Poxb.
VtXtL^Gulu, kulu, iabsi, karrai. Hind.; Odla, Ass.; Kdndtila, pdndriika
Mahr. ; Tabsu, Tel.; Vellay, putali, Tam.
A large tree yielding a gum like Tragacanth met with in the sub-tropi-
cal forests of Bengal, Assam, Burma, and South India.
The liber yields a good fibre, specimens of which are reported as having
been sent to the Paris Exhibition from Berar.
S. villosa, Poxb.
Vera. - Udal, udar. Hind.; Poshwa, Sutlej ; Gul-bodla, gul-kandar,
massu, Pb. ; Omak, oadal, odela. Ass.; Vake-nar, Tam.; Sambemg,
Magh. ; B^ada, And, ; Shawni, Burm.
A moderate-sized tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus
eastward ; common in forests throughout India and Burma.
93
STERCU-
LIA.
276
277
278
279
280
28z
Part III.]
Economic Products of India.
TRIUM-
FETTA.
282
283
284
285
286
The tree is highly valued on account of the fibre obtained from the
liber, which is coarse but strong, and is made into ropes and bags.
It is included by Royle among bast fibres. Kurz says it is valued
by the Burmese mahouts (elephant-drivers) to such an extent that the
tree has become scarce in the outer forests. It also yields a gum. The
bark of S. cocdnea, Roxb., the Sitto udal, Nep., /ifa/tor, Lepcha, is used in
the same way as that from S. vUlosa, and in fact indiscriminately.
Tassar or Tussah. See Silk.
THAMNOCALAMUS.
Thamnocalamus spathiflorus, Munro, Gramineje.
Vtm.-Ringall, jAUNSARj Purmiok, Lepcha; Myoosay, Bhutia.
The common small bamboo of Hattu and Deoban. It is generally
found on the Himalayas from the Sutlej to Bhutan, above 8,000 feet.
It yields a fibre.
THESPESIA.
Thespesta Lampas, Daiz.y Malvace2e.
Vtm.-'Bunkapas is applied to this, as also to H. Vltifolius, L., by
the Bengalis ; Rdn-bhendi, Mahr. } Rondapattt, 1 el.
A small bush common in the tropical jungles of India, ascending to
3,000 feet in Nepal.
The young twigs yield a good fibre.
T. populnea, Corf.
Vem.-Parstpu, Hind.; Poresh, parash, Bbngj 5A^«^«* Mahr.; Porw,
purasa, Portia, Tam.; Gan-garaya, Tel.; Bendt, Gvz.; Sur ey a, CiiiGH.
A moderate-sized, evergreen tree of the coast forests of India, Burma,
and the Andaman Islands. Planted throughout India.
It yields a good fibre from the bark. (Gamble.)
TILIA.
Tilia europaea, Linn,, TiLiACEiE.
The Lime Tree of Europe ; Bast Fibre.
" The bark of this tree, when steeped in water, soon separates into
thin layers, which are employed for making a coarse kind of rope, for
making matted shoes much worn by the Russian peasantry, and also for
making the mats which are so largely exported from Russia. (Royle.)
TRIUMFETTA.
Triumfetta angulata, Linn., Tiliaceje.
y/cm.—Aadai'Otti, Tam. ; Chikti, Hind.
A herbaceous shrub, common in tropical and sub-tropical India and
DrBidie includes the fibre of this plant in the list of fibres sent to
the Paris Exhibition. Madras might be asked to supply specimens of both
plant and fibre.
94
Fibres aad Fibre^yielding Plants*
[Part III,
URTICA.
Mr, Cameron adds that this is one of the commonest weeds of Mysore.
The fibre is soft and glossy.
TYPHA.
Typha angustifolia, Linn,, Typhaceje.
A kind of bulrush, leaves of which are employed in making mats>
and in stuffing chairs.
The Bally Paper Mills recently experimented on this grass as a paper
fibre, and the report was apparently favourable. The stuff was de-
scribed as easy of treatment.
T. elephantina, Roxh.
Elephant-grass.
Vera. — Hogla, Beng. j Pan, Pb.j Rdmhdna, Bom.
This species, like the preceding one, is also employed in making mats
Elephants are fond of it ; the roots bind the soil. (Roxburgh,)
ULMUS.
Ulmus Wallichiana, Planch., Urticaceje.
Vern. — Mored, pabuna, HiND. ; Kain, bren, amrai, marari, Pb.
A large, deciduous tree of the North- Western Himalaya, from the
Indus to Nepal, between 3,500 and 10,000 feet.
The bark contains a strong fibre, which is made into cordage.
An excellent fibre is made from the scape or flower-stalk, (Cameron,)
URENA.
Urena lobata^ Linn,, Malvaceje.
Vem. — Buri'ochra, Beng. ; Vana-bhenda, Mahr.
A common shrub in India, found in waste places during the rains.
Generally distributed over the hotter parts of India ; one of the com-
monest associates of the mango and bamboo clumps of Bengal.
It abounds in strong fibre, which is considered suitable for the manu-
facture of sacking and twine.
U. sinuata, Linn,
"VtrtLt^Kunjia, Beng.
A small bush, with deeply gashed leaves, found throughout the hotter
parts of India.
It abounds in strong and tolerably fine fibre, which, like that from the
preceding species, may be used as a substitute for flax,
URTICA.
Urtica crenulata, Poxb, See Laportea crenulata, Gandeh,
U, heterophylla^ Roxh, See Girardima heterophylla, Dene.
95
287
288
289
290
29Z
Part III.]
Economic Products of India.
WISSA-
DULA.
292
293
2W
VENTILAGO.
Ventilago madraspatana, Gaertn.^ Rhamneje.
MtnL^Raktapita, Beng. ; Lokandi, kanwail, BoM. ; Papii, Tam. ; Yerra
chicatH, Tel. ; Chorgu, Hyderabad.
An extensive climber met with in the forests of Central and South
India.
The bark yields a useful fibre for cordage (^4*. Res, 6, p. ^52), ** Runn-
phius says that the Amboyna fishermen use the long stems instead of
ropes." (Voight.)
VILLEBRUNEA.
Villebrunea appendiculatai Wedd,, Urticaceje.
Syn. — Urtica acuimnata, Roxb.
Wenu — Lipic, lipiahf Nepal; Bunrhsa, Ass.
A small tree of the North- Eastern Himalaya^ Khisia Hills, and ,
Chittagong.
It yields a fibre of a brown colour, strong, and flexible, which is made
into ropes, nets, and coarse cloth in Sikkim and Assam. This seems des-
tined to prove one of our most valuable fibres in the future, and it deserves
much attention. The tree grows freely and quickly and coppices readily.
V, frutescens, Biume.
Vera. — Gartashiara, paidhanla, kagshi, Kumaun; Kirmaf Nepal; Tak'
bret, Lbpcha.
A shrub, or small tree, with a rough, dark grey bark, found on the
Himalaya, from Simla eastward, Sikkim, Bhutan and Assam, ascending to
5,000 feet.
The fibre is used for ropes. It is best adapted for fishing lines and
nets, both from its strength and from its power of resisting moisture.
{Atkinson.)
295
296
WIKSTR6MIA.
Wikstromia virgata^ Meisn., Thymelacejb.
"Vtm.—Bhatmggiy tkilak, Pb.; Chamliay KuMAUN.
A small shrub of the Himalaya, from the Indus eastward, the Khasia
Hills, and Ceylon, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet.
An inferior sort of paper and rope is made from its bark in Kumaun.
(Atkinson)
WISSADULA.
Wissadula rostrate, Blanch, Malvacejb.
gyn^ SiDA PERiPLOCi FOLIA, Wtlld.j in Rifftb, Ft. Ind, Ed., C, B. C, 5/tf ;
Abutilon periplocefolium, G, Don.
Cultivated in India, naturalised in Ceylon, and very common in the
south of the island. A native of the Malay Penmsula, Java, tropical
Africa, and America. . , , n /^l j ■.
" The bark of this abounds in serviceable flaxen fibres, and as It
shoots quickly into long simple twigs, particularly if cut near the earth, it
answers well for procuring the fibre of a good length for most purposes.
{Roxb. Fl. Ind] It is further reported to yield a beautiful hemp.
96
Fibres and Fibre yielding Plants.
[Part III.
YUCCA.
Yucca gloriosai Linn,, Lilucejl.
Adam's Needle.
A native of America from Carolina to Mexico and Texas. Introduced
into India, met with in gardens in Bengal, occasionally naturalised in the
Madras Presidency.
The fibre which it yields resembles in many respects that of the Agave,
and is applicable to similar purposes. There are several species, all of
which yield excellent fibres ; but Y, gloriosa is the principal one and may
be taken as the type of the others. Royle alludes to Y. aiigustifolia and
to Y. filamentosa, Z., the latter of which is sometimes known as the
Silk-grass.
"The whole genus has been utterly neglected from an industrial point
of view, no real attempt having ever been made to grow the plants on a
commercial scale, though their hardiness, their preference for arid, barren
sands, and the quality of their fibre would seem to be special recommend-
ations," (Spons* Enc)
In America the so-called CalifoniiAn Cactns, which grows abundantly
in the desert regions of Mojave and Ravena, is greedily sought after
for paper manufacture. It would seem that this plant might with advan-
tage be introduced into India. Yncca gloriosa yields an excellent fibre for
paper.
Madras should be invited to supply specimens of Yucca plant, fibre,
fabrics, and root.
The other day a correspondence was instituted in official circles regard-
ing a plant which from its leaves gave a beautiful fibre, and from its
roots an excellent soap. From the description, I conjectured that it
might be Yucca gloriosa, and in support of the detergent properties of
the roots. La Maout and Decaisne's System of Botany, edited by Sir
J. D. Hooker, says : "The fruits of Yucca are purgative; its root is used
as a soap." Dr. Bidie thinks that the root oi Yucca does not possess
detergent properties, having specially experimented with it in order
to determine this pomt.
Additional information regarding this plant, and especially with regard
to its roots, would be most acceptable.
Zca Mays, Linn,, GRAMiNEiE.
Maize or Indian-corn.
Vera. — Bhutta, makka. Hind. ; Janar, Beng. ; Makha-jowari,
Makka cholam, Tam. ; Makka-zonalu, Tel. ; Pyaungboo, Burm.
Dec.
Largely cultivated in Upper India and the Himalaya.
It yields a fibrous material capable of being spun and woven like flax.
The maize fibres may be prepared and spun into yarn, and some woven
fabrics and all kinds of paper may be made of the same. (Baden-PowelL)
ZEA.
297
298
J
iCS"
97
\.
Part IV.
OILS AND OIL SEEDS, PERFUMERY, AND SOAPS.
ECONOMIC PRODUCTS OF INDIA,
EXHIBITED AT THE
€almtta International Exhibition, 1883-84-
Part IV.— Oils & Oil Seeds, Perfumery & Soaps.
ACORUS.
Acorus CalamuSi Linn,^ Aroidils.
Sweet Flag.
Vcm.— KflkrA«, Sans.; Va^y Arab.; Bachy Beng., Hind.; Vekhanda,
Mahr.; Vashambu, Tam. ; Vadaja, Tel. ; Linhe, Burm.
A semi-aquatic perennial, native- of Europe and North America; but
cultivated in damp^ marshy places in India and Burma for its medicinal
virtues.
Balfour mentions this among his oils. An essential oil is obtained
from the leaves, which is used in England by perfumers in the manufac-
ture of hair powder. From the rhizome a pale to dark-yellow oil, with
the strong penetrating odour of the root, and an aromatic, bitter, burning,
camphoraceous flavour, is obtained by distillation.
ADENANTHERA.
Adenanthera pavonina^ Linn., Leguminosje.
Vera. — Rakta-chandany ranjana, Beng.; Thorali-gunjaf Mahr.; Am
kundamani, Tam. ; Bandi gurivenda, Tel. ; Manjati, Mal. ; Gung,
Magh.; Ywegyi, Burm.
A deciduous tree of Bengal, South India, Burma and the Andaman
Islands.
The seeds of this plant yield an oil.
ADIANTUM.
Adlantum Cappilus VeneriSi Linn.y Filices.
Maiden Hair.
Vera.— Z>i^ tMi, bis/dig, parshawarsha, Pb.
Common along ditches, &c., in the extreme north-west, and occasion-
ally found in wells further east in the Punjab plains.
This is the fern which is used in making " Cappillare Syrup,'
A
99
ADIAN<
TUM.
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India,
ALUUM.
4
8
Adul Oil OF Travancore.
It was forwarded to the ereat Exhibition of 1851. The oil is medicinal.
The botanical name of the plant is not known.
ALBIZZIA.
Lebbek, ^^»M., Lsgum mosjs.
The Siris Tree.
Syn. — Acacia sirissa, Roxb.
Vera. — Siris, sirin, kalsis, tanHa, Hind.; Girisha, Beno.; Vaghe,
kaivaghet Tam. ilDirasan, pedda duchirram, Tel. ; Kokko, Burm. j Be
madd. And.
A large^ deciduous tree of the Sub-Himalayan tracts from the Indus
eastward, ascending to 5,000 feet ; Bengal, Burma, Central and South
India.
An oil extracted from the seeds is considered useful in leprosy.
ALEURITES.
Aleurites moluccana, WHid., Euphgrbiacejb.
The Belgaum Walnut ; The Candle Nut.
S]rn. — A. TRIBOLA, Forst,
Vera. — Akroi, Beng. ; Akola, Hind. ; ydphalot Mar. ; Nattu-akrotU'kottai,
Tam. ; NatnakrotU'vitiu, Tel. ; To-sikiyd-si, Burm.
A handsome tree, introduced from the Malay Archipelago, now culti-
vated in many parts of South India.
The nuts of this plant contains 50 per cent, of oil, which is extracted
and used for food and for burning. The oil is known as Kekuna in
South India and Ceylon. The nuts when strung upon a thin strip of
bamboo and l^hteo are said to bum dike a candle. The oil is now
exported to Europe for candle-making, and is reported to be equal to gin-
gelly (sesame) or rape oils.
ALLIUM.
Allium Cepa, Linn.
Onion.
Vem.—Paldndu, Sans. ; Piy^^, Beng.; P«>is, Hind.; Kdnda, Mahr j
VellO'Vengayam, Tam. ; Nirelli, Tel. ; Kyetthwunni, Burm.
It is cultivated all over India.
** The bulbs contain an acrid, volatile oil, and act as stimulants, diure-
tics and expectorants.'* (Baden-Powell,) The oil is clear, limpid, pale,
with a greenish tinge.
A. sativum, Linn.y Liliacejl.
Garlic.
Vera. — Mahaushadha, lasuna. Sans. ; Sir, Pers. ; Rasun, Beng. ; Lasan,
Hind.; Za5««a, Mahr. 5 Vallai-pandu, Tam, ; Vellulli, tella-gadda,
Tel. ; Kyat-thovrbega, kyetthwunbya, Burm.
It is cultivated all over India.
The seeds yield a medicinal oil, clear, colourless and limpid. Dr.
Ainslie remarks that an expressed oil is prepared from the garlic, which
is called Vallay poondoo unnay ; it is of a stimulating nature, and the
Vytians prescribe it internally to prevent the recurrence of the cold fits of
intermittent fever ; externally it is used in paralytic and rheumatic affec-
tions. (Cooke.)
Oils and Oil Seeds.
[ Part IV.
ALNUS.
Alnus nepalensis, D. Don,y Betulaceje.
Vem.— ^^Ai, Pb.; Udesh, KuMAUN 5 Udis^ uHs, Nepal; Kowal, Lepcha.
A large, deciduous tree on the Himalaya, from the Ravi eastward,
between 3,000 and 9,000 feet ; Khisia hills and Naga hills.
Said to yield an oil resembling birch oil. The plant is exceedingly
common in the Khisia and Naga hills. Information and specimens should
therdPore be obtained from Assam.
Amarantus, sp. ?
Vera.— CAtJds.
Mr. Baden-Povv«irmentions this among his medicinal cals.
Additional information with specimens of the oil^ and the plant
from which it is obtained should be supplied by the Punjab.
Amaryllis, sp.?
Mr. Baden-Powell mentions it as yielding a medkioal oiL
Additional information with specimens of the oil and the plant
from which it is derived should be obtained from Punjab.
AMOMUM.
Amomum Subulatum» Roxb., Scitaminea.
Greater Cardamom.
Vera.— //i^rAf, Beng., Hind.; V^lad^de, Mahr, } Velar si, Tak, ; Yela-
kulu, Tel.i; Ben,pala, BuRH.
A native of the Eastern Archipelago.
The seeds yield a medicinal oil. It is an agreeable, aromatic stimu-
lant. It is pal&-yellow in colour, having the odour and flavour of the
seeds.
AMOORA.
Amoora Rohitukai W.& A,, Meluceje.
Vera. — Rohiiuka, Sans. ; ffarin karra, harin khana. Hind.; Sohdga,
Oudh; Tikta-raj, piiraj, Beng. ; Bandriphal, Nepal; Thitni, Burm.
An evergreen tree of Oudh, Northern and Eastern Bengal, Assam,
Western Ghits and Burma.
In Bengal an oil is expressed from the seeds. The natives, where the
tree grows'plentifully, extract this oil, which they use for various economic
purposes. {Itoxburglu)
ANACAR-
DIUM.
10
ZI
12
13
ANACARDIUM.
Anacardium ocddentale, Linn.y ANACARDiAcsiE.
The Cashew Nut ; Cardole.
Vem, — Kajj^t HiUD. ; Hijuli, Beng.j Kdj4, Mar. ; Kola mava, mundiri,
Tam. ; jidi matnidi, Tel. ; Thihothayet, Burm.
A small, evergreen tree, introduced from South America into the coast
forests of Chittagong, Tenasserim, the Andaman Islands, and South
India.
A I 'x
14
Part IV. ]
Economic Products of India.
ANDRO-
POGON.
From this plant two distinct oils are obtained :
ist, — ^The kernels, when pressed, yield a light-yellow, bland oil, very
nutritious; the finest quality in every respect equal to almond oil, and con-
sidered superior to olive oil. The kernels are so extensively eaten in
India, however, that it is almost impossible that a trade could at present
be done in this oil. The kernels have been once or twice exported to
Europe under the name of '' Cassia Nuts." Samples of this fixed oil, and
information as to methods of preparation and extent of trade, are much
required. The yield is about 40 per cent.
2nd, — " Cardole *' or *" Cashew-apple-oil." This is prepared from
the pericarp or shell of the nut. It is black, acrid, and powerfully vesica-
tine. It raises blisters, and is successfully used to remove warts, corns,
and ulcers; aJso, in the Andamans, to colour and preserve fishing lines.
It is also an effective preventive against white-ants in carved wood-work,
books, &c. The yield is 29I per cent.
15
x6
17
x8
ANAMIRTA.
Anamirta Cocculus, W. & A.^ Menispermacils.
COCCULUS INDICUS.
'Vem-—Kdkmdri, HiND., Dec; Kdkamdri, Sai^S. ; PSn-kottai, Tam. ;
Kaki-champa, Tel.
A climbing shrub of South and East India, Burma, and Oudh forests.
The fruit contains a large quantity of fixed oil. The fat expressed
fronri the seeds, which amounts to about half their weight, is used in India
for industrial purposes.
AUCHUSA.
Anchusa tinctoria, Linn^, Boraginaceje,
Mr. Baden-Powell mentions an oil as obtained from this plant.
ANDROPOGON.
AndropOgOn. See A. Schoenanthes, Gramineje.
Sweet Calamus or Geranium Grass.
Syn.— A. Martinii, Roxb, ; A. nardoidis, Nees. ; A. Calamus aromati-
cus, Royle, ; A. Pachnodes, Trim.
Vera. — Rusd ghds, Hind.
This grass grows wild in Central India, North-West Provinces,
and Punjab.
The oil obtained from this plant is known as Rusa Grass Oil. This
oil has many medicinal uses. It resembles, in quality and appearance, the
Lemon Grass Oil. The oil is seldom taken internally by the natives, but is
considered a powerful stimulant when applied externally. It is used as a
liniment in chronic rheumatism and neuralgic pains.
The greatest confusion exists in the identification of the plants yielding
the essential oils from this genus. Specimens of the plants (in flower)
should, if possible, accompany the oils, so as to secure accurate identi-
fication.
A. dtratus, DC.
The Lemon Grass.
Vem. — Old chdkdf gandhat rince, BoM.
4
Otis and Oil Seeds.
[Part IV.
A large^ coarse grass, found under cultivation in various blands of the
Eastern Archipelago, and gone wild on extensive tracts of land in
Ceylon; it rarely or never bears flowers. It is grown specially for its oil
in Ceylon and Singapore.
The oil which it yields is chiefly employed in adulterating Verbena
Oil. It is also usea for perfuming soaps and greases. The annual pro-
duction of otto of lemon grass in Ceylon is above 1,500 lbs., valued at
15. 4^. per ounce. There is a large consumption of this otto in the manu-
facture of Eau de Cologne.
Andropogon muricatum, Beauv,
Wexn.—Usir, Sans. ; Khas-khas gkds, Beng. ; Khas, Hind. ;• Vetie^er,
Tam. 5 Kumveru, Tel.
This species of grass grows in abundance on high sandy banks and
waste tracts in Bengal, the Coromandel Coast, and Upper India.
The roots, when distilled with water, yield a fragrant oil, which is used
as a perfume, and as such it deserves the attention of European perfumers,
Andropogon Nardusi Lmn.
The Citronella.
It grows wild abundantly in Singapore, but is also largely cultivated
both in Ceylon and in Singapore.
The leaves are distilled with water, and yield over 3 oz, of essential oil
from I cwt. The pure oil is thin and colourless, with a strong aromatic
odour, and an acrid, citron-like flavour.
The average exportation of citronella from Colombo is about 40,000 lbs.,
valued at £8,000. It is largely used to give the peculiar flavour to what
is known as " Honey-soap. '*
A. Schoenanthes, Lmn.
The Geranium Grass.
"Vetn.^^Gandha-bena, Beng. i RSsegofoaiaj rohisha. Bom.
A grass indigenous to North and Central India.
An essential oil, known as ** Ginger Grass, " is obtained from this
plant. The oil produced in the Namar district of the Nerbudda Valley
IS sometimes called *' Grass Oil of Namar. " This oil is largely exported
from Bombay, its chief use in perfumery being apparently the adulter-
ation of the Otto of roses.
Ainslie calls A. Nardws (?) Ginger Grass or Spice Grass, and says that
an infusion of it is used as a stomachic, and that occasionally an essential
oil is prepared from it which is useful in rheumatism ; but the plant he
refers to is probably A. Schoenanthes. Specimens of plant and oil required.
Ainsomelis malabaricai ^. Br., Labiateje.
Ant-grease *s prepared by boiling white ants and skimming off the
oily substance which floats on the surface. An oily substance is aJso
obtained by expression. Ant-grease is reported to be an article of food.
Apricot. See Prunus anaeiiiaca-
AQUILARIA.
Aquilaria Agallochai Roxh., Thymeueaceje.
Vera. — Ug{kr^ Hind., Beng.; Sasiy Ass.j Akyaw, Burm.; AggcUi
chandana, Tam. j Agru, Tel.
A large, evergreen tree of Eastern Bengal, Burma, Malay Peninsula,
and Archipelago.
An essential oil is obtained from the wood ; used medicinally.
5
AQUI-
LARIA.
19
20
21
23
[258]
2*
Part IV. ]
Economic Products of India.
ARTEMI-
SIA.
25
26
27
28
29
ARACHIS.
Arachis hypogoea, Linn,^ Leguminosa.
The Ground Nut.
Vera. — Btichanaka, Sans, j MdUkaldi, ckinerJ)dddm, Beng. ; Mungpkali,
Hind. 5 Bhuishenga, Bom. 5 VildyeH-in^ng, Dec. ; V^rk-kadalai, Tam. ;
Verushanagakdya, Tel.; i^<^^,BURM.
An annual of South America, now generally cultivated in South India
and some parts of Bfengal and Upper India.
The seeds of this plant produce, on exaression, a clear, straw-coloured
oil which resembles olive oil in taste, and is used as a substitute for it in
medicinal preparations. It is principally used for burning in lamps and
in soap manufacture. It is said to be used also for adulterating gingelly
oil in North Arcot.
ARGANIA.
Argania Sideroxylon, JR.S., Sapotacea
Is the Argan tree of Morocco, which is found growing gregariously in
forests in the Atlas Mountains.
An oil resembling olive oil is extracted from the seeds. It has a clear,
light-brown colour, and a rancid odour and flavour. It is an important
domestic oil among the Moors, and to a certain extent finds its way to India
ARGEMONE.
Argemone mexicanai Linn,, Papaverace^.
Mem,— Brahma dandi. Sans.; Shial-kanta, Beng.; Bkarbkdnd, Hind.;
Ddruri, Mahr ; Birama-dandu, Tam.
'• A herbaceous annual, native of Jamaica, the Caribbee Islands and
Mexico, brought to India about three centuries ago, now grows sponta-
neously on waste lands at the beginning of the cold season." (Amsterd. Cat.)
The seeds yield a pale yellow, clear, limpid oil, used in lamps and
medicinally in ulcers and eruptions. In Bengal, and more or less through-
out India, the seeds are collected and pressed for their oil, which is yield-
ed as copiously as that from mustard-seed. The drawn oil is twice allowed
to stand for a few days to deposit a whitish matter, after which it remains
clear and bright. (Span's Ency,)
ARGYREIA.
Argyrda speciosa> Sweei,, Convolvulace^.
Elephant-creeper*
'Vem.—Samudra palaka. Sans.; Bich-tarak, gugtUi, Beng., Hind.;
Samudra shoka, Mahr. ; Shamuddirap-pach-ch-ai, Tam. ; Pdla^amw
dra, Tel.
A twining perennial, found all over India.
Reported to yield oil. No further information available.
ARTEMISIA.
Artemisia vulgariSi Linn., CoMPosiT-aE.
Wormwood.
VtrtL—Afsantine-hindi, Arab.; Grantkiparni, Sans. ; Mastaru, Beng. ;
Maj tarty Hind. ; Mdchi-patHri, Tam. ; MacM-patri, Tel.
Baden-Powell mentions this plant in his list of oils. It also yields
a volatile oil.
Information and specimens required.
6
Oils and Oil Seeds,
[ Part IV.
BASSIA.
ATALANTIA.
Atalantia monophyllai Corr.^ Rutacea.
Wild Lims.
Vetar—Arawi nim, Tel. ; Kaiyalu, Tam. ; Makkur^ mdkar-timbu, Mahr.
A plant of Eastern Bengal, South India and Ceylon,
Ainslie says that the berries of this thorny plant yield a warm oil,
which is, in native medicine, considered as a valuable application in
chronic rheumatism.
Madras might be ^sked to supply specimens of this, also the berries
from which it is prepared, together with any further information.
BALANITES.
Balanites Roxburghii, Planch., Simarubejs.
Syn. — B. iEoYPTiACA.
Vera — Hingu, ingua, kingol, kingota, Hind.; Garrah, Gokdi ; Gari,
ringri, Tel. ; Nanjunda, Tam. ; Hingan, Mar.
A small tree growing in the drier parts of India and Burma.
A fixed oil is expressed from the seed.
BALIOSPERMUM.
Baliospermum montanum^ Mull. Arg., Euphorbiacea.
Vera.— ffakiin, Hind. ; DdnH, Mar.; Konda-amadum, Tel.; Poguntig,
Lepcha.
Found in South India, Burma, Bengal, Nepal and Sikkim.
The oil expressed from the seeds possesses cathartic properties.
BALSAMODENDRON.
Balsamodendron Roxburghii, Am., Burseracea.
Vem.^Gugala, Beng.
A small tree of Eastern Bengal and Assam.
Baden-Powell mentions that the plant yields a medicioa) oiL
Baningtonia Racemosa, Gaer/n., Myrtacea.
BASSIA.
Bassia butyraceai Roxh., Sapotaceje.
The Indian Butter Tree,
Vera. — Chidra, Chaidra, phulel, Kumaun; Ckeuli, OUDH; Pkalwara,
Hind. ; Chiri, Nepal; YeUyelpote, Lepcha.
A deciduous tree of the Sub- Himalayan tract, from Kumaun to Bhutan,
between 1,500 and 4,500 feet.
A vegetable butter is extracted from the seeds, of the consistency of
fine lard and of a white colour. The oil being cheaper than ghee or fluid
butter it is used as an adulterant. It is also burnt in lamps. In medicine
it is highly valued for its efficacy in rheumatism and contraction of the
limbs. It is also used by the wealthier classes as an ointment, after it is
perfumed with cloves or attar of roses. The butter mixed with scented oil
IS reckoned a valuable preservative when applied to hair. It makes ex-
cellent soap, and may be utilised in the manufacture of candles, as it
burns with a bright (light, without smoke or smell. The butter readily
dissolves in alcohol.
30
31
32
33
34
2&
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India..
BAUHI-
NIA.
36
37
Bassia latifolia, Roxh.
Mahua Tree.
Vera. — Mahwa, tnowa, tnahdot Hind.; Mahwa, mah^la, maul, Beng. ;
Ifara, Mahr j Illupi, kat illipi, Tam. ; Jppiy yeppa^ Tel. ; Jr^p, Gondi ;
Honge, Kan.
A large^ deciduous tree, indigenous in the forests of Central India. It
is cultivated and self-sown all over India, very common In Chutia Nagpur.
A greenish-yellow oil is extracted from the kernel of the fruit, which is
eaten by the Gonds and other Central Indian tribes, and is used to adul-
terate ghee. It is a useful oil for soap, and is lareel]^ used by the poorer
classes as a lamp oil. It is called Madhuka Sara in Sanskrit, ana is re-
commended as a medicine for cephalalgia. It is often sold baked in
cakes, which keep fresh for a few months in cold climates, but in the plains
of India soon become rancid, separating into a clear oil and a brown fatty
substance. The cakes are sold as Illipi Butter.
B. longifolia, Wiiid,
VertL^Kat illupi, elupa, Tam.; Ippi, yeppa, pinna, Tel.; ifi^^, Cinoh ;
Kan zan, Burm.
A large, evergreen tree of South India and Ceylon.
An eil is expressed from the ripe fmit. It is yellow and semi-solid ;
used for burning, for soap, and to adulterate ghee. It is seldom sold in the
bazar. The natives extract an oil from the seeds for private consump-
tion. It is suitable for the manufacture of candles. In medicine it is
used externally in cutaneous diseases.
The crushed seeds from the preceding species of Bassia, after sepa-
ration of the oil, are baked into cakes and sold as a detergent, largely
used for washing the hair.
BAUHINIA.
38 Bauhinia acuminata^ Linn., Leguminosjs.
Vera. — Kanckan, Beng. ; Kacknar, Hind. ; Makahlega byti, Burm.
A handsome shrub of South India and Burma.
It b mentioned as an oil-yielding plant in Sports' Encyclop^edicu
3Q B. tomentosa, Linn.
Vera. — Kachnar, Hind.; Kanchini, Tam., Tel.
It is a shrub or small tree of South India, with showy, yellow flowers,
having a purple eye, and a tough wood, with nearly black heartwood.
Balfour simply mentions this plant among his oils, without describ-
ing it.
40 B. variegatai Linn.
Vera. — KacknaTf kolidr, haridly Hind.; Taki, Nepal; Rakia kanckan,
Beng. ; Borara, Uriya ; Segapu-munthari, Tam. ; Kanchivala-do,
Kan. ; BwSchin, Burm.
A moderate sized, deciduous tree of the Sub- Himalayan tract from the
Indus eastward, and throughout the forests of India and Burma. It is
often planted for ornament.
The seeds are said to yield an oil, of which further information is
required.
8
Oils and Oil Seeds.
[ Part IV.
BENINCASA.
Benincasa ceriferai Savi,, CucuRBixACEiB.
The Pumpkin or White Melon.
Syn. — CucuRBiTA Pepo, Lour,
Vern, — Peihd, ckal-kumra, gol kadd^, Pb. 5 Kumrd, Beng. 5 Got-
kaddue, kondha. Hind.: Kutnkrd, bhunja, Kumaun; Kohola, Mahr.;
Kumbuli, Tam. ; Budide gummadi, Tel.I; Kyauk'pa-yon, Burm.
It is cultivated in India.
The fruit of this plant secretes upon its surface a waxy substance
which resembles the bloom found on plums and cucumbers. It is said to
be produced in sufficient quantity to be collected and made into candles.
The seeds also yield a mild, bland, pale-coloured oil. As this plant
seems to have been very much confused by botanists with Cucurbita
Pepo, DaUt it is probable that the native names given for the one may
belong to the other. It would be very important to have specimens of the
plants from which these oils have been prepared supplied along with the
oils so as to admit of final determination. The greatest possible confu-
sion seems to exist in the literature of the economic portions of this
subject.
Benzoin. ^^Styrax Benzoin*
BIRCH
OIL.
41
[290]
BERBERIS.
Berberis aristatai DC, Berberidejs. 42
Vcm. — Sumlti, simlu, ckiira, Pb. j CAj^a, Nepal ; Choira, Uii^D.
An erect, spiny shrub, on the outer Himalaya, from the Sutlej to
Bhutan: in the North- West Himalaya, from 6,000 feet to 10,000 feet;
in Darjeeling above 10,000 feet ; Western Gh&ts at high elevations ;
Ceylon. (Gamble.)
The seeds of this plant yield an oil.
B. L]rcium, jRqyle. ^
'Vem,^Kasmal, Simla ; Kaskmal, choira. Hind.
feet.
An erect, rigid shrub of the North- West Himalaya, from 3,000 to 9,000
>.
The seeds of this plant yield an oil.
BETULA.
Betula alba, l*, Cupulifer^.
An essential oil is extracted from the common birch.
Information as to whether this is ever prepared in India would be
acceptable.
Birch oil. See Betula alba, L.
44
[44]
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India.
BRAS-
SICA.
45
46
47
48
49
SO
BOMBAX.
Bombax malabaricum, DC.y Malvacea.
The Cotton tree.
Syn. — B. HEPTAPHYLLUM, Cav,
Vera. — Semul, shentbal, semur, paguftf somr. Hind., Bsng. ; Bouro,
Uriya ; Bolcktt, Garo ; Sdvara, Mar, B^rga, bitrgu, buraga, Tel. ;
Illavam, puld, Jam, ; Katu-imbtU, Ciugh,; LetpaH,BuRM.
A very large, deciduous tree, throughout India and Burma.
Cooke, in nis Oils and Oilseeds, makes mention of this plant as yield-
ing an oil, but gives no other tnformatk>n about it.
BRASSICA.
Brassica alba, ^./ &• 7:;7:,^CRuaFERJE.
The White Mustard.
Vexn»—Sidkartka, Sans.
The seeds are very large and white.
The oil is little known, but the oil-cake is much prized as a food for
sheep in Europe; black oil-cake is not considered so good for this purpose.
B. campestris, Linn.
Var. I. campestris, proper.
The Colza, Swedish Turnip and Sarson.
Syn, — SiNAPiS DICHOTONA, Roxb.
Vera. — Sarson OT ser son, sur si, jariya, Hmn. ; Sarshapa, Sans.; Sursha
or sursi, sauchi, kali sarson, sadarai, Ben G.I; Sherasa, Mar.;
The seeds are small, smooth, light brown.
Colza Oil is used by the natives of India chiefly to anoint the body and
for illuminating purposes. I am inclined to think a serious mistake has
been committed by European authors in regarding this as identical with
S. sbiuca, Roxb. The latter plant yields a decidedly superior oil, and both
seed and plant are readily distinguished by the most ordinary native,
and their properties narrated with a precision which indicates centuries
of experience.
Var. 2. Napus.
The Raps, Rara-sarson, or Shwet-Rai.
Syn, — SiNAPis GLAUCA, Roxb,; S. GLAUCA, Royle,
Vera. — Rara sarson, rara lai, pila sarson, tore, ioriya, dain, sketa,
shirsha. Hind. ; Tuverica, Sans. ; Raira, Guz. ; Shwet-rai, Beng.
. The seeds are larger than those of the preceding form, smooth and
white.
The oil is superior to the preceding, and is much used in diet.
Var. 3. Rapa.
The Turnip.
Vem.—Shalgam, HiND., Beng.
An oil has been prepared, but is of no value.
B. juncea, i^./ &* T. T.
The Rai or Indian Mustard.
Vera. — Rai, sarson, rajika. Hind, Bom.
The seeds of this form are smaller than those of either of the pre-
ceding forms ; round, almost black, and pitted or rugose.
10
Oils and Oil Seeds.
[Part I\
BUTTER
The oil is clear, not rancid, and largely eaten by the natives with
their curries, &c. Roxburgh apparently regarded this oil as inferior to
rape oil. It is, however, much purer than the oil from either of the
preceding forms and devoid of tne peculiar smell so characteristic of the
oils from the forms of B. campestris. This seems to be the oil called
Mustard Oil in India, so largely prepared in our jails by convict labour.
The seeds are reported generally to yield about 20 per cent, of oil.
Brassica nigra, Koch.
The Black or True Mustard.
Vem,"Rai, kali rat, asl-rai, ^hor^rai, makara-rai, &c, Hind.; Kai
sariska, Beng. ; Kada^ho, Tam.; Avalo, Tel. ^ Ganaba, Cingh.;
Kiditsai, Chinese; Rajtka, sanskap,SAiis, ; Strshaf {the name by which
it is known in Indian hospitals), Pers. ; Kkirdal, Arab.
Cultivated in various parts of India and Tibet, chiefly on the hills.
The seeds are large, oblong, smooth and almost black.
A bland oil, expressed from the seeds, is used for various economic
purposes. About 23 per cent, is usually extracted from the seeds. The
oil is inodorous, non-drying, and it solidifies at o®F. It consists essen-
tially of glycerides, of stearic, oleic, erucic, and brassic acids, the last
being homologous with oleic acid.
The ancient Hindus do not appear to have known anything of the
essential oil of mustard. This oil does not exist in the seeds originally, but is
chemically produced by the action of water, as, for example, when a seed
or a little of the flour is put in the mouth. Chemically, Mustard seeds
consist of a bland, fixed oil (obtained by pressure), and a peculiar inodorr
ous substance called Myronic Acid, together with a third substance, which
has been called Myrosyne. By the action of water upon these sub-
stances the essential oil is produced^ which is known chemically as
Pyrosyne.
BUCHANANIA.
Buchanania latifolia, i^o^., Anacardiacejb.
Vem. ^Chiraulij Pb. ; Achdr^ char, ckironjij C.P.; Kat^-maa, aima, Tam. ;
Char a, morli, Tel* ; Oharwari, Hyderabad ; Pydl, ckaroli,BoM, ; Lunbo,
BURM.
A tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Sutlej eastward, ascend-
ing to 3,000 feet. Throughout India and Burma.
The kernels of the fruit yield an oil called Chiranji, Owing to the
kernels being so much prized as a sweet-meat when cooked, the oil is
rarely met with. It is pale, straw-coloured, limpid, sweet and wholesome.
BUTEA.
Butea frondosai Boxh.y Leguminosje.
Vem* — Palash, Reno. ; Dhak, Hind, j Parasa^ Tam.
A small distorted tree, becoming covered with deep orange flowers
before the appearance of the leaves ; met with all over India.
The seeds of this tree yield a small quantity of bright, clear oil, which
is sometimes used medicinally.
Butter.
"The fatty portion of the milk of all mammalian animals is called
' Butter,' but the term in a commercial sense is restricted to that from the
cow." {Spans* EncyclopJ)
II
SI
52
53
54
>ART IV.]
Economic Products of India.
CALO-
PHYL-
LUM.
55
56
[198]
57
58
59
C^SALPINIA.
Cxsalpinia Bonducellai Boxh., Lbguminosa.
The Fever Nut.
Vera. — Katkaranj, Hind. ; Nata, Beno. ; Sagurgota, gajaga. Mar. ;
Gaj'kai, Kan. | Gech-^hakkay, Tam. ; Kalein^ Burm.
Found all over India, especially in Bengal, Burma and South India.
The seeds contain an oil, which is mentioned by Ainslie as useful in
convulsions and palsy. The seeds also possess valuable tonic properties^
for which they are much prized by the natives.
C. digyna, ^Rol.
Syn. — C. Oleosperma, Poxb.
Vern. — Umul'koochij Beng. ; Nooneegatcka, Tel.; Vdkerichebhaie, Bom.
A tree of the Eastern Himalayas, Eastern and Western Peninsulas,
and Ceylon.
Roxbugh says that an oil is expressed from the seeds, which is used
for lamps.
Cajput Oil. See Melaleuca Leucadendion.
CALENDULA.
Calendula officinalis, Linn,, Compositje.
Vern. — Zergtd, sadbarg, PC,
Found in the fields of the Punjab and Sind, scairely indigenous;
Peshawur. (Attchison).
Baden-Powell, in his Punjab Products, mentions it as an oil-yielding
plant. The oil is used for medicinal purposes.
CALOPHYLLUM.
Calophyllum inophylluniy Linn., Guttifeiue.
The Alexandrian Laurel.
Vera. — Sultana champa. Hind., Beng. ; Surangi, undi. Mar ; Pinnay,
Tam.; Pongnyet, Burm.; Ptinay p4ftds, Tel.
An evergreen tree of South India, Burma, and the Andaman Islands ;
often cultivated for ornament in other parts of India.
The fresh seeds when shelled yield a large quantity of fragrant, green
oil, amounting even to 60 per cent, by weight. The oil varies in colour from
greenish yellow to deep-green, possesses a disagreeable flavour, and an odour
which is described as fragrant by some but unpleasant by others. It is used
for lamps and for caulking vessels ; but it is chiefly valued as a medicine
and used as an external application in rheumatic affections. It is a
curious fact in connection with this oil, that though it cannot compete
with castor-oil for industrial purposes in the Calcutta market, it fetches
about four times the Calcutta price of castor-oil in Burma. This is owing
to its present crude condition, and no method of refining having been
attempted. Mr. Gamble says that in Orissa the tree is much cultivated
and an oil extracted from the seeds ib used for burning.
C. tomentosum, WigM.
The Poon Spar Tree.
Vera. — Poon, poone, Mal. ; P^ngoo, Tam.; Siripoone, Kan.
A large, tall, evergreen tree, found in the evergreisn forests of the West-
ern coast from Kanara southward.
12
Oils and Oil Seeds,
[ Part IV.
CANANGA
The seeds yield an abundance of oil, in Ceylon, where it is known
as " Keena-tel." It is probably used as a lamp-oil.
Calophyllum Walked, Wight
A large tree, found in South India and Ceylon.
The seeds yield an oil, used for burning.
C. Wightianum, Wall.
Syn, — C. Spurium, Chois^
Vera. — Katpoon, kull-ponne, Kan.; Cherupinnay, Tam.
An evergreen tree of the Western Ghats, from the Konkan to Travan-
core.
The seeds yield an oil not greatly differing from that of C. inophyllum.
It is used as a lamp-oil and as a medicine in leprosy and cutaneous affec-
tions> and in infusion mixed with honey in scabies and rheumatism.
CAMELLIA.
Camellia iheiferai Oriff.^ Tbbnstbcemiacba.
Sjn*— Thea chinensis, Linn. ; T. assamica.
Vem. — Cha.
Cultivated in many districts in India, especially in Kangra, Kdlu,
Dehra Dun, Kumaun, Darjeeling, the Western Duars, Assam, Cachar,
Chittagong and Hazaribagh, as well as in the Nilgiti Hills and Ceylon.
" Trie seeds of the tea-plant contain a considerable proportion of oil,
as much as i cwt. being obtainable by industrial means from 3 cwts. of
seed. It is limpid, clear, tasteless and of an amber colour. The oil
resembles that of olive, burns with a clear, bright light, and is free
from unpleasant odour." {Spons* Enc.) It is not fit for use as an edible
oil, nor can it be used for burning; but experiment has shown that
it can be utilised in the manufacture of a superior kind of soap. A soft
soap, without smell, of a light brown colour, may be produced from this oil
with potash, which is most suitable for cleansing purposes.
Camphor.
Vem. — Karpura, Saks.; Kafnr, Pers.; Karpur, Bekg.; Kafur, HiND. ;
Karuppuram,TAii,}Karpuram, Tel, ; Pa-y6k Burm.
The name ** Camphor " is technically eiven to a number of gum-resins,
more or less resemblins^ each other, derived from (i) Cinamomum Camphora,
Nees* and Eberm., called the Japan Camphor Tree ; (2) Dryobidanops
Camphora, Colebr,, a tree of Sumatra ; (3) Blumea balsamifea, DC.
The natives of Sumatra collect an oil by making a transverse deep
incision, into the tree, so as to form a cavity of the capacity of about a
quart. In this they place a lighted weed for a few minutes, and then
leave the hole for the night when it becomes filled with the oil. In Japan,
the oil is expressed from the Camphor, and is employed for burning pur-
poses by the poorer people. Camphor oil is said to be useful in rheuma-
tism and In giving firmness to the teeth.
CANANGA
Cadanga odorata, H./. df T., Anonacea.
The Ilang-ilang of European Perfumers.
Syn.— UVARIA ODORATA, Liwit.
\tta,—Kadatngan, BuRH. ; ItangAtang, Mal.
A large, evergreen tree of Burma (Ava and Tenasserim), distri-
buted to Java and the Philippines. Cultivated in many parts of India
on account of its sweet-smelling flowers.
13
te
6z
62
63
<H
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India.
CARTHA-
HUS.
65
66
67
[12]
68
69
An otto is prepared from these flowers known as Otto of Hang. It
is highly esteemed^ as may be seen from the fact that it fetches about i8s.
to 225. per oz. in Europe. It is frequently blended with pimento, orris,
rose, tuberose and jasmine in the preparation of handkerchief scents.
Further information and samples of this otto might be obtained from
Burma* See BAichdia.
CANARIUM.
Canarium commune Linn.^ Burseraoeji.
Java Almond,
Vem^^Jungli badam. Hind.
Found in the Peninsula and Malabar.
It yields a semi-solid oil, similar in appearance to cocoa-nut oil. It is
used for culinary purposes, and is regarded as more palatable than cocoa-
nut oil.
CANNABIS.
Cannabis sativai Ltnn., Urticacea.
Hemp.
Vtm^—Ganja, bhang, &c.
An annual, 4 to 6 feet ; found wild or cultivated.
The seeds, when expressed, yield a pale, limpid oil. The seeds contain
about 34 per cent, of this oil. It is at first greenish or brownish-yellow ;
but the colour deepens when it is exposed to the air. The flavour is dis-
agreeable, but the odour is mild. In Russia it serves, in a great measure,
the purpose of lamp-oil, but it is chiefly employed in the manufacture of
soft soaps.
CARAPA.
Carapa moluccensisi Lam,, Meliacea.
VenL.—Poshur, dhundul, Beng. j Kandalanga, Tam. ; PinU-^n,
BURM.
A moderate sized, evergreen tree, of the coasts of Bengal, Malabar*
Burma and Ceylon.
The seeds vield, on expression, a whitish semi-solid fat. It remains
fluid only at nigh temperatures. It is used as a hair-oil, and also for
burning purposes.
Cardamom seed oil. See Amomum Subolatum.
CARTHAMUS.
Carthamus oxyacantha, Bieb., Compositje.
Vera. — Kantiari, kandiara, poll, kkaresa, Pb.
Found in the North- West Provinces and Punjab.
Dr. Stewart says that near Peshawar and elsewhere an oil extracted
from the seeds is used for illuminating purposes, as well as for food. It
is also said to be used medicinally.
C. tinctorius, Linn.
The Safflower.
Vera. — Kamalottara, Sans.; Kusum, Beng., Hind., Dec. ; Sendurgam,
kashumba, Tam. ; Agnisikka, Tel. ; Su, Burm.
An annual, grown extensively all over India.
14
Oils and Oil Seeds.
[Part IV
*' There are two seeds— one, the cultivated, is white and glossy, the
other (Karar) is a smaller but similarly-shaped seed> mottled or dusted,
brown-grey and white; both yield oil. The oil is very dear, yellow, is
esculent, and would be peculiarly suitable for burning in lamps, on
account of the little heat which it gives out/' (Baden'PowelL) It is also
used locally for culinary purposes, and is said to form an ingredient of
the " Macassar Hair-oil.'* The yield of this oil is about 25 per cent. In
paralytic affections and bad ulcers, it is used as an external application,
CARUM.
Carum Carui, Linn*, Umbellifsra,
Caraway Seed.
Vera. — ^ytVa, BENG.;2riVa, Hind.; Shimai'shambu, Tam.; Shimai'sapu
Tel.
The plant is cultivated for its seeds as a cold season crop on the plains ;
also frequent on the hills.
A valuable essential oil is obtained from the seeds, called Caraway Oil.
This oil is colourless or pale-yellow, thin, with strong odour and flavour
of the fruit. It is used in medicme and more extensively as a perfume
for soaps.
Carum copticumi Benfh.
True Bishop's weed; Lovage.
Syn, — Ptychotis Ajowan, DC,
Vera. — ftmafh Bbng. ; Ajowan, Hind. ; Oman, Tam. ; Omamu, Tel.
Cultivated in many parts of India for its seeds.
The seeds 3rield an oil on distillation with water, which is used medici-
nally in cholera, colic, and indigestion.
CARYOPHYLLUS.
Caryophyllus aromaticuSj lann^ Myrtacea.
Cloves.
Yem.'^Lavanga, Beng. ; Long, Hind ; Kiramber, Tam. ; Lavangalu, Tel.
It is indigenous in the Molucx:as.
The flower-buds and flower-stalks of cloves yield, when distilled with
water, an essential oil. The process of distillation is largely carried on in
England. It is a colourless or a yellowish oil having a powerful odour and
flavour of cloves. It easily combines with grease, soap, and spirit, and is
extensively made use of in the manufacture of perfumery. In Germany
it is often adulterated with carbolic acid.
CEDRUS.
CedruS Deodanii Loudon, Coniferjc.
Deodar; Himalayan Cedar.
Vera. — Nakktar, Afg. ; Didr, deoddr^ daddr, Hazara, Kashmir, Garh-
WAL, KuMAUN; PalMar, Hazara ; Giaw, Tibet.
A very large and tall tree of the North- Western Himalaya, between
4,030 ana 10,000 feet ; extending east to the Danli river, a tributary of
the Aloknanda, below the Niti Pass, mountains of Afghanistan and North
Biluchistan.
" An oil is obtained from the wood by destructive distillation; it is
dark-coloured, thick, and resembles crude turpentine. It is used for I
15
CEDRUS.
70
71
72
73
Part IV. ]
Economic Products of India.
CINNAHO-
MUM.
74
75
anointing the inflated skins which are used for crossing rivers, and as a
remedy for ulcers and eruptions, for mange in horses arid sore feet in
cattle. '* {Gamble.)
CELASTRUS.
Celastrus paniculatusi wuid.y Celastrinejs.
Vera. — ifa/ia^m, Oudh, Kumaun; Kohundan rangul, C. P, ; Kanguni
Bom.; Ruglim, Lepcha. The seeds are generally called Malkangni,
A scandent shrub of the outer Himalaya, from the Jhelam to Assam »
ascending to 4,000 feet ; East Bengal, Behar, South India and Burma"
The seeds yield by expression a deep scarlet oil, used medicinally. It
is much admired as an external application along with a poultice of the
crushed seeds. It is also burnt in lamps, and employed in certain religious
ceremonies.
By a process of distillation the natives also obtain from the seeds a
black empyreumatic oil, which has been experimented with by European
practitioners under the name of '' Oleum mgrum." Dr. Herklots affirms
that it is a sovereign remedy in Beri-beri in doses of from 10 to 15
drops twice daily. It is a powerful stimulant, followed in a few hours with
free diaphoresis, unattended with subsequent exhaustion {Pharmacopoeia
India,) Dr. Dymock describes this empyreumatic oil as prepared by
distilling the seeds along with benzoin, cloves, nutmegs, and mace.
C. senegalensiSi Za/».
Syn. — C. Montana, Roxb, Gymnosporia Montana, Lawson.
Vem. — Sherawane, Trans-InduS; Talkar, dajkar, kkardi, Pb.; Baikal
gajachinni, C. P. ; Mdl kangond. Bom. ; Danti, pedda chintu, Tel.
A tall, spinescent shrub of the northern dry and intermediate zones,
North-West India, ascending to 4,000 feet, Central India, and the drier
parts of the Peninsula.
By pressing the seeds a deep scarlet-coloured oil is obtained as thick
as treacle. It is used for medicmal purposes.
76
[303]
[52]
77
CERBERA.
Cerbera OdoUam, Gaerin., Apocynaceje.
Vera. — Dab4r, dhakuty Beng. ; Kadamd, kataralt, Tam. ; Kalwa,
BURM.
A moderate sized evergreen tree of the coast forests of India and
Burma.
The seeds yield an oil which is used for burning. {Kure,)
The Burmese also use it to anoint the head.
C. Thevetia, Linn. See Thcvetia neriifolia, Linn,
Cheeronjee oil. See Buchanania latifolia*
CINNAMOMUM.
Cinnamomum zqrlanicum, JBreyn., Lauraceje.
True Cinnamon.
VtrtL—Dalchini, Hind.; Karrwwa, Tam.; Sanalinga, Tel.; Rassu
kurundu, Cingh. ; Lulingyaw, thitkyabo, Burm.
It is a native of the Ceylon forests, but now cultivated on the western
coast of that island.
The liber of this plant yields the essential oil of Cinnamon, an oil of
considerable importance. Three oils are obtained from this plant, one
16
Oils and Oil Seeds.
[Part IV.
CITRUS.
from the bark to the extent of i to i per cent. Distillation is carried on
extensively in Ceylon, and occasionally in England. It is of a golden-
yellow colour, with the powerful odour of Cinnamon, sweet and aromatic,
but with a burning flavour. It is largely used in perfumery. The
leaves yield a brown, viscid, essential oil, of clove-like odour, sometimes
exported from Ceylon. The third oil is obtained from the root, of yellow
colour, specifically. lighter than water, with an odour of camphor and
cinnamon.
CITRULLUS.
Citrullus ColocynthiSy Sckrad,, GucuRBixACEiE.
Vem,—Indra^an^ Hind.; Makhal, Beng. ; Indrayatty indraphal. Mar. ;
PaycoamuHt Tam. ; Putsa kaya, Tel. ; ^ndrawan, Dec ; Sketi-putsa,
CiNGH.
An annual, found in the Peninsula and South India.
Yields a clear, limpid oil, according to Ainsiie, used in many of the
southern provinces for burning in lamps.
C. VUlgariSi Schrad,
The Water-Melon.
Vem.— /iuar6«jff, |N. W. P. j Samanka, Hind.; Kalingada, Mak.; Paye,
BuRM.
Cultivated very generally, especially in Upper and North India.
The seeds yield a clear, bland, pale-coloured, limpid oil, used for
burning in lamps.
CITRUS.
Citrus medical Linn,, RuxACEiE.
Var. L medica proper.
The Citron, Cedratier, Fr, ; cedro, It.
Vera. — Kya/i^a, Sans.; Utrej, oiroj, Arab.; Bijaura, Hinj3.; Begpura,
Beng.
Cultivated in many parts of India— Assam, Calcutta, Chutia Nagpur,
North- West Bombay; also in Persia.
Var. 2. Limonnm.
The Lemon. Limonier, more generally citronnier, Fr. ;
LiMONE, It ; CiTRONE, Gcmi.
Vem. — Bora nimbu. Hind.; Korna Nebu, Beng.
Cultivated abundantly in the south of Europe.
Citric acid is made from it.
Var. 3* adda.
The Sour Lime of India.
Vem. — Jambira, Sans.; Litnu, limoun, Arai3.; Libu, nebu, limbu, nimbu,
Beng., Hind.
Var. 4* Limetta.
The Sweet Lime of India.
Vem. — Mitha Nebu, Beng., Hind.; Amrit'phal,K.\}U\\}n.', Thanbaya,
BURM.
Commonly cultivated in most parts of India and Burma.
The rind of the Lemon, when subjected to expression, or when distilled,
yields an essential oil known as " Essence of Lemon," or " Citron-zeste"
according to the method employed. For this purpose the fruits are plucked
very early, because they contain more oil when they are still green and
unripe. Lemon-oil is extensively used in the manufacture of perfumery.
78
79
8o
8i
82
83
B
»7
Part IV.]
cocos.
Economic Products of India.
CLEOME.
84 Cleome viscosa, Linn., Capparideje.
Wild Mustard.
Vem. — Hur-huria, Beng. ; Janglihulvult Dec. 5 Nay-kadughu, Tam.
Kukha-avalUf Tel.
A common weed, grows in Bengal and South India in the rainy season.
The seeds yield a light, olive green-coloured limpid oil when subjected to
a great pressure. It seems likely that this oil would prove serviceable
where a very liquid oil is required. The plant is one of the commonest
weeds in Bengal. The oil could be prepared to any extent.
CNICUS.
85 Cnicus arvensis, ^^/';»., Comfositje.
Vem.—Bkur'bhur, N. W. P.
Found throughout India, especially in cultivated fields in the Gangetic
plains; the common thistle of India.
Produces small black seeds, which yield a large quantity of oil. The
seeds are gathered by the poorer classes, and the oil expressed by them
for their own use. It burns with smoke ; it is otherwise of good quality.
' COCHLOSPERMUM.
S6 Cochlospermum Gossypium, DC, Bixineje.
Sjrn. — BoMBAxGossYPiuM, Roxb»
Vem. — K4mbi, gabdi, ganidr, galgal, gangal. Hid.; Gangam^
GoND. ; Gungti, kongy Tel. ; Tanaku, kongillam, Tam. ; Ganeri,
gunglay^ Mar.
A small, deciduous tree of the forests at the base of the North-West
Himalaya, from the Sutlej eastward, Central India, Deccan, and Prome
district in Burma.
It is mentioned as an oil-yielding plant, but further information is
wanted.
COCOS.
87 Cocos nudfera, Z/ww., PALMEiE.
The Cocoanut Tree,
Vera,— Narikel, Beng. ; Nariel, HiND. ; Tefina, Tam. ; Nari kadam,
Tel., On, Burm.
A pinnate-leaved palm, cultivated and wild throughout tropical India,
particularly near the sea-coast.
The pulp, dried at ordinary temperatures, contains 5*43 per cent, of
oil. The method of extracting this oil in India, especially when the oil is
required to be colourless, is as follows : — The kernel is boiled with wstter for
a few minutes, then grated and placed in a press. The emulsion thus
obtained is boiled^until oil is found to settle on the surface. The ordinary
commercial oils are manufactured by the rude oil-mills worked by oxen.
The oil is white and nearly as fluid and limpid as water in tropical climates.
It has a sweet and agreeable odour when fresh, but it is liable to become
rancid in a short time. In Europe, the oil is chiefly used in the manufac-
ture of candles and soap. In India it is used in cooking, and as medicine
when fresh, and for burning, painting, soap-making, and anointing the
body when rancid.
18
Oils and Oil Seeds,
[Part IV,
COBNUS.
COLCHICUM.
Colchicum ill3rricum, Liliacje.
Vem. — Surihgdn, ialkh, shiHn,
Mr. Baden -Powell mentions this as an oil-yielding plant. Further
information is required. There seems to be some mistake about the deter-
mination of the plant.
The oil is stated to have been obtained from Jalandhar^ Lahore, Ludhi-
ana and Kashmir. Specimens of the oil, as also the plant from which pre-
pared, should, if possible, be procured from the Punjab.
CONNARUS.
Connarus nitidus, J^oxb. in Hort, Beng. 4g, CoNifARACJE.
Found in Sylhet and British Burma
Dr. McLelland says that in Rangoon seeds of this plant yield a quan-
tity of sweet oil. The name C mtians is not referred to by the Flora of
British India, but I presume the plant which yields the oil in question
is really C. gibbosvs. Wall, Specimens of the oil should be supplied by
Burma, accompanied with a twig of the plant, to allow of its being deter-
mined.
C. speciosus, McLell.
Vem. — Gwedauky Kadot, Kodet, Bubm.
A large tree of Rangoon, Pegu and Tounghoo.
McLelland says that the seeds yield an abundance of sweet oil.
The above has been extracted from Dr. Cooke's Report on Oil Seeds,
The name C. spedosus, McLell., was taken from Balfour's Cyclopcedia and
is one of the numerous fanciful namesused in that work which have never
been published. Dr. Cooke eumvedaeineome doubt regarding this plant
— a doubt which time has not rerma s. Abs dttely nothing is known regard-
ing it. Information from Burma should, therefore, be obtained regarding
the Gwai-doak, and, if possible, a sample of the oil and a twig of the plant
should be supplied. The Burmese name Gwe (Spondias fflagSifent) seems
very near to the above.
Cooawanoo oil
This oil is procured from the reptile Caonana divacea in the East
Indies.
CORIANDRUM.
Coriandnim sativum, Linn., Umbelliferjc.
The Coriander.
Vem. — Dhanyaka, Sans. ; Dhania, Beng., Hind. ; Kotkamira, dhana
(seed) Mar.; Kotamalli, Tam. ; Danyalu, Tel, ; Nan-nan, Burm.
This plant is cultivated all over India.
The fruits of this plant yield, from 07 to i i per cent of volatile oil by
distillation in water. The oil is colourless or yellowish, with the odour and
the flavour of Coriander.
CORNUS.
Coraus macrophylla, Wall.
Vera. — Kasir, kachir, haleo, allian, haidA, naug, kaksk, kachir, ruchi a
Hind.; Patmoro, Nepal,
A doubtfully distinct species from the preceding ; is common all along
the Himalaya. I found it in the Naga hills and Manipur.
B I 19
88
89
90
91
92
93
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India.
CROCO-
DILE OIL.
94
95
96
[1+8-50]
97
It would be interesting to know if this also yields the oil, as it must if
Brandis' observation proves correct. The knowledge of the oil may,
however, be confined to Kashmir,
Cornus sanguinea, Linn,, Cornaceje.
A shrub or small tree found in Europe, Siberia and Kashmir, 7,000 feet
altitude.
The pericarp of the fruit contains oil {Brandis), Specimens of this oil,
with further information, should be obtained from Kashmir.
CORYLUS.
Corylus Columa, Linn., CupuLiFERiE.
The Indian Hazel Nut.
Syn.— C. LACERA, Wall, C. Jacquemont, Dene.
Vtm,— Curriy Nepal; Languray Bhuti; Shirol, Garhwal; Urni, winri,
thangi, jangi, shurli, banpdlu, kapasi, bhotia badam, Himalayan
Names. Finddk, the Pb. name for the nuts.
A moderate sized tree of the North-West Himalaya, between alti-
tude 5,500 and 10,000 feet.
The kernel of the European Hazel, C. Avellana, Ltnn. yields a sweet
oil. There seems no reason to doubt that this oil could be prepared from
the Indian species, but I can find no mention of it. Information on this
subject would, therefore, be most acceptable. In the Eastern Himalaya
the place of C. Columa is taken by C ferox, a Nepal and Sikkim species.
COSTUS.
Costus speciosus, Sm., Scitamineje.
Vera. - K4st, keuy Beng., Hind. ; Gudtirickdkdnda, kemuka, BoM. ; Bom-ma
kachika, Tel. Tsjana-ktia, Mal., Kemuka, Sans.
One of the most elegant plants of this family ; its spirally-twisted stem
carries its glossy leaves and white flowers above the brushwood in our
tropical jungles. It is common everywhere throughout India, especially so
in Bengal, frequenting moist, shady places. The rhizomes are made into a
preserve, eaten by the natives. Plesse says of it : "I have made some
experiments with a sample of liusht: it appears to be scarcely as odorous
as Orris Root. The tincture has an agreeable smell, and would be useful
but no quantity has as yet been seen in our markets." An unlimited
quantit)* might easily enough be exported from Bengal were some effort
made to bring this root before the perfumers of Europe. There is a strong
probability however that Piesse is referring to the root of Saussurea Lappa
or Hypoluca members of the Compositae which were formerly called Auck-
landia Costus. It is remarkable that while associated with the word
Costus both these widely different plants should have the same vernacu-
lar names as it would be interesting to know which actually possess the
odour resemblmg the Orris, a plant nearer allied botanically to Costus
speciosus than to Saussurea.
Cotton seed. See Gossypium.
Crocodile oil.
The oi! of the Indian Crocodile contains a larger quantity of solidifiable
fat than either neat's-foot or any fish oil. It is prepared by the Sanif
tribe, in the Punjab, who eat crocodile-flesh. It is said to be procurable
in abundance at Agra. Specimens of this oil, also information regarding
the mode of preparation, the amount annually procurable, and the econo-
mic uses of it, should be obtained from the North-West Provinces.
20
Oils and Oil Seeds,
[Part VI.
CUCUMIS.
CROTON.
Croton oblongifoliuSy Roxh,, Euphorbiaceje.
Vern»^ Arjunna, Oudh Ach, Nepal Parokupi, ASs. Ganasura, Mar;
Bhutan kusam, Tel, ^ ThStyin, Burm.
A small tree found in the Sub- Himalayan tract, from Oudh eastward
to Biirma, also in South India and Ceylon.
The seeds give an oil. {Gamble,) Specimens of this oil-yielding nut
should be supplied to allow of experiments being performed ; also full in-
formation of the quantity annually available.
C. Pavana, Hamilt,
Wtnu-^Thet-yen^ni, Burm.
A tree of Assam and Burma.
It yields an oil, very similar to the Croton Oil of commerce. This oil
is at present but imperfectly known, and it is therefore very desirable that
Burma and Assam should each supply, say, a maund of the nuts, with
specimens of the oil, and information regarding its preparation, and the
quantity of nuts and oil annually obtainable. It is said to be plentiful at
Ava and at Kamrup.
C. Tiglium, Linn.
The Purging Croton.
Vern. — Jayapdla, Sans. ; Jaypdl^ Beng.; Jamal-goia, Hind. ; Jamalagota,
Mar; Nervalam, T am, ; Nepala-^iiua, Tel, ; Kanaka, Burm,
A small tree (15 to 20 feet) indigenous to the Malabar coast and Tavoy,
and found cultivated in gardens in Bengal, South India, Ceylon, Burma,
the Indian Archipelago, the Moluccas, and even in Mauritius. {Spans'
Encycl.)
It yields an oil which is orange yellow or sherry-coloured, of the con-
sistence of nut-oil, with a slight odour resembling that of jalap resin, and
an acrid flavour. This is a valuable medicinal oil, which is used as a
drastic purgative. The oil, as prepared in India, is so much adulterated,
that it finds no sale in Europe. The nuts are exported chiefly from Bom-
bay and Cochin, and the oil is expressed by a firm in England.
It is necessary to be cautious in handling the nuts or oil, owing to
their blistering the skin. The oil is frequently used externally for colds
in the chest as an external application, causing a severe blister. It is much
resorted to as a domestic cure but not recommended by the profession.
98
99
100
CUCUMIS.
Cucumis MelO| Z., CucuRBiTACEiE.
The Sweet-Melon.
Vera. -Kharmuj, Beng. ; kharbiifa, KhurbuJ, Hind. ; Kharabuja, chibuda.
Bom.; Gw^Aro, Sind.; Vellart-verai, Tam,; Mulampandu, Tel,
Extensively cultivated in the North- West Provinces, in the sandy basins
of the rivers, on account of its fruit.
The flattened and elliptic seeds yield a sweet, edible oil. In fact, the
seeds of most of the members of the Melon, Pumpkin, Cucumber, and
Gourd family, contain oil, but the only kinds which are utilised to any con-
siderable extent are those of the Sweet-melon (Cucmnis Melo) and the
Water-melon (Dtrnllns vulgaris). From West Africa large quantities of
melon seeds are exported to France. China also does a large trade in
them, but in India the fruit is chiefly eaten as such, and not allowed to
ripen its seeds for the oil supply.
21
lOI
Part IV. ]
Economic Products of India.
CUCUR-
BITA.
102
103
104
105
Cucumis MelOy L. forma MOMORDiCA {sp. Roxb.)
Vera. — Phunti, Beng. ; Phut, tAti, HiND.; Kakari-kai, Jam. ; Pedda-kai,
pedda dosray, Tel.
There are two varieties, one appearing in the rains and the other in the
hot season.
The seeds yield an oil,
C. MelO) L. forma utilissimus. {sp, Roxb,)
Vem. — Kankri, Hind, or Kakri, Behg, ; Dosray, Tel.; Kdkadi, Bom.
Cultivated in Upper Bengal and North- West Provinces during the
hot weather and the rains.
The seeds yield an oil.
C. sativuS) Linn.
The Cucumber.
Venu — Sasa, Beng. ; Khira, Hind ; Kdkadi, khira. Bom. ; Muluvelari,
Tam.; Dorga-kaia, Tel. ; Khyar, Pers. ; Thagva, Burm.
" There are two forms of this plant, one a creeping plant cultivated in
the fields during the hot season, and the other a climber cultivated in
homesteads in the rains. The fruits of both are extensively used as food.'*
(Amsterd, Cat)
The seeds yield an oil.
C. trigonas, Roxb.
Sjrn.— Bryonia callosa. Herb. Rottl.
\tm»-^Bisl6inbi, Hind; Rattut-tumatti, Tam; Adatn-puch-cha, Tel.
Found throughout India.
" Dr. Ainslie remarks that the seeds yield a fixed oil by boiling, which
is used for lamps by the poorer classes. Lieutenant Hawkes reports that
it is used for burning in lamps in some parts where the fruit abounds.
" It is extracted by boiling in water, and is procurable only in small
quantities. " {Cooke*)
107
CUCURBITA.
106 Cucurbita maxima, Duchesne, CucuRBiTACEiB.
The Gourd.
Vera* — Kudu, Hind. ; Lal-Bhobala, lal dudiya, BoM ; Puskini-iaia, Tam. ;
Gummaddikaia, Tel, ; SntuS pay 6fi, Bukm.
Cultivated all over India for its fruit.
The seed yields an oil.
C. Moschata, Duchesne.
The Musk Melon.
S7ii.-*C. Mblopepo, Roxb.
Vem. — Kharbuj, saphari kumhra.
The seed yields a mild, bland, pale-coloured oil.
108 C. Pepo, DC.
The White Gourd.
VertL^^Kumra, Safedkaddu. lanka, kuftua kumara, kadimah, Beng., Hind;
Safed-Bhopala, safed-dudiya. Bo M .
Cultivated for its fruit.
22
Oils and Oil Seeds,
[Part IV
CYPERUS
Its seeds yield a clear edible oil.
Refer to Benincasa cerifera and compare with the remarks given under
that species.
CUMINUM.
Cuminum Cyminuixiy Ltnn,y Umbeluferje.
Vera. — Jiraka, Sans. ; Jiroy Beng. ; Zira, Hind j Siragam, Tam. ijiraka,
Tel.
Extensively cultivated in Rajputana and other parts of Upper India.
An oil is obtained from the seed, and is used medicinally as a stimulant
and carminative.
CYDONIA.
Cydonia vulgaris, Tourn., RosACEiE.
The Quince.
Vera. — Bihi, Hind. ; Bamisunt, bamsutu, Kashmir.
Cultivated in Afghanistan and the North- West Himalayas up to
5>5oo feet.
Baden-Powell mentions this as an oil-yielding plant in his List of
Punjab Products, Docjrnia indica. Dene., a nearly allied plant, is very
plentiful in Sikkim, Bhutan, Khisia hills, and Burma. In the Naga Hills
the ground at certain seasons is simply covered with the fruit left in
maunds to root under the trees. This might easily enough be put to some
economic use.
CYNOMETRA.
Cynometra cauliflora, Linn., Leguminosje.
Veai.—Iripay Mal.
A tree of the Western Peninsula, South India, Ceylon, and Malacca.
Its oil is said to be prepared in North Arcot, and used for medicinal
purposes. Madras should supply specimens.
C.sp, ? polyandra, Roxb,
Vera. — Ping, Cachar.
Spans' Encyclop. says that the oil which this plant yields is medicinal.
C. ramiflora^ JLinn.
V&m.-^hingr, Beng. 5 Irapti, Tam.j Mveng Kabeng, BuRM.; Tripa,
Mal.; Gal-mendora, Cikgh ;\ Iroopoo, Kan.
Western Peninsula, Malabar, Ceylon, and common in the Sunderbuns.
The seed yields an oil which is externally applied in leprosy and other
cutaneous diseases.
Ceylon or Madras should supply specimens.
CYPERUS.
Cyperus rotundus, Linn,, CYPERACKis.
Vera.— ^«^Aa, Beng., Hikd, ; Kari-ki-jkar, Dec; Koray, Tam.j Sakha-
tungu-^eru, Tel.
Found everywhere in India, especially in Bengal.
The rounded rhizomes yield an essential oil, which the natives of
Upper India use to perfume their clothes.
23
109
110
III
112
113
114
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India.
DICHOP-
SIS.
"5
zi6
117
118
"9
120
DALBERGIA.
Dalbergia lanceolaria, Linn., LEGUMiNosiE.
Syn* — D. FRONDOSA^ Roxb,
Vem. Takoli, bith^a, Hind. ; Bander siris, Nepal ; Nal valangay Tam. ;
Pedda sopara, yerra patsaruy Tel.; Dandons, Mar.
A deciduous tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Jumna east-
ward, ascending to 2,500 feet, suid extending to Central and South India.
The oil expressed from the seed is used in rheumatic affections.
D. latifoUa, I^oxb.
The Blackwood or Rose wood of Southern India.
Vem. Sitsal, Beng., Nepal, Oudh; Shishatn, sisu^ kalarukh, Mar. ;
Siss4, Guz. J IH, eruvadi, Tam. ; Jitegt, jitangi, Tel.
A deciduous tree, attaining a large size in South India, met with also
in Oudh, East Bengal, and Central India.
The seeds yield oil of which almost nothing further than this fact is at
present known.
Specimens of this as of the other oils from Dalbergia are required.
D. Sissoo, Roxb,
The Sissoo.
Vem.—Shisham, sissu, sissai, Hind.; Tdli, safedar, Pb.; Sissdi, Oudh-
Yette, Tam.
A large, deciduous tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Indus to
Assam, ascending to 3,000 feet. It is now largely cultivated throughout the
plains of India as an ornamental tree along roads, &c.
It yields an empyreumatic, medicinal oil.
DAUCUS.
Daucus Carota, Linn., UMBELLiFERiE.
The Carrot.
Vera. — Gdjar, Beng., Hind, i Gdjjara kelangu, Tam. ; Gajjara gadda,
Tel.
Cultivated in many parts of India. A hardy, acclimatised form, with
almost green roots, is extensively cultivated in India, and is rapidly
finding its way into the vegetable gardens of the natives. It is an
exceedingly coarse form, but quite hardy in Behar, growing right through
the hot season.
The seed yields an oil, but no information exists as to its nature.
DICHOPSIS.
Dichopsis elliptica, BentK, Sapotacejc.
Syn. — Bassia elliptica, DoIb*
^J^^^^^^anchotipalfh Tam. ; Panchonta, Kan,
A very large tree of the Western Ghats.
It yields the " Gutta-percha Seed Oil."
D. Gutta, Bih, & Hook. /., SAPOTACEiE.
Gutta-percha.
Syn*— Isonandra Gutta, Hook.
VettL.^Niaiooy Malay.
A plant of Singapore and Borneo.
Reported by the Madras Jurors at the Exhibition ot 1857 to yield oil.
24
Oils and Oil Seeds.
[Part IV.
DIOSPYROS.
Diospyros Embiyopteris, Pers., Ebenacels.
Syil« — D* GLUTINOSA; Roxb,
Vera. — Gdby makur-kendi, Beng. and Hind.; Rendu, Ass.; Tumbika,
pani'chika, Tam. ; Tumil, Tel. ; Kusharta, Kan. ; Timberee, Cingh.
A small tree or large evergreen shrub, forming a dense dome of foliage,
met with throughout India and Burma, especially in Assam, Bengal and
Travancore.
An oil, extracted from the seed by boiling, is used in native medi-
cine.
DIPTEROCARPUS.
Dipterocarpus l£vis> Ham.. Dipterocarpeje.
Vera* — Kanyin-nif Burm.
A lofty tree of the tropical forests, throughout Burma.
It yields a wood-oil used for painting. Full information as to the supply
and economic uses of the Burmese wood oils, as also genuine specimens,
are much required.
D. tu'rbinatus, Gaertn.f.
Vein. — Gurjun^ tilyagurjun, Beng.; Kanyoung^ Magh; Kanyin-ni,
Burm.
A lofty, evergreen tree of Eastern Bengal, Chittagong, Burma, and
the Andaman Islands.
It yields a wood-oil used in painting houses and ships.
D. zeylanicus, Thwaites.
Vem. — Mora, Cingh.
A tree of Ceylon, ascending to altitude 3,000 feet.
Yields wood-oil.
DOLICHOS.
Dolichos bifloruSy Linn.^ Leguminosje.
SyiL-- D. UNiFLORus, Lam, I Glycine uniflorus. Lam,
VettL.—KterH-kalai, Beng. ; Kulthigahat,Hii9D. ; Kollu, Tam. ; WulawalH ,
Tel.; Kulitba gaglip, Sind.
An erect annual {forma uniflora) or twining (forma biflora) plant, met
with chiefly in a state of cultivation as a pulse crop on the tropical and
subtropical Himalaya, to Burma and Ceylon.
The beans are said to yield an oil, of which little is known. They
are chiefly used as food for horses.
DOREMA.
Dorema Ammoniacum, Don, UMSELLiFRiE.
Eastern Giant Fennel.
Ven. — Ushak, Pbrs., Arab., Bom, ;Kandal, Bokhara.
A glaucous green plant, native of Persia.
It yields a volatile oil, said to be imported into India. The available
information on this subject is exceedingly meagre, and the above reference
is given chiefly with the view of sugp^esting enouiry, as I suspect the plant
to be a species of Ferula. See Faeoiculiim and Ferula.
25
DOREMA.
121
123
124
125
126
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India.
ENTADA.
127
128
129
DRYOBALANOPS.
Diyobalanops Camphonii CoUhr.y Dipterocarpeje,
Vem.'-Bards Camphor, bardsaidpura, bhimsenikdpura, BoM.
It yields a volatile oil, which is largely used in Singapore as a substi-
tute for turpentine. See Camphor*
Dugong oil, or the oil of the Sea Hog,— the Yungan or Mooda Hoora.
There are two species, each yielding an oil of ^eat value in medicine
and cooking. One of the species, Halicore indicus, is distributed through-
out the Indian Ocean, in the Gulf of Manaar, on the west coast of Ceylon,
in the Straits Settlements and the.Eastern Archipelago. The other species)
H« australis, is found on the Australian coasts.
On boiling down, each animal, weighing from 4 to 6 cwts., yields from 6
to 14 gallons of oil. The oil has no unpleasant flavour; it is free from odour ;
when refined it is clear and limpid. It is largely used as a substitute for
cod-liver oil. {Sfons' Encyclop.)
ELETTARIA.
Elettaria Cardamomum, Maton, Scitamineje.
The Lesser Cardamom.
Vem.^Chota'eldchi, Bbng., Hid.; Ellaay, Tam., Tel.; Pala, Burm.
Extensively cultivated in the hilly districts of India.
Baden-Powell mentions this plant in his list of medicinal oils. I am
not aware of a fatty oil being expressed from the Cardambms, and it seems
probable that the oil referred to by Mr. Powell was merely Gingelly Oil
medicated with Cardamoms.
An essential oil is extracted by aqueous distillation. It is of a pale
yellow colour, about 5 per cent, being generally obtained; it possesses the
flavour and odour of Cardamoms, and is said to be distilled to some extent
in Madras.
ENTADA.
130 Entada scandens, Benfh., Leguminosje.
Syn.— E. PuRSiBTHA, DC. ; Mimosa scandens, Roxb.
Vera. — Gilla, Beg. ; Geredi, Uriya ; Pangra, Nepal ; Gardal, Bom. ;
Gdn nyin, Burm.
A large climber of the forests of Eastern Bengal, South India, Burma,
the Andaman Islands and Ceylon, ascending on the Himalaya to altitude
4,000 feet.
An oil is said to be expressed from the seeds of this plant, the proper-
ties of which are not known. In the Naga Hills the plant is exceedingly
common, its pods, often 3 to 5 feet long, forming a most remarkable feature
of the lower forests, especially on the Assam side.
Information as to the oil might therefore be obtained from Assam; and
samples of the oil, pods, and seed, and information as to its extraction and
economic uses, would be most acceptable. Specimens of snuff-boxes made
from the seeds are much rcequired.
26
Oils and Oil Seeds.
[Part IV
ERIODENDRON.
Eriodendron anfractuosum^ DC, Malvaceje.
The White Cotton Tree.
Syn.— E. ORiBTALE, Stend, ; Bombax pentandrum, Roxb.
Vern. — Safed simal, senibal^ natiatiy katan. Hind. ; Skwei simul, Beng. ;
Ilavain, Tam. j Burugay pur, kadaaii, Tel.; Imbul, Cingh.
A tall, deciduous, soft-wooded tree of India and Burma, often planted
Yields a dark brown, clear oil, which was exhibited at Madras in 1857.
(Cooke.)
Madras might supply samples of this oil and give a brief notice of the
mode of preparation and information of its economic use.
EUCALYP-
TUS.
131
ERUCA.
Erucasativay ^^^M CRuciFERiS.
Vern.— 7flraw«>fl, Hind. 5 Assu, Pb.
Cultivated places in North and Central India, Western Himalaya,
ascending to io,ooo feet, also met with in the Upper Gangetic valley.
Roxburgh says that it is cultivated during the cold season for the seed,
from which oil is prepared by expression. It resembles colza oil in all
respects but in colour.
Specimens of this oil, with further information, are much required, in
order to establish its relation to Mustard and Colza. The oil is used for
burning purposes and anointing the hair and to a certain extent in food.
132
ERYTHROXYLON.
EtTthroxylon monogynum^ J^oxd,, LiNEiE.
Wem.'^Devadaru, Tam. ; Adivigeranta, Tel.
A small tree of South India, the Western Peninsula, and Ceylon.
The wood is reported to yield an oil used as a preservative for native
boats.
Madras might be able to supply a specimen of this oil, also specimens
of the plant to allow of its identification. Information as to the mode of
preparation would also be interesting.
133
EUCALYPTUS.
Eucalyptus Globulus, Lab,, Myrtaceje.
The Blue Gum.
Vera. — Kurpoora maram, Mad.
A lofty tree, with fibrous deciduous outer bark, gregarious in Victoria
and the south of Tasmania ; introduced on the Nilgins, and now almost
naturalised. Good specimens are to be seen in our Botanic Gardens,
especially at Lucknow.
The leaves of the plant yield an essential oil used in medicine. Re-
cently this has been used in the preparation of Eucal3rptus Soap,
much advertised.
27
13+
Part IV.]
Economic Products 0/ India.
FERULA.
EUPHORBIA.
135 Euphorbia dracunculoides, Lam.^ EupHORBucEiE.
Syn.- E. LANCEOLATA, Rottb,
Vera. — Jy cheCy chhagul-pu^uH, Beng.
A much-branched annual^ met with in the Punjab, Bengal, Madras
(Coromandel) and Konkan.
It yields an oil, limpid, clear, of a yellowish or greenish yellow colour,
used as a drying oil and for burning. In 1843 it was submitted to London
brokers who pronounced it more valuable than linseed oil. The Agri-
Horticultural journal, India, ii, p, 52, 184J, draws attention to this oil.
136
137
138
EXCiECARIA.
Excaecaria sebifera^ Mull Arg,, Euphorbiacejk.
The Chinese Tallow Tree.
Syn. — Sapium Sebiferum, Roxb,
Vern.— Mom-china, Beng.
A moderate-sized tree, cultivated in China and Japan, where it is pro-
bably indigenous. Cultivated or naturalised throughout North India.
It is reported to thrive in the North- West Provinces and the Punjab,
especially at Paonee, Ayar Tali, Kumaun and Kangra Valley.
The seed yields an oil, described as a white and solid tallow, very pure
and inodorous ; exhibited at the Punjab Exhibition, and used in the manu-
facture of candles.
The fruits are about \ inch in diameter and contain a thick coat of
fatty matter arpund the seeds, whence the tallow is obtained. The fruits
are collected at the commencement of the cold weather. After being
cleansed and freed from the shell, they are steamed and finally subjected to
a dry heat in sieves when the tallow melts and is collected in masses.
It is then subjected to various processes to free it from impurities, being
squeezed through a press as the final refining process. When purified
it is hard, opaque, white, tasteless and inodorous. The fat is much used
in China for candles. From the kernels, after removal of the tallow, an
oil is prepared which is used in China to varnish umbrellas, to anoint the
hair, and also medicinally.
FERONIA.
Feronia Elephantum, Corr,, RuTACEiE.
Vern. — Biliny kait, katbel. Hind. ; Kathbel, Beng. ; Kavatha, katori,SiUD ;
Vallangaj vela, kairt, T am, ; Velaga, yellanga, Tel, ; Hman^ Burm.
A large tree of the Sub- Himalayan forests from the Ravi eastward,
Bengal, South India, and the Chanda district in the Central Provinces.
The seed has been mentioned as yielding an oil, but beyond this
nothing is known.
FERULA.
Ferula Narthex, Boiss., Umbellifers.
Syn. — Narthex Asafgetida.
Vem.—Hingu, Sans.; Hing, Beng., Hind, j Perungayam, Tam.; Inguva,
Tel.
The Asafoetida plant is a native of Kashmir, Persia and Afghanistan.
The root contains an essential oil.
28
Oils and Oil Seeds.
[Part IV.
FLACOURTIA.
Flacourtia Cataphracta, Roxb,, Bixineje.
Vern. — Paniala, panizalt, Bbng. ; Talispatri, paniala, Hind, ; Janga-
ma, tdmbata. Bom. / Talisapatri^ Tam., Tel. j Nay-i»S, Burm.
A small tree, with the lower half of its stem very spiny, found in Ben-
gal, Burma, Bombay, and Western Ghats.
The seeds yield an oil. This is one of the most plentiful trees of
India. Information regarding its oil might lead to the opening up of a
trade in an article which even the poorest might supply.
FOENICULUM.
FcBniculum vulgare, Gaerln., Umbelliferje.
The Common Fennel.
Syn. — F. Panmorium, Roxb, ; PinwrnuuPkiAOKi, Roxb.
WtOL*^ Mauri, pan-mukori, Beng.; Sont, Hind. ; Madh4rikd, Sans..
Sohikire, Tam.; Pedda-oila-kurra, Tel.
Cultivated in most parts of India as a cold season crop, on account
of its grain, which is often eaten in pan.
The grain contains a volatile oil, pale yellow, with a pleasant aromatic
odour. Fennel water is used medicinally, but chiefly as a vehicle for
other drugs. This water is distilled largely in India and sold under the
name of Arak bddidn.
GARCINIA.
Gardnia indica, Choisy, Guttiferje,
CocuM or KoKUM Butter.
Syn, — G. PURPUREA, Roxb,; G. celeb icA, Z?^sr.; Brindonia indica,
Dupotit.
Vern. — Moorgul mara, Tam.; Kokum, Ratdmbi, the fruit kokama,
amasulay hrinddo, BoM. ; Brindao, GoA. The Brindall of the
Portuguese.
Found on the Ghats of Konkan and Kanara.
The seeds yield an oil, white or pale greenish-yellow, solid, rather fri-
able, with a faint but not unpleasant smell, soluble in ether, and slightly
so in rectified spirits; recommended for many medicinal purposes.
The seed is pounded in a mortar, and when reduced to a mass the
whole is boiled in water, when the oil rises to the surface, and is skimmed
off; on cooling it hardens, and is roughly moulded into egg-shaped lumps
or into concavo-convex cakes. The Flora of British India, in keeping with
all previous works, gives the statement that Cocum or Gamboge Butter is
extensively used to adulterate ghee ; but speaking of this subject, Dymock,
in his valuable work on the Materia Medica of Western India, says this
statement is incorrect. He explains that the Christians obtain their ghee
from pigs and the Hindus import theirs from Bombay. The existence of
a scarcity would seem to point to adulteration being extremely pro-
bable. The statement made by most authors that it is used as an adul-
terant with ghee is not confined to Goa.
Additional information would be exceedingly interesting, as also
specimens of the Cocum Butter from different parts of India.
29
GARCI-
NIA
139
140
141
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India,
GOSSY-
PIUM.
142
143
144
145
Ufi
147
148
149
150
Gardnia Morella, Desr,
The Gamboge Tree.
Vtm.'Aradal, punar puli, Kan.; Mukki, Tam.j Revachinni, Mar.;
ThanotaiB, BuBM. ; Gota gamba, Hind., for the gum-resin. ; Gokatti, kana-
goraka, CiNGH.
An evergreen tree of the forests of the Khasia Hills, East and West
Bengal, and Ceylon.
It yields a semi-solid fat of a yellow colour, used as a lamp oil by the
rich and by the poor as a substitute for ghee, much in the same way as the
preceding, and m fact indiscriminately with it.
Ghee or clarified butter, largely made from buffalo's milk and cow's milk,
is universally employed in domestic cookin? in India, and is an imdrot-
ant article of local trade. See Gardnia indica, and also Lard.
Ghirgilly*Oil from Kanara. ...
This oil is mentioned by Balfour ; no further information is available.
Ginger Grass«
An essential oil is obtained from Andropogon Schoenaothes, which'see.
GIVOTIA.
Givotia rottleriformis, Gnf, Euphorbiaceje.
Vem^^Vendale, butalli, bulali, Tam.; Telia p^nki, Tel.
A middle-sized tree of Mysore, the Deccan, the Eastern Gh^ts and
Ceylon.
The seeds give an oil, locally used for lubricating machinery. (Gamble.)
GLYCINE.
Glycine Soja, Lieh.y Leguminosje.
The Soy Bean.
Syn.— DoLicHos Soja, Linn, ; Soja hispida.
Vera. — Gari'kulay, Beng. : Bhat, bhatwan, Hind,
A pulse (densely clothed with fine ferruginous hairs) sub-erect. ^ Tropi-
cal regions and outer Himalaya, from Kumaun to Sikkim, the Khasia and
the Naga Hills to Upper Burma. Dr. Stewart mentions a field of Bhat
having been observed in Bissahir in the Punjab, altitude 6,000 feet. It is
chiefly met with in a state of cultivation. Dr. Roxburgh first saw the
plant from seed received from the Moluccas in 1798.
The seed or bean has almost attained a European name from its
being used to make the sauce known in India as " Soy." The seed is
largely eaten by the Chinese, and from it a sort of cheese is prepared.
It is also largely consumed in the manufacture of an edible oil. The cake,
after the extraction of the oil, is used as food for cattle cw as a rich manure.
GOSSYPIUM.
Gossypium arboreum, Zinn,, Malyac^m,
G. barbadense, Ltnn.
G. herbaceum, Linn.
The Cotton.
Wem.^Karpas, Sans, j Tula, Beng.; Rut, Hind. ; Parutti, Tam. ; Paritt,
Tel. J Wa, Burm.
Cultivated in India.
The various species of cotton yield an oil, dark and turbid when crude,
30
Oils and Oil Seeds.
[ Part IV,
but capable of being refined into a clear, amber-coloured oil, used for
burning in lamps, and also medicinally as a demulcent.
Gourd. See Cucuribta maxima.
Ground Nut. See Arachis hypogea.
GUIZOTIA.
Guizotia abyssjrnica, Cass, Compositje.
Niger seed and oil.
Syn. — G. OLEiFERA, DC.
Vern. — Kala-til, Hind.; Ram-til, Beng. ; Rdmattla, kerani, Bom; Vales-
ulooy Tel.
Cultivated in India. Originally a native of Africa.
It yields a limpid, clear, pale, sweet-tasted oil, used for culinary pur-
poses. It is plentiful in the Mysore, Vizagapatam, and Ganjam districts.
It is often used as a substitute for gingelly, and is the common lamp oil of
Upper India; it is very cheap. It is generally sown in July or August
and ripens in three months, the yield being about 2 bushels per acre.
Colonel Sykes remarks that this is largely used in the Deccan as a
substitute for ghee by the poorer cultivators. The cake is a much-
prized food for milk-cows. Mr, Solly reported that the yield was about
35 per cent., ©r about lo per cent, less than the yield from Sesamum (gin-
gelly.)
Further information and facts as to exportation to Europe required ;
also samples of oil and seed.
GYNO-
CARDIA.
[186]
[25]
151
GYNOCARDIA.
Gynocardia odorata, R. Br,, Bixineje.
The Chaulmugra oil.
Vera. — Chaulmicgriy petarkura, Beng. ; Kadu, Nepal ; Tttk, LepchA;
Toung-pung, Magh; Lukrabo-oil, Siam; Ta-fung-ise-of, China.
A moderate sized, evergreen tree of North and East Bengal, Assam,
Khasia Hills, Chittagong and Burma. It has a large fruit, somewhat like
an orange, in the pulp of which the seeds are imbedded.
** The seeds give by expression about 10 per cent, of a thick, fixed oil,
of unpleasant flavour and rather offensive smell.'* (0*Skaughnessy,)
The oil is extracted by both cold and hot expression, the yield being
about 10 per cent. It is used by the natives in the treatment of cutaneous
diseases.
The pure oil can hardly be obtained in India; It has recently been
largely introduced into European practice in the treatment of rheumatism,
rheumatic gout, phthisis and various skin diseases. It is much advertised
by Mr. T, Christy in his New Commercial Plants. European practitioners
in India do not seem to attach much value to the oil, and I am told by one
of our leading druggists that this opinion has been arrived at after care-
ful investigation with carefully-prepared specimens of the oil.
31
152
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India.
HIBISCUS.
153
Additional information and specimens of the oil and seed are much
required.
HELIANTHUS.
Helianthus annuus, Linn,, Compositje.
Sunflower.
Vem. — Surajmukhi, UiVD, ; Suria-mukhi, Sans. ; Adiiyay bhakti-chettu^
Podda-trin-gudda cheHu, Tel.
Cultivated in Indian gardens dnring the cold season.
It yields a clear, fluid oil, resembling that of the ground nut. I have
seen good specimens prepared at one or two of our jails in Bengal.
Specimens and additional information required.
154
155
156
157
HERITIERA.
Heritiera littoralis, Dryand,, Sterculiaceje.
Vera. — Sunder, sundri, Beng. ; Pinle kantizo, Bukm. j Mawtda, And.
A small, gregarious, evergreen tree of the coasts and tidal forests of
Bengal, the Eastern and Western Peninsula, Burma, Khasia Hills, the
Andaman Islands and Ceylon.
This tree is reported as the source of an oil in the Antilles, the use of
which is not known.
HIBISCUS.
Hibiscus abelmoschus, Linn., Malvaceje.
Musk Mallow.
Syiu- Abilmoschus moschatus.
"Vem^—Kasture, Beng., Sans. ; Mushkddnd, Hind. ; Kalakasturi, Dec. ;
Kasturu-benda, Tam. ; Karpura-benda, Tel. ; Balu-^aki, Burm.
An annual, found in the rainy season in many parts of India.
** The seeds called Musk mallow in English and hub-ul-mtishk in
Arabic, from its smell resembling a mixture of musk and amber, are
used medicinally in chronic dyspepsia as a cordial and stomachic. "
(Amsterd, Cat,)
H. cannabinuS) Lmn,, Malvaceje.
Vera. — Maestapat, mestapdut, nalku, piUooa, Beng. ; Palungoo, Tam.;
Gongkura, Tel. ; Ambaree, Dec. j Punday, punUrika, Kan. ; Sunnee,
Saharunpore; Pooley-numajee, Coimbatore.
Generally cultivated in India.
The seeds of this plant have been frequently sent from India to Eng-
land as an oil -seed, but the use of the ou is not known. It is clear and
limpid.
H. ficulnenSy Linn.
Vera. — BatP-dhenras, Beng. ; Parupu benda, Tam.
Grows in the hotter parts of India.
Lieut. Hawkes mentions this as one of the oils of South India.
32
Oils and Oil Seeds.
[ Part IV.
Hibiscus Sabdarifia* Linn.
ROSSELLE.
Vera. — Mesta,patva,BEiiG,;Polechee,MAL.', Chinbaung, Bvjku.
Generally cultivated in the hotter parts of India.
An oil is prepared from this plant at the Allahabad Jail, particulars
as to the preparation and economic use of which are required.
HURA.
158
HOLARRHENA.
Molarrhena antidysenterica, WalL, Afocyhem.
Syn, — H. puBESCENS, Wall,; H. Codaga, Don; Echites antidysen-
terica, Roxb. ; Chonemorpha antidysenterica, Don,
Vern. — Inderjau, dudhu'ki-lakri. Hind. ; Vepali, ^eppaula, veppalay,
Tam.; Kodoga'paloy pcUa-chetiUt Tel. 5 Lettopgyi, Burm.
A plant of the Sub- Himalayan tracts Oudh, Bengal, Central and
South India.
It yields a thick, scarlet-coloured medicinal oil. In works on medical and
economic science, great confusion for a longtime existed with regard to this
plant; the bark {Connesi Bark) and the seeds {Inderjau) having for a long
time been attributed to an imaginary species, Wrightia antidysenterica,
Linn, As this error has not even yet been eradicated, I take the present
opportunity of repeating the characters by which Wrightia may be distin-
guished from Holarrhena :—
159
WRIGHTIA.
(i.) Corolla not more than twice
the length of the calyx,
mouth surrounded by a
corona or teeth.
(2.) Stamens inserted within the
mouth of the corolla, an-
thers protruding, twisted
and surrounded by the
corona.
(3.) The seeds are straight, ob-
long, compressed with a
coma of hairs at the base.
HOLARRHENA.
( I .) Corolla three or four times the
length of the calyx ; mouth
naked.
(2«) Stamens inserted at the bot-
tom of the tube and there-
fore not protruding.
(3.) The seeds dive linear, oblong,
compressed, concave, with a
coma of hairs on the apex.
the apex being pointed
and naked.
In Alstonia, a genus which has also been confused with the preceding,
the seeds are attached to the fruit in the middle, and have a coma of
hairs at both extremities. See Wrightia.
HURA.
Hura crepitans, Linn.y EupHORBiACEiE.
Sandbox Tree.
A large tree introduced into India from Jamaica.
A clear, pale-coloured, fluid oil is obtained from the seeds, of which a
sample was shown at the Madras Exhibition of 1857. The whole tree
abounds in poisonous matter, and the oil may partake of its deleterious
nature.
Madras might be invited to supply specimens of the oil, accompanied
with a descriptive note of the mode of preparation and economic uses.
Specimens of the seeds should also be supplied.
c 33
160
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India,
IHPATI-
ENS.
i6i
HYDNOCARPUS.
Hydnocarpus Wigfatiana, Blume, Bixinex.
Syn. — H. INEBRIANS; WaU,
VertL-^Yetti, maravettiy Tam.; KotbH, Mar.; MakMu, Cingh.
A common tree of the Western Gh^ts and Western Coast.
" The oil, which is the produce of this plant, is employed on the Mala-
bar Coast in cutaneous diseases and opthalmia, and for ulcers on the
feet." (Cooke.)
Dr. Cooke, in his Report on Oils and Oilseeds, mentions a few
other species of Hydnooupiis such as H. alpinia, Wight, H. castanea,
Hook J^, and Th,, H. veneiiAta, Gaertn., H. octandra, Thw,, as oil-
producing* plants. Further information is required regarding these, and
if possible Bombay should supply specimens of these oils and plants
from which they have been prepared.
HYOSCYAMUS.
162 Hyoscyamus niger, Linn., SoLANACEiE.
A herbaceous plant of the temperate Western Himalaya, altitude
8,000 to 1 1,000 feet, common from Kashmir to GarwhaL
This plant is mentioned by Dr. Cooke as yielding an oil, of which fur-
ther information is wanting.
ILLICIUM.
X63 lUidum Anisatum, Linn., Magnoliaceje.
The Sacred Star Anise of China and Japan.
Venu^Bddidnkhatdi (fruit), BoM.]
The Sacred Star Anise tree is not met with in India, but we have two,
if not three, allied species, chiefly on the Khasia and Naga Hills. One
species I found, a giant of the forest of North Manipurand the Naga Hills,
altitude 8,000 feet.
The fruit distilled with water yields an essential oil very much re-
sembling that of aniseed.
IMPATIENS.
i5^ Impatiens racemosa, l>C., GERANiACEiE.
A small, herbaceous plant, common on the temperate Himalaya, altitude
5,000 to 7,000 feet from Simla to Sikkim, often ascending in Sikkim to
12,000 feet.
It yields an oil which is used for burning, and is also edible.
165 I. Royld, Waip.
A handsome bush, often 10 feet in height, common on the temperate
Western Himalaya from Nepal to Marri, altitude 6,000 to 8,000 feet.
The raw seeds are edible, tasting like nuts; from them an oil is pre-
pared.
x(S6 I. sulcata^ Wall.
A gigantic annual, often 15 feet in height, frequent on the temperate
Himalaya, altitude 7,000 to 12,000 feet.
The seeds are edible and yield an oil.
34
Oils and Oil Seeds,
[Part IV.
Impatiens Edgeworthii, Hook.
Vera* — Bantu, taiura, iruaU Pallu, Hlphar, halu, /uk, Pb.
The seeds yield an oil, which is both eaten and burned by the inhabi-
tants of the Upper Sutlej. It is probable that all the preceding species
are used indiscriminately^ and, as Stewart remarks, from the preval-
ence of the word Ul in the names given for these, as also for other species,
they all yield oil.
Specimens of these oils, with additional information^ required.
INDIGOFERA*
Indigofera aspalathddes, Vdhl., Leguminosje.
Vein. — Skevenar-vaymbti, Tam. ; Manneli, Mal,
A low under-shrub of the plains of the Carnatic and Ceylon.
Ainslie says that an oil is obtained from the root, which is used to
anoint the head in erysipelas. Much doubt exists regarding this oil, and
specimens and further information, giving mode of preparation, should, if
possible, be obtained. Dr. Bidie, in his list of drugs supplied to the Paris
Exhibition, states that this is a common weed. If that be so, Madras
might be able to supply specimens of both plant and oil.
I. tinctoria, Linn.
Indigo.
Vem.— M7, Hind ; Nila gula, Bom.; Nilam, Tam, ; Nili-mandu, Tel.
Extensively cultivated in Bengal, the North- West Provinces, Punjab,
Sind and South India.
The dye is too well known to require more than a passing notice, but
the oil is almost unknown, and this is largely because of the dye-crop being
reaped before the plant has had time to form its fruit. The seeds yield,
however, an oil said to be used medicinally by the natives. Specimens
and further information required.
IRIS.
Iris fiorentina^ Linn,, Iridaceje.
The Iris, Orris Root.
This is the European plant so much used in the preparation of the
sweetly-scented Otto of Orris. It is said to be sometimes met with in
Indian gardens. Stewart says that in the Punjab the medicinal root irtsa
is supposed to be obtained from I. florentina, Linn. Probably he has
incorrectly identified the species, since he states that it comes from
Kashmir.
There are in all some six species of Iris met with on the Himalaya. I
found one plentiful on the mountains of Manipur, which has not yet been
identified. I am unable to discover whether the natives of India ever
obtain from any of these an otto similar to Otto of Orris.
JASMINUM.
um g^ndiflorum, Linn., Oleace^.
The Spanish Jasmine.
Vem. — ydit, chdmbel. Hind., Beng., and Sans.; Chdtnleli, Bom. ; yaki,
chambeli, KuMAuq ; Afyaile, Burm.
C 1
JASMI-
NUM.
167
168
169
170
171
35
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India,
JATRO-
PHA.
VJZ
173
Jasminum officinale, Linn.
WtTtL-^Chdmbay Hind; Chatnha, chirichog, kiri, Kashmir; Bansu,
kwer, dumnt, Chenab; Dasti, samsem, Ravi ; Sunt, Sutlej.
J. Sambac, Ai/on.
The Arabian Jasmine.
Vcrn. — Mugra, ckamba, Ml, bun-mulika. Hind, and Beng. ; Vdrshiki,
dsphota, Sans. ; Mogrd, Bom. ; Zambac, Pers. ; Sabe, male, Burm.
There are in India some 40 species of the genus Jasminini, nearly all
of which might be used in the preparation of the otto and oil of Jasmine.
The three preceding species are those most abundant^ almost universally
occurring m gardens in India. J. Sambac, the BSl of the Bengalis, is
exceedingly plentiful, both single and double-flowered, and erect or climb-
ing. Its flowers appear in the hot season, and are largely used as votive
offerings. Oil of Jasmine is prepared from them.
J. officinale is cultivated in Europe and hardy in England. Often
met with in Indian gardens, wild in Kashmir, altitude ^,000 to 9,000 feet.
J. grandiflorum seems to be the plant chiefly cultivatea by the perfumers
of Europe. It differs from the preceding in having the csXyx rarely half
the length of the corolla tube. The flowers are largely made into garlands.
The Oil of Jasmine is regarded as cooling, and is much used by the
richer natives of India to anoint the body before bathing. An oil prepared
with the juice of the leaves is poured into the ears in otorrhoea. {U, C
Dutt.)
The Otto of Jasmine is prepared in Europe by enfleurage. A mixture
of lard and beef suet is spreaci on glass trays or frames fitting tightly in
a rack, the one above the other. Over these prepared trays uie fresh
flowers are scattered, tray above tray. After jstanding for a day or so the
flowers are renewed time after time throughout the flowering season of
the plant. When impregnated with the sweet perfume the pomade is
scraped off the trays, melted at a lowtemperature and strained. The
f)erfume is extracted by pouring over the pomade pure rectified spirit, and
eaving it to saturate for a fortnight. About two pounds of the pomade
yield one quart of the spirit. (Piesse, on the Art of Perfumery,) An
essential oil may be prepared by repeated distillation of the flowers in the
same water.
Information regarding the Indian preparation of these oils is much re-
quired, also samples from different parts of India.
JATROPHA.
174 Jatropha Curcas, Linn,, Euphorbiaceje.
The physic nut.
Vera. — Bagberenda, pdkdri erand, safedind. Hind., Beng. -, Kdnana
erand, Sans; Kadam, Nepal; MogcUieranda, BoM.; Koat antunak,
Tam. ; Nepalatn, Tel.; Thinbawkyetsu, Burm.
A soft-wooded, evergreen shrub, indigenous to America, cultivated in
most parts of India, especially on the Coromandel Coast and in Travan-
core.
The seeds yield about 30 per cent, of ah oil somewhat paler in colour
than the best linseed oil. The oil is used for burning in tamps. Medi-
cinally, it is a powerful purgative and emetic, and is a useful application in
cutaneous diseases and m rheumatism. Its action is, however, not uniform,
and in large doses it is an acro-narcotic poison. It may be readily dis-
tinguished from castor oil by its being almost insoluble in alcohol.
36
Oils and Oil Seeds.
[ Part IV.
Jatropha glandulifera, Roxh.
Vera. — Addalay, Tam. ; Nela-amida, Trl. ; Lal-bkerenda, Beno. ;
ijangali eranda, BoM. ; Nikumba, Sans. (These are given by Ainslie
in the first instance as the South India qames for a plant he calls
J. g^lauca, VahL\ this plant was subsequently referred to J. g^Umdulifeni)
Roxb., by SUrry in his Useful Plants of India, and through him the
above name crept into all subsequent writing^ as the vernacular names for
Roxburgh's plant.)
A shrub common near villages in Bengal, Burma, Northern Circars
and the Deccan, rare in Oudh and the Punjab.
Yields a light, straw-coloured fluid oil, which very much resembles
Castor oil in appearance. It is a stimulant and counter-irritant. Ainslie
says that "from the seeds the Vytians (Hindu doctors) prepare, by care-
ful expression, an oil which, from its stimulating quality, they recommend
as an external application in cases of chronic rheumatism and paralytic
affections".
J. mulifida, Linn,
The Coral Plant.
An extensively-cultivated and ornamental plant, with much dissected
leaves and flower tops somewhat resembling coral.
The seeds yield an oil, which has been known to produce alarming
symptoms of poisoning.
JUGLANS.
Juglans regia, Linn,y Juglandeje.
The Walnut.
Vem. — Akhrot, Hind.; Akrut, Beng.; Charm^hM, Pers.; Akhor, Kashmir;
Kowal, Levcha ; Tagashing, Bhvtia»
A large tree, wild in the North-West Himalaya, largely cultivated in
the hills.
The oil produced from the kernels of this plant is limpid, almost colour-
less, or pale yellow, sweet. They jjield above 50 per cent., and it is stated
that about i of the oil prepared in France is obtained from this plant.
It is also largely expressed m Spain and Italy. In India it seems to be
known to the hill traders only, and it is seldom, if ever, seen in the plains.
It is prepared to a considerable extent in Kashmir.
Specimens of the oil and further information should, if possible, be
obtained from Kashmir and'Chumba.
LACTUCA.
175
176
177
KpKOONA.
Kokoona zeylanica, Thwai/es, Celastrineje. j^g
A tree with pale-coloured bark, met with on Western Peninsula and
Ceylon.
Thwaites says that an oil is expressed from the seeds, which is used
for burning in lamps.
LACTUCA.
Lactuca scariola, Z/««., CoMPosiriE. . jyg
Wax. sativa.
The Common Lettuce.
Vem.— JSToAw, sula4, Hind.
Largely grown as a cold season garden vegetable.
The seeds yield a clear, transparent, sweet oil.
37
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India.
LEUCAS.
zao
Z8l
Z82
183
184.
LAGENARIA.
Lagenaria vulgaris^ Seringe, Cucurbitaceje.
The Bottle Gourd.
Vem. — Tumba, ioombe, kaddu, kabuli. Hind.; Kodu, lau, Beng. ;
KaddUf kabuli, lauH, tumba, Pb. ; SoriaUkai, Tam. ; SorcUtaya, kun»
danuga, Tel.; Bu, Burm.
Extensively cultivated in many parts of India.
The seeds yield a clear, limpid oil, which, if externally applied, is
said to relieve head-ache.
Lard.
The melted fat of swine. This substance is reported to be largely
used in India as a substitute for ghee or as an adulterant. From lard is
expressed a clear colourless oil, an esteemed lubricant, and largely used as
an adulterant for olive oil in France and for sperm oil in America. See
Gftrdiiia*
LAWSONIA.
Lawsonia alba, Lam,^ Lythraceje.
The Henna Plant.
Syn.— L. iNERMis, Linn.
Vem.— Henna, mhendi, HiKD, ; Manghati, Urita; Martthondi, Tam.;
G<wan^^, Kan., Tel. ; Mendi,BoiA.; Dan, BvRH.
A small, elegant and sweetly-scented bush, wild in Beluchistan, on the
Coromandel Coast, an^ perhaps in Central India; cultivated throughout
India.
The seeds yield an oil, of which little is known. The flowers are used
in perfumery and embalming, and a fragant otto is distilled from them
at Lucknow, Benares, &c. Specimens and further information should be
obtained from the North- West Provinces.
LEPIDIUM.
Lepiditim sativunii Linn,, Cruciferje.
The Garden Cress.
Vem. — Aleverie, kaleetn, Beng. ; Assalia, Bom. ; Adala-^tala, Tel. ;
Haleem, Dec ; Ahreo, Sind.
Cultivated throughout India and Western Tibet, not known in an
indigenous state ; has been known in a state of cultivation in Europe for
over 300 years.
It yields an oil somewhat similar to mustard oil. It is venr little
known, but is referred to by Hawkes in his Report on the Oils of South
India, It may be possible to procure a specimen of the oil from Madras.
LEUCAS.
Leucas cephalotes, Spreng., Labiatje.
Vem. — Bura-kul'khusa, Beng.; Tumba, Mar.; Gurosaturnit Tel.
The Manipuris prepare an oil from the seeds of this plant, used in
dyeing with Rubia, which see«
38
Oils and Oil Seeds,
[Part IV.
LINEIL
LINUM.
Littum Strictum, Linn., Lin£2E.
Vem. — Basant, baMasant, Pb.
A small, herbaceous plant with yellow flowers, found on the Punjab
hills and in Tibet, cultivated in Afghanistan for its oil and oil-cake.
The oil does not differ essentially from the ordinary linseed oil.
Specimens of the plant, seed, oil and oil-cake might be procured from
the Punjab.
L. usitatissimunii Linn.
Linseed; Flax.
Vern.— rw^, maseni, or ntasina, Beng. j Alsi, Hikd.; Aldsi, javusa. Bom*;
Alishy Kashmir; Ahhi-virai, Tam.j Alasi, Tel.
Linseed is extensively cultivated in Bengal and the North-West
Provinces for its oil and cake, rarely for its flax.
" The oil is a clear, yellowish-brown fluid, not congealed even by the
most intense frost, smoking very much when burned, readily becomes
rancid, dries speedily, becoming by age of a deep colour, very acrid, and
nearly opaque ; odour peculiar and disagreeable.'* {Cooke,)
Tnis is the most important oil-seed of India; there are three or four
well-known forms, with white, red or brown seeds ; the white-seeded form
is regarded as the best, since it yields about 2 per cent, more oil and
of a better quality than that obtained from the coloured forms. The
coloured seeds are, moreover, frequently adulterated with rape seed,
and any admixture of fatty oil-yielding seeds lessens the drying power,
thus destroying or impairing one of the most valuable characteristics of
Linseed Oil.
There are two processes of extraction, vie,, cold and hot expression.
The cold-drawn oil is pale-coloured, has less odour and taste than the
hot, the seed yielding 20 per cent, of oil. The hot process is more pro-
iitable, about 27 per cent, of an inferior quality of oil being obtained.
To extract the oil, the seed is first bruised, ground and made into
an oily paste. This is thereafter subjected to a high pressure. If the
hot process is resorted to the cake is brought under the influence of a
steam-heat of 200® F. This heat coagulates the albumen and liquifies
the fatty matter, thereby giving the higher percentage of oil.
The seed should be stored Tot three or four months before extracting
the oil. This is done to improve the quality and increase the quantity
of the oil. The oil-cake obtained after expression of the oil is an impor-
tant article of food for cattle, and the ground seed is largely used for
poultices.
Formerly the English supply of Linseed was almost entirely from Russia.
It was early discovered, however, that, as with many of the other substances
required to meet the demands of English works and factories, India could
supply a large proportion of the Linseed required. Lieutenant Hawkes, in
h\s Report on the Oil-seeds of South India, states, that in the yeaY- 1852-53,
Madras imported Linseed Oil to the extent of 4,552 gallons, valued
at Rs. 8,763, whilst in the same year it exported 1,045 cwts.of Linseed to
England. In the Statement of Trade and Navigation from British
India for iS'j'j-'jS, Madras is shown as exporting only 900 cwts., and
in 1881-82 there were apparently no exports at all of this seed from
Madras. Simmonds, in his Tropical Agriculture, states, that in 1875,
England imported from India 92,290 cwts. of Linseed. While Madras
seems to have ceased to export it, Bengal and Bombay have progressed
enormously, for in 1877-78 the exports to Great Britain had increased to
39
185
186
Economic Products of India.
Oils and Oil Seeds,
[Part IV
Analysis of exportation of Linseed from India from the year 1881^2,
Presidency
from which
Quantity.
Value.
Country to which
exported.
Quantity.
Value.
exported.
Cwts,
R
Cwts.
R
Bengal . ' .
2,864,116
1,60,43,413
United Kingdom .
3,177,096
1,80,13,392
France .
293,464
16,78,616
United States
991,532
62,00,465
Belfi|ium
Holland
239,253
14,60,108
Bombay .
2,281,422
1,40,42,598
316,612
13,51,646
Italy .
94,044
6,05,821
Egypt .
85,955
4,89,989
Spain — Gibraltar .
38,866
2,33,196
Sind
572
5,055
Germany
4.686
29,596 .
Australia
4,530
27,790
Total .
Other countries .
Total .
73
447
5,146,1103,00,91,066
5,146,1103,00,91,066
The analysis of the exports for the year 1881-82 shows that the trade
in Linseed is on the increase in Western India, the exports from
Bombay having nearly doubled those of the previous five years, while
Bengal seems to be falling off considerably.
The oil is extensively used in the manufacture of paint, printing ink,
floor-cloth, artificial India rubber, oil varnish, and soft soap. The seed
is nearly always adulterated, pure Linseed Oil being almost unknown. In
Russia it is adulterated with hemp seed, and in India, being grown as a
mixed crop with rape, it is never pure. In medicine Linseed Oil is used in
the cure of burns. The refined cold-drawn oil is sometimes administered
internally*
LITS/EA.
Litsaea consimllis, Nees,, Laurineje.
Vem. — Chirira, ckir-ckira, Kumaun ; Pootelt, Nepal.
A small, evergreen tree, with thin, grey bark, met with on the Hima-
laya, from Simla eastward.
An oil is extracted from the fruit, and used for burning. (Gamble,)
L. Sp.?
Vem. — Chirndi, Chenab ; Chindi, chiloiu, rauli, shalanghi, Ravi;
Charka, Bias.
A small tree met with in parts of the Punjab Himalaya, at 2,500 to
6,800 feet, up to the Chenab.
In some places in Chumba, an oil, expressed from the fruit, is
burned ; and according to Madden, a species of Litsaea, which may be
this same plant, yields a coarse oil, in Kumaun.
L. zeylanica, Nees,
Syn. — L. Folios A, Nees,
"Vem,^ Ckimdif skalanglu, rauii, chilotu, ckarkha, PB.; Kanwal, liibifra,
sara, chir-chira. Hind.
A moderate-sized evergreen tree, in the North- West Himalaya»
between 2,000 and 8,000 feet; East Bengal, Burma, and South India*
An oil is extracted from the fruit, which is used for burning. {Gamble.)
41
UTSiEA.
187
z88
189
Part IV.]
MALLO^
TUS.
Economic Products of India.
LUFFA.
Z90 Luffa acutang^lai Roxb,, Cucurbitacej!:.
Vem. — Tarooi, jin^a, turi. Hind.; Jhingd, jinga^ Beng. ; Peekun-kai^
Tam. ; Burkai, oira-kaya, Tel. ; Peecnenggan, Mal. ; Turdi, sirold,
BoM.j Turi, SiND.
Met with in the North West Himalaya to Sikkim, Assam, East
Bengal and Ceylon. Cultivated in most parts of India.
From the seed an oil is prepared.
^91 L. aegyptiaca, Mill, ex Hook /.
Syn. — L. Pentandra, Roxh.
Vera. — Dun-dUy Beng. ; Nuni-heerd, Tel. ; Ghosdli, parosi. Boh.
Met with in Rungpore, &:c., and cultivated in most parts of India.
It yields an oil, the qualities of which are not known.
192 L. Sp.
Mr Baden-Powell mentions an oil under this name.
Further information required, and a specimen of the plant, so as to
allow of scientific identification.
MACASSAR.
Macassar Oil, •S'^^ Carthamus tinctorius, Linn.
Is used by the natives of Singapore as a hair oil.
193 Malabar Oil.
" The ambiguous term * Malabar Oil * is applied to a mixture of the
oils obtained from the livers of several kinds of fish frequenting the
Malabar Coast of India and the neighbourhood of Kurrachee. The
species chiefly caught are Rhyncobatus pectinata, /?. Icevis, Galt'ocerda'
tigrina and Curchdrias melanopterus" {Spans* EncyclopJ)
MALLOTUS.
194 Mallotus philippinensis, Mull. Arg,, Euphorbiaceje.
Syn. — ROTTLERA TINCTORIA, Roxh.
Vera. — Kamela, kamal, kuntila, Hind, Pb. ; Rohni, Oudhj Pdnag, tung,
kiskur, kamalguriy Beng. ; Kampilla, rechanaka. Sans. ; Rtien, riuna^
roll, Kumaun; Rauni, rori, C. P.; Sinduria, Nepal; Puroa^ Lbpcha;
Ganeat, Ass. ; Chinderpang, machugan, Garo ; Kapila, BoM ; Kapli,
kapua, Tam. ; KHmkuma, vcLssuntagunvay chendruy sinduri, Tel. ;
Kurku corungamaje, Kan. ; Shendri, Mar. ; Tawthidin, Burm.
A small tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Indus eastward to
Bengal, 5,000 feet in altitude; Central and South India, Burma and the
Andaman Islands; very common in Manipur.
It yields a clear, limpid oil, of a pale brownish or sherry colour. Used
medicinally as a cathartic, and has valuable properties attributed to
it (Cooke.)
I can find no other reference to this oil. The red powder is largely used
by the natives, entering into every prescription for worms. The oil re-
ferred to is probably gingelly oil medicated with this powder. Informa-
tion and specimens would be most acceptable. Dr. Cooke says that a
specimen of^the oil was sent to London from Coorg.
42
Oils and Oil Seeds,
[ Part IV,
Manaloo Oil of Kanara is said to be used for lamps.
Information regarding this oil^ and the plant from which it is derived,
and also specimens, would be most acceptable.
MANGIFERA.
Mangifera incUca, Linn,, ANACARDiAcsiE.
Vem. — Am, Hind.; Ghariam^ Ass. ; Amruy Sans.; Amb, Beng. ; Amba,
Mar.; Mda, mangos, Tam. ; Mamadi, mamid, Tel, ; Thayet, Burm.
A large, evergreen tree, wild on the Western Ghats ; cultivated all
over India.
Dr. Cooke says that the seeds contain a large percentage of oil.
MangOSteen Oil. See Gardnla indica.
MELIA.
195
196
MATRICARIA.
Matricaria Chamomila, Linn., CoMPosixiE.
The Chamomile.
Syn. — Anthbmis nobilis.
Vern, — Babun-phul, Beng., Hind. ; Cha-maindu-pu, Tam,
A native of Europe and Persia, imported into India from the latter
country.
An essential oil is obtained by distillation, which possesses antispas-
modic properties to a great extent.
MELALEUCA.
Melaleuca Leucadendron, Linn,, MYRTACEiE.
The white wood tree; Cajput oil tree.
Vem. — Kayu'puii,
An evergreen tree, met with in Tenasserim.
** The leaves give the Cajput Oil of commerce, which is largely ex-
ported from the Malay Archipelago, and is used in medicine as a
stimulant and diaphoretic.** {Gamble,) This volatile oil is a mobile,
transparent fluid, of a fine, pale bluish-green colour. It has a strong,
agreeable odour and an aromatic taste. It is useful in flatulent colic and
painful spasmodic affections of the bowels, and is regarded as useful in
cholera. It is also used externally as an embrocation in rheumatism and
other painful affections.
" The plant grown in the island of Bouro is said to yield the best oil.
The leaves are culled and distilled with water. The oil obtained ge-
nerally contains copper but not to a poisonous extent. Annually about
8,000 bottles of the oil are exported from Bouro to Singapore, and re-
exported to Calcutta and Bombay." (Spon^ Encyclop.)
MELIA.
Melia Azedarachi Linn.
The Persian Lilac, Bastard Cedar or Bead Tree.
Vern. — Bakayan, betain, drek, bakain. Hind.; Gkora nim, Beng.; Gori nim.
Bom.; Chein, kachein, Sutlej ; Maha-limbo, malla, nim, C. P.; Bakainu,
Nepal ; Mallai vembu, malai-vefpamy Tam. ; Taruka vepu, makanim,
Tel. ; Tamaka, Burm. ; Mahanimba, Sans.
A tree, with smooth, grey bark, commonly cultivated throughout
43
197
198
199
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India,
MENTHA.
200
201
202
203
India^ and believed to be indigenous in the outer Himalaya, Siwalik
tract, and the hills of Beluchistan.
The seeds are lari^ely used in India for rosaries. From the fruit a
fixed oil is extracted, which, according to Dr. Bird wood, is similar
to that of Nim or Margosa,
Melia Azadirachtai Linn.^ Meliaceje.
The Nim Tree ; The Margosa Tree.
Syn. — Azadirachtai iNDiCA, Brandts.
Vem. — Nimf Beng., Hid.; Nimba, Sans.; Veppam-vimbu, Tam. ;
YapOtyepa, Tel.; Thimbawtamaka, Burm.
A large tree, planted and self-sown throughout the greater part of
India and Burma. It is also indigenous to India, although in the plains
chiefly met with in a state of cultivation.
** From the fruit is extracted, by boiling or pressure, a fixed, acrid,
bitter oil (Margosa), deep yellow, with a strong, disagreeable flavour. It
is used medicmally as an antiseptic and anthelmintic." (Brandts,)
" Dr. Maxwell has found this oil as efficacious as cod-liver oil in cases
of consumption and scrofula. '* {Balfour,) Sir W. O'Shaughnessy says :
** The oil is thoup^ht anthelmintic, and is applied externally to foul ulcers,
and used as a liniment in rheumatic ana spasmodic a£Eections, and in
head-aches from exposure to the sun,"
Dr. Dymock says, the oil " is applied to suppurating, scrofulous glands,
is given in leprosy and a variety of diseases. During the winter months
in India the oil solidifies, becoming fluid in summer. It is sometimes
burned in lamps, but emits a heavy and disagreeable smoke. Its anti-
septic property would seem to show that, if made into soap, it would
be found very serviceable for the purpose of washing sores, especially
when healing up. It makes a good, useful, hard soap. Should a trade
in this oil arise with Europe, an unlimited supply might be obtained from
the vicinity of our larger towns, and within easy access to the railways.
MENTHA.
Mentha piperita, Sm , LAsiATiE.
Peppermint.
A herbaceous plant of the temperate regions, largely cultivated for cu-
linary purposes, most gardens having a few plants. It is also cultivated
extensively on account of its volatile oil. The cuttings are first sun-dried,
a process which increases the yield about 7 per cent. ; thereafter they are
distilled. The oil is colourless or faint greenish-yellow, has a peculiar
odour of its own, and a pleasant, cooling flavour. It is largely used in
confectionery, perfumery, and medicine.
M. sativa, Zi'««.
This plant, like the preceding, is grown for culinary purposes and for
its oil. Both are frequent in the gardens of Europeans in India ; they
grow freely and easily in Behar and the North- West Provinces, but do
no flower m the plains of India.
M. viridis, Ztnn.
This plant ts common in the plains in a state of cultivation, and is
known in Bengal as Pundia.
44
Oils and Oil Seeds.
[Part IV.
MESUA.
Mesua ferreai Linn., Guttiferje,
Vttn.^Nagesar, Hind, and Beng. ; Ndgach ampd. Bom.; Nangal, Tam. •
Ndgak^sar a, Tel.; Gartgan, Burm.; Nahor, Ass.j Belutta-champagam,
Mal
A middle sized tree, met with in the hillb of Eastern Bengal, the
Eastern and Western Peninsulas, and the Andaman Islands.
In Ceylon an oil is obtained from the seeds, thick and of a dark colour.
It is used both for burning in lamps and as an external application to
sores. It is also largely expressed by the inhabitants of North Kanara
for use as an embrocation in rheumatism.
HIHU-
SOPS.
204
MICHELLA.
Michelia Champaca, Linn.^ MAGNooACEiE.
Vem. — Champa^ Hind.; Champa, champaka, Beng.; Pivald chdphd, BoM.;
Titsappa, Ass.; Shimbu, sempangam, Tam.; Tsaga, Burm.
A large, handsome tree, with yellow sweetly-scented flowers ; culti-
vated throughout India, wild in Bengal, Nepal and Assam.
The seeds are said to yield a fatty oil and the flowers a volatile oil,
but this is doubtful. The leaves are known to yield a sweetly-scented
water on distillation. This otto somewhat resembles Hang (Canunga
odorata) for which it is used as an adulterant.
Information and specimens of the oils of this plant are much required.
205
MIMUSOPS.
Mimusops Elengi, Zinn, Sapotacee. 206
Vem. — Bukal, bohl, Beng., Mar.; Mulsdri, maulser, Hind.; Bakuli, aoali.
Bom.; Magadam, Tam. ; Pogada, Tel.; Bokal, boklu, Kan.; Elengi,
Mal.; Vavoli, Mar.; Kaya, Burm.
A large, evergreen tree, wild on the Western Ghits as far north as
Khandalla, Normern Circars, Burma, Andaman Islands and Ceylon ;
cultivated throughout India. (Gamble.)
The Pagoda Gum of Madras is said to be obtained from this tree.
The seeds yield an oil which may be used medicinally, and also in
painting.
M. indica, A. DC. 207
Syn.— M. hexandra, Roxb.
Vem.— iTAir, kkirni, Hind. ; Rain, Meywab ; Palla, kannwpalle, Tam. ;
Palle panlo, palla pandu, Tel. ; Khirni, Mar. ; Raini, Gondi ; Palu,
CiNGH.
A large, evergreen- tree on the mountains of South India, extending
in Central India to the sandstone hills of Pachmari, north of the Goda-
vari. It is found only on sandstone, and frequently associated with
Buchanania Angustifolia and Hardwidda binata. (Gamble.)
It is reported to yield an oil from its seed.
M. Kauki, Zi'»». ^^^
Vem — }Adoma, GoA.
A large tree of Burma (Amherst) and the Malayan Peninsula to Aus-
tralia.
The seed ts said to yield an oil in Burma.
45
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India.
MUS-
TARD.
209
210
Mooroogaua. See TaUow.
MORINGA.
Moringa aptera, Gaertn., MoRiNGACEiE.
A native of Africa; long naturalised in the West Indies.
It yields the Ben Oil of watch-makers. While the next species yields
the oil as freely if not more freely than M« aptetm, it is in India rarely
ever used for this purpose.
M. pterygosperma, Gaertn.
Horse Radish Tree.
Vem. — Sujna, Beng. ; Soanjna, sanjna, Hind.; Shegava, Mar.;
Morungaf Tam.; Dantkalon, Burm.
A small, handsome tree, much distorted in the plains of India
through the habit of coppicing to produce the young twigs which are eaten.
The seeds yield a clear, limpid, almost colourless oil, rather thick.
It is used for medicinal purposes. The oil, however, is seldom
made, and it does not form an article of export. This fact is the more
remarkable when it is remembered how extensively the tree is cultivated.
It is to be hoped that attention may be attracted to this subject, for India
might easily enough, and with profit, supply the whole world with its Ben
or Moringa Oil which consists especially of oleine, margarine and
stearine. It has a specific gravity of 0*912 at 60" F., it is fluid at 77** F.,
and solid below 60° F. After separation of the solidifiable portion, it forms
on cooling the clear oil so much used by watch-makers. It is also
much prized by perfumers as an absorbent for some of the more delicate
odours.
Muduga Oil. See Butea Frondosa.
MURRAYA.
211 Murraya Kcenigii, Spr., RuxACEiE.
Syn.— Bergera K(Enigii, Linn,
Vem*—Oandla, gandi, bowla, Pb. 5 Harris katnim. Hind. ; Barsanga
Beng.; iKdrhi-nimb, Mar.; Chanangi, Hydjukabad ; Karepak, kari-
vepa, Tel. ; Kamwepila, Tam.
A small tree of the outer Himalaya, ascending to altitude 5,000 feet
from the Ravi to Assam, Bengal, South India and Burma. Largely
cultivated in the plains on account of its leaves which are used to flavour
curries.
The seeds yield a yellow, clear, transparent oil, known as Simbolee
or Limbolee oil. BIrdwood says that this oil is obtained from the
leaves, not from the seeds. It is probable that there are two oils— -one,
a fatty oil from1;he seeds, and the other, an essential oil from the leaves.
Cooke says the oil is from the seeds, but as he quotes Birdwood as
his authority, this may be a mistake. It seems also probable that
Mwraya exotica, Linn,, a much more frequent plant in our gardens
and known as Kamini, is the plant most frequently used. To enable
this confusion to be cleared up, information and specimens are required.
212 Mustard.
Three species of Bfassdca yield Mustard and Mustard Oil, but are
grown more especially for the well-known condiment which is prepared
from the seed. These are Brasnca nigm, B. nlba and B. junceaj^ which see
46
Oils and Oil Seeds.
[Part IV,
MYRISTICA.
Myristka malabarlca, Lamk.^ MYRisxicEiE.
VeOL—Kanagi, pindi-kai (seeds), Kan.; Rdnajdyaphala (seeds), kdya-
phala (ihace), Rdmapairi, Bom.
A small, evergreen tree of South Kanara and Malabar.
The seed, when bruised and subjected to boiling, yields a
quantity of yellowish concrete oil. This oil, when melted down with a
little bland oil, is applied efficaciously to ulcers.
M. moschata, Willd.
The Nxttmeg ; Mace.
Syn. — M. OFFICINALIS^ Z.m«./,
Vem,^yat^hala, Sans ; Jaephal, juephal, Hind., Bom., Jaia-phula,
Beng. ; Jaipatri, Bom., jadicai^ Tam. ; Jajikaiay Tel. ; Sadikka, j'ati-
pullum, CiNGH. J Jaipal {Nutmeg), jati, Jauntari (Mace), Hind.
The tree is cultivated in many parts of India, Ceylon and the Malay
Archipelago; largely so in the Moluccas, Banda, the Straits, and
Zanzibar.
The nut yields an essential and a fixed oil. The former is white,
acrid, pungent, and smelling powerfully of nutmeg; the latter is
yellowish in colour, and solid. This latter substance is the Nutmeg
Butter. It is extracted from refuse nuts by reducing them to powder,
heating them in a water bath, and, while hot, obtaining the oil by
expression. Upon cooling this solidifies into the mottled, orange-brown
butter. It has a pleasant odour, and a fatty, aromatic flavour.
Both the Mace and the Nutmeg yield an otto or essential oil upon
aqueous distillation. That from the former is yellow, with a strong
odour of the mace and an aromatic flavour. Nutmeg essential oil is nearly
colourless, or white, with a strong odour and flavour of the nut. Both
the essential oils are extensively used for flavouring soaps. The extent
to which this is the case is at once seen by the enormous consumption
of Nutmees in Great Britain. The actual consumption is variously
stated. Piesse {Art of Perfumery) states that the ** produce of Nut-
megs in the Moluccas has been reckoned at from 600,000 to 700,000
lbs. per annum, of which half goes to Europe, and about one-
fourth that quantity of Mace, The annual consumption of Nutmegs
in Britain is said to be 140,000 lbs." Simmonds, on the other
hand, gives the imports into Britain from 1840 to 1870, and during
the five years ending 1870 the average was 592,736 lbs., valued at
£37.756.
The Nutmeg was successfully introduced into the Straits, and some
30 years ago, before the fatal blight which ruined the trade, the exports
from Singapore exceeded those from Banda. The Chinese have of late
been mzucing hopeful efforts to introduce the plant and to compete
with the Spice Islands. It has also been established in India on the
Nilgiri Hills, but the future field for Nutmeg plantations seems
to be Jamaica.
The Otto of Nutmegs enters largely into the composition of
English perfumery, but especially so that of Frangipani. When
used sparingly it combines pleasantly with lavender, santal, and
bergamot. Formerly soap, known as Banda Soap, was prepared from
the fatty oil or Butter of Nutmegs. The trade in this article has
died out, being replaced by ordinary soap perfumed with the otto of the
Nutmeg. Medicinally, Nutmegs are chiefly used as condiments, and
io moderate doses they assist digestion, dispel flatulence and strengthen
47
MYRIS-
TICA*
213
214
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India,
NARDOS-
TACHYS.
215
the viscera. This action is chiefly due to the presence of the essential
oil of Mace and Nutmeg* Nutmeg is also largely used as a condiment
in cookery and confectionery.
The Dutch connection with the Nutmeg trade is anything but
creditable to their system of administration or their commercial in-
stincts. On taking possession of the Spice Islands they endeavoured to
exterminate the tree from all the islands except xhe northern portions of
Banda^ but a hurricane which swept over that portion of their settlements
nearly exterminated the plant, while it left the other islands untouched.
On another occasion, finding the market glutted, they destroyed by
fire enormous quantities so as to save the market from falling. In spite
of this the Nutmeg trade has prospered, but largely through migrating
from its original home, and there seems good reason to expect that
India will soon be able to meet her home demand. In 1877 there was
exported to Europe 1,207 lbs. of Nutmegs of Indian produce.
MYRTUS.
Myrtus communis, Linn,, Myrtacej!:.
The Myrtle.
Vem.— K«7aya/» tnehndi, burg morad, hab-ul-^, Pb. Bab-ul-aas (berry),
BoM.
Occasionally met with in cultivation in India.
A medicinal oil is said to be obtained from the berries of this plant,
Baden-Powell remarks that it is reputed to strengthen and pro-
mote the growth of the hair. This must apparently be a fatty oil.
Information and specimens of this oil are much required, and might be
procured from the Punjab.
An essential oil is distilled from the leaves in Europe, and used in per-
fumery ; apparently this oil is not prepared in India. The leaves, flowers
and fruit are all distilled together, tne resulting oil being yellowish or
greenish-yellow, about 5 oz. being obtained from 1 cwt of the leaves. This
oil is of great fragrance and is much prized. It is, however, expensive,
has been successfully imitated by cheaper preparations.
2X6
NARDOSTACHYS.
Nardostachys Jatamansi, Z^C., Valerianacej!:.
The Spikenard.
Vem. — Jatamansif Beng. 5 Bdlchiar, Hind. ; Massi, Garhwal; Bdlachara,
sumbal. Bom.
A small, herbaceous plant of the Alpine Himalaya, altitude 11,000 to
15,000 feet, from Kumaun to Sikkim
Baden-Powell mentions this plant as yielding an oil, but information
with re^^ard to it is very much required. The jatamansi root enters
. largely mto the composition of native perfumery, and chiefly in combina-
tion with valerian, forming a mixture anything but a favourite with
Europeans. Formerly, however, this was much valued by the ladies of
Rome. Modern taste in the matter of perfumes, as with many other
luxuries, has gone in favour of delicacy or quality instead of strength and
quantity. There cannot.be a doubt, however, as to the importance of
this penume in India, and it is much to be regretted that neither the
mode of preparation, nor the combinations of this perfume, can at present
be ascertained from the literature of Indian economic science. It seems
48
Oils and Oil Seeds.
[Part IV.
to be chiefly used to perfume the hair, as was the case with the spikenard
of the ancients.
Neeradimootoo Oil.
Vem. — Jungli badam-kO'iel, Hind.; Mootoo, yennai, Tam,
This oil was sent to the Madras Exhibition under several names. It
is generally prescribed by native practitioners as a valuable medicine.
Definite information from Madras as to the source of this oil, as
also specimens, would be most acceptable.
NERIUM.
Nerium Odoruxxii Soland., Apocynacej:.
The sweetly-scented Oleander.
Vem. — Kaner, kaniytir, Hind., N. W. P. j Karabi, Beng. ; Kanhera,
Bom. ; Kanira, ganhira, gandere (in the plains); Kaner, Pb. ; Aldri, Tam.;
Gdnneru, Tel. ; Khareahra, Pers. ; Karavira, asvamdraka. Sans.
An erect bush of the Western Himalaya from Nepal westward
ascending to 6,500 feet in altitude. Distributed to Central India, Afghan-
istan and Japan. Universally cultivated in gardens on account of its
sweetly-scented flowers, of which there are single and double, white and
pink, tornis. It is probable that this plant does not differ from the Oleander
of the Mediterranean regions (N. Oleander).
An essential oil may be distilled from the flowers, and the
natives use, in the treatment of eczema, impetigo and other skin
diseases, gingelly oil medicated with a decoction of the root of this plant.
The whole plant is very poisonous to cattle, as may be seen by the Sans-
krit and Persian names, and it is probably used criminally for the destruc-
tion of cattle. Dr. Stewart states that in Kangra the bark and root are
frequently used by suicides.
NICOTIANA.
Nicotiana Tabacum, Linn., SoLANACEiE.
Tobacco.
Vem. — Tumak, tumbaca, bujjerbkang. Hind.; Se, tumhaca, BxKo. ;
Poghei, Tam.; Poghako, Tel. ; Doonkola, Cingh. ; Se, Burm.
Tobacco was most probably introduced into India about the year 1605
and is now cultivated all over the country and extensively used. It
apparently shows no tendency to grow wild, while N. plvmbaginifoliay Viv.,
has apparently gone quite wild and is not met with in cultivation in India.
The seed yields a clear, limpid, colourless oil, used in painting.
Dr. Cooke says that the specimens of Tobacco-seed Oil seen by him in
London were obtained from Sattara and Mysore. Specimens of this oil
are required, and it would be interesting to learn further particulars, espe-
cially as to whether a trade exists in this oil.
NIGELUL
Nig^ella sativai Linn,^ RANUNcuLACEiE.
Black Cumin Seed.
Vtm^-^Kdlejira^ kdlongi, BoM., Hind. ; Mugrela, Beng.; Carin-siroffum,,
Tam. ; Nulla-gilakara, Tel.
NIGELUL
Extensively cultivated.
D
217
218
219
49
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India.
OCIMUM.
2?3
224
225
" The seeds of this plant yield a dark-coloured fragrant oil" (Hawkes),
** clear, nearly colourless, and about the consistence of Castor Oil" {Cooke).
This difference of opinion, it is hoped, may sugeest the advisability of an
investigation into the subject. The seed is said to yield about 10 per
cent. (?) of an essential oil. Birdwood says: "the seeds yield an oil but
little used."
NYCTANTHES.
Nyctanthes Arbor-ttistiSi Linn.^ OLSACEiE.
VertL^Harsikdr, karvinghar, saherwa, seolt, nibari. Hind.; Skin-
ghdr, harshingdr, sefhdlikd, Bbng.; Pakara, sadurt, kuri, Pb.;
Manjapa, Tam. ; Seitbtbu, Bubm.
A small tree of Central India, extending to Bengal and Burma,
cultivated throughout India, universally met with in the flower gardens of
the natives of Bengal.
The flowers of this plant contain an essential oil. Specimens and
particulars of preparation and economic use required.
OCIMUM.
Ocimum adescendens, Wiiid.
Vem..^Bun-tdlsi, Benq.
A small, prostrate plant, quite scentless, very haity, with ovate, oblong,
obtuse leaves ; flowers small, pale pink.
O. basilicum, Linn., Labiatje.
The Common Basil.
WenL—Babui iulsi, Beng., Hind. ; Sal»at, Dhc. ; Tirunitrup^patiiri^
Tam. ; Vibudi-patri, Tel.
A small, herbaceous shrub, found in almost all parts of India, Java,
&c.
Spon*s Encyclop, mentions it in the list of vegetable fixed oils.
It is believed that the natives of the various parts of India, in their
perfumery, distil ottos of the different species of tulsi ; but as no informa-
tion is available in the literature of the subject, it has been thought advi-
sable, as a basis upon which information might be communicated, to
classify these plants, giving the vernacular names for the species as
recognised by Botanists.
Var. isi. — pilosum, Bentk,
Vera. — Baboi'iulsi, Beng., Hind. ; Tukhmirikdn, Bom. ; Varvara, Sans.
The seeds are called rekdn, /aranj'inuskk. Hind.
A small, much-branched, herbaceous bush, extensively cultivated in the
plains of India. Leaves, small, thin, oblong, entire ; petioles et verHciles, very
hairy ; racemes, elongated ; corolla, often glabrous.
Var. 2nd,—ns\\BHtnm, Bentk.
The sweet Basil.
Syn,— O. Basilicum, Linn., in Roxb, Fl, Ind.
VtrtU-Sabajki, SiND ; Nigand bdbri, Pb.
The same vernacular names are used for this plant as for the preceding.
A more erect and less-branched form, with thick, glabrous leaves, sub-
dentate ; corolla, often villose.
Roxburgh says this form was introduced from Persia, having been first
sent to the Botanic Gardens under its Persian name Deban Shah, or De^an
Macwassim It is nearly allied to the next form.
50
Oils and Oil Seeds,
[Part IV.
Var. jr<;.— gflabratum^ Benth,
Syn. — O. Integerrimum, Willdi O. Caryophyllatum, Roxb,
Vera. — Gulal-t4lsi, Beng., Hind.
Siemj erect ; petioles and calyces, sparely ciliate ; leaves, scarcely toothed ;
racemes, elongated, simple. Frequent about the houses and temples of the
Hindus ; the whole plant, very aromatic and fragrant.
Var. i^A.— thrysiflonuB^ Bentk,
Vcm.—
^ An erect, glabrous, herbaceous bush. Petioles and calyces, scarcely
ciliate ; racemes, th}rrsoide (».9., branched, with the middle portions longer than
the lateral divisions) ; Flowers, small, pale pink.
Ocimum gratissimunii Linn.
Vcm, — Ram'tulsi, Beng., Hind. 5 Ramatulasa, Bom. ; Banjere, Pb.
A larger plant than the preceding, grown in gardens; 5^«m5, glabrous ;
leaves, petioled ; ovate, acute, crenate, or grossly dentate j bracts, lanceo-
late ; base, hastate, raceme, simple or slightly-branched at the hdise ; floijoers,
white or pale yellow, scarcely larger than the calyx ; stamens exserted.
Roxburgh remarks of this plant that it diffuses a stronger fragrance than
any of the other members of the genus.
O. sanctum, Linn.
There are two forms of this plant, which will be recognisable as met
with in cultivation, owing chiefly to the difference in colour of leaf, and
scarcely deserve tp be regarded as varieties.
Var. /f^.— sanctum proper.
'Vem.^Kala or Krishna tMsi, Hind., Bbng., & Tel. ; Tulasa, Bom. ;
Bahuri, Pb.
A small herb, profusely branched ; the branches, clothed with dark, purple
hairs ; leaves, about i^ inches lon^ and i inch broad, dark-coloured ; brads,
cordate.
Var. 2»<;.— villosnm, Roxb., Sp«
'Vem^—TMsi or tMasi, Hind. & Beng.
A small herb, clothed with white or pale green hairs ; leaves, ovate, oblong,
crenate, serrate, obtuse; from i to 2 inches long; bracts, reniform.
OLEA.
Olea europoea, Linn., Oleaceje.
The Olive.
This valuable plant has been introduced on the Himalaya and the
Nilgiris.
In Europe there are several cultivated varieties, each possessing
certain peculiarities of its own. All agree in one respect, namely,
they must be cultivated on an open rich soil, with free drainage, yet
with a plentiful supply of moisture. They can endure neither the freezing
northern climate, nor the burning tropical sun. The crop is collected as
the drupe reaches maturity; delay injures the quality and lessens
the quantity of the oil. The fruit is ripe when by gentle pressure
oil exudes. The yield has been variously stated from 30 to 50 per
cent., being governed by the form of plant cultivated, climate, soil,
time and system of expression. The oil is extracted by two distinct pro-
cesses or stages, vie., crushing and pressing. The crushing should not
OLEA.
226
227
228
229
230
23Z
232
D I
51
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India.
fAWDAr
NUS.
233
[2I8]
[80]
[170]
be delayed. The oil from the pericarp may be first separated by gentle
pressure^ then that from the remainder of the fruity two cmssesof oils oeing
thus obtained in the crushing stage> or both may be expressed together.
After removal of the oil by crushing, the pulp is placed in bags and
resubmitted to pressure in a warm steam press.
The best qualities of oil are those obtained by the cold crushing before
the application of water or heat.
Tne Olive is extensively cultivated in the south of France. The
Portuguese oil is very inferior to the French, owing to carelessness in pre-
paration. Spain has nearly 3 millions of acres under this crop. Italy
nas about 2^ millions of acres of olives. The Spanish oil, in point of
quality, cannot compare with the French or the Italian.
Superior Olive Oil is somewhat viscid, of a pale greenish-yellow colour,
with a faint, agreeable odour, and has a bland, oleaginous flavour. The
best qualities are chiefly consumed as food and medicine, constituting the
Salad Oil of commerce. The commoner kinds are consumed in soap
manufacture, as lubricants, and for illuminating purposes.
Information regarding experiments to introduce this tree on the
Himalaya are much required, and any information regarding the pre-
paration of Indian Olive Oil*
O. ferniginea, J^qyle.
Syn. — O. cuspiDATA, Wall.
Vcm. — Kau, Hind.; Khwan, shwan, Trans-Indus ; Zatt4n, Afg,; Ko,
koka, kdo, kau, Pb.; Khau, SiND.
A moderate-sized, deciduous tree of Sind, Sulaiman Range, Salt
Range, and North West Himalaya, extending as far as the Jumna east-
ward, and ascendinc^ to 6,000 feet. (Gamble,)
In Afghanistan an oil is extracted from the indigenous tree. This oil
would doubtless take an important place in the oil trade were it procur«
able in large quantities, for it is of as good quality as the ordinary Olive
Oil. If attention were to be given to the cultivation of this indigenous
plant, there seems every reason to expect that India would soon And a
place amongst the countries which supply the Olive Oil of commerce.
Oleander. See Nerium odoruniy Soland, Apocynaceje.
Mr. Baden-Powell mentions this among his medicinal oils. Further
information is required.
Orange flower or Neroli, See citnuu
Orris Ofl. See iris.
PANDANUS.
234 Pandanus odoratissimus, Wt'ild., Pandanejc.
Vem. — Keura, Hind.; Kea, ketuki, keori, Beng.; Mugalik, Tel.j Thalay^
talum, Tam.; Satthapu, Burm.
A common shrub, frequently planted on account of its fragran-
flowers, but wild on the coasts of South India, Burma, and- the Andat
mans.
Attar of Keora is obtained from the flowers. (Baden-Powell.)
52
Oils and Oil Seeds,
[Part IV.
PAPAVER.
Papaver somniferum, Linn,, PAPAVERACEiE.
The Poppy ; Opium.
Vera. — Post, afnm, Bbng., Hind.; Khash-khash-ka-post, Dec; Gasa-gasw
tol, Tam.; Gasa'Gasa'tolu, Tel.
Extensively cultivated in North and Central India.
The seeds are expressed to obtain an oil which is used for culinary
purposes and as a demulcent medicine. It is also used in lamps, and
much esteemed by Europeans, owing to its property of becoming
colourless when exposed to the sun.
PARMELIA.
Parmelia kamtschadalis, Esch., Lichenes.,
Vera* — Chalchalira, charcharila, ausneh, pat-tharke-phul, chalpuri, char-
chubila,
A lichen, found in the bazars of the Punjab and of the North- West
Provinces, obtained from the Himalaya, and used largely in calico print-
ing, both in order to perfume the fabric and as a pale pink dye. Doubt-
less several species are used for these purposes Ainslie says there are
many in use m South India.
Medicinally they are used in native practice as mild tonics and anti-
periodics. By hakims used in dyspepsia, vomiting, pain in the liver or
womb, &c. (Badeu'Powell, Atkinson, &c,)
P. perlata, Ach., and p. perforata, Ach.
Syn,— Lichen rotundatus, Rottler in Ainslie* s Mat, Med. II, p, 170,
Vern. — Khirdeus-sakhar, behatd'kajar, Arab.; Gtdesang, Pers.j Kulpasi,
Tam.; Patthar-ka-phtU, Hind, and Dec; Ratipanchd, Tel.; Patthar-
kd-pkul, Dec ; Kalap-pdch'Chi, kalap-pti, Tam. ; Dhond^chaphtUa, Mar. ;
Kiydr-peon, Burm.
Ainslie says that this plant ^has long been used by the Vytians of
South India medicinally, and that they attribute to it a peculiar cooling
quality and prepare with it a liniment for the head. The Indian Phar-
macopaeia mentions several instances where a poultice of this plant has
been found efficacious as a diuretic placed over the renal and lumbar
regions. It further suggests, however, that its virtue may be shewn in this
respect to be little more than that of any ordinary warm poultice.
Stewart mentions a Pannelia (undetermined), common on rocks at
various places in Chumba (North- West Himalaya), altitude 11,000 to
15,000 feet, which is there used as an external apphcation to burns. Spe-
cimens of this plant, as also further information, would be interesting.
Peacock-grease.
spans' Encyclop, says that this substance is esteemed in the East
Indies.
Specimens and further information should be obtained from the North-
West Provinces.
PEGANUM.
Peganum Harmala, Linn,, Rutacejc.
Veni« — Spelane, karmal. The seed is known as Isband Lahori,
A bush I to 3 feet in height, much branched and densely clothed
with leaves ; met with in Kashmir, the Punjab, and the North.
53
PEGA-
NUM.
?35
236
237
238
230
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India.
PIMPI-
NELLA.
[279]
240
241
242
243
Baden-Powell in his Punjab Products mentions this among his oils
and oil-seeds.
Pensa Sarcocolla, See sarcoooiOA.
PERILLA,
Perilla ocimoldes, Linn., Labiata.
Vera. — Bhanjiri.
A native of Nepal, common on the Ghats, and in Ava, Sylhet and
Kumaun. The whole plant has a strong, rather disagreeable smell. Cul-
tivated on the Himalayas, 4,000 to 5,000 feet.
Yields an aromatic oil used along with the food of the hillmen.
(J. F. Duthie.)
244
Persea gratissima, Gaertn., Lauraceje.
The Avocado Pear.
This fruit tree is cultivated in India.
An oil is obtained from the pulp of the fruit, of a dark greenish-
brown colour, used for burning and soap-making, &c.
PETROLEUM.
Petroleum.
The term is applied to a class of liquids occurring in various geologi-
cal formations and geographical locanties. It possesses a limpid and
oily consistence, a strong bituminous odour and a dark yellowish-brown
colour. Its specific gravity ranges from 08 to I'l. It is composed of
hydrocarbons of various descriptions.
There is much difference of opinion among geologists as to the
origin and formation of Petroleum. The general belief is that it is form-
ed by the slow decomposition of organic remains, animal or vegetable,
or both combined. Others account for it by the action of sea water and the
condensation of carbon vapours
It is obtained in Burma, from shallow tertiary and post-tertiary clays
and lignites.
PEUCEDANUM.
Peucedanum graveolensy Benih,, Umbelliferje.
Wem.Sulpha, Bkng.
Throughout tropical and sub-tropical India ; often cultivated.
The crushed fruit, submitted to aqueous distillation, yields 3 to 4 per
cent, of essential oil, composed of two or more hydrocarbons. The oil
is skimmed from the distillate, and the latter forms the commercial Dill-
water. The oil may be used in mixtures for perfuming soap.
PIMPINELLA.
Pimpinella Anisum, Linn,, Umbelliferje.
The Anise seed.
Vern* — Belati-^adh^ni,
Ervados, BoM., a corruption of Portugfuese Herbadoce, Imported into Bombay
from Persia under the name of Rdzianeh,
Sometimes met with in cultivation in gardens during the cold sea-
son ; introduced from Europe.
54
Oils and Oil Seeds,
[Part IV
An essential oil is obtained to the extent of 3 per cent, from the fruit
of this plant by distillation. It is of a yellowish colour, having the odour
and flavour of the fruit. It is applied medicinally to both men and
animals, and is largely used in the preparation of cordials. It is also
used for scenting soaps and pomatums.
PISTACIA
PINUS.
Pinus Gerardiana, WaU.y Coniferje.
Vem.—Chilgho8a, jalghoga, Afg. ; Ckiri, pritu, mirri, galgcja, Chbnab ;
Kashtt, Ravi. *> o ^ , ,
A moderate-sized tree with very thin, erey bark ; found in the inner
dry and arid North West Himalaya, and also in isolated areas of no
great extent, generally between 6,000 and 10,000 feet, on the mountains
of North Afghanistan and Kafiristan.
Gamble says that the seed is oily, with a slight turpentine flavour.
P. longifolia, J^oxd.
VervL—Nakhtar, Afg.; Chil, Mr, drdb ckir, Pb.: Anander, Thelum:
Dh4p, OuDH ; Dhiip, sala dhAp, Nepal. '
A large tree of Afghanistan, outer North West Himalaya, ascending
to 7,500 feet 5 Sikkim, and Bhutan, ascending to 4,000 feet, though scarce
above 3,000 feet.
M. Baden-Powell in his Punjab Products mentions this among his
oils and oil-seeds.
PIPER.
Pip^ Cubeba, Ltnn./., Piperaceje.
CuBEB Pepper.
Syn. CUBEBA OFFICINALIS, Miq,
Wem.'-Kabab-chim, Beng., Hind. ; Kdkola, Mar. ,• Val-milaku, Tam. ;
Tdka-tniriyalu, Tel. ; Kabab-Chini, Guz. ; Simvankarawa, BuRM.
Cubebs are imported from Java, but cultivated to a small extent in
India.
An essential oil is obtained from them by distillation with water.
It is thick and colourless, with a faint, aromatic odour, and a warm
flavour of camphor and peppermint.
P. nigrum, Ltnn.
Black Pepper.
Vera. — Kalo'^narich, Beng., Hind. ; Choka, Dec } Milagu, Tam. ; Miri-
yalu, Tel.
A climber, extensively cultivated in South India.
Mentioned by Baden-Powell as yielding oil.
PISTACIA.
Pistada Lentiscosi Linn., Anacardiaceje.
'Vem.—Tantaric, Pb.
A shrub of the Mediterranean region.
Baden-Powell mentions this oil.
55
24.5
246
247
248
249
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India.
PONOA-
MIA*
250
Pistada vera, Linn.
The Pistachio Nut.
Vern.— Pwte, Bbng., Hind.
The Pistachio Nuts (pista) are imported into India from Afghanistan.
An oil is extracted from the kernels of the fruit, which is used
medicinally as a demulcent and restorative. It is green ish-coloured,
sweet-flavoured^ and aromatic. It is used in food^ but soon becomes
rancid, and is then used only for burning purposes.
PITHECOLOBIUM.
251 Pithecolobium dulce, Bth.y Leguminosje.
Syn — Inga dulcis.
Vera. — Daihani babul. Hind. ; Karkapilly, Tam. ; Kwaytanyeng, Burm.
A tree introduced from Mexico, and commonly cultivated in India
and Burma.
Yields a light-coloured oil as thick as castor oil.
POGOSTEMON.
252 Pogostemon Patchouly, PelleL, LABiATiK.
Patchouli.
Vem.'^Pachapai, Bbng. ; Mali, Mar.
It is found in East Bengal, Burma, and the Malay Peninsula.
An essential oil is obtained from the plant, which is used as a per-
fume. The yield of oil is about J oz. from i lb. of leaves.
POLYANTHES.
253 Polsranthes tuberosa, Linn,, Liliaceje.
Veni. — Gul shab bo, Pb. ; Rajani-gandha, Beng.
Very commonly cultivated for its flower.
Attar of Tuberose is obtained from the flowers of this plant,
POLYGONUM.
254 Poljrgonum bistorta, Linn,, Polygonaceje.
Vera. — Masl4n, mamech, dart, bajir, bSlanri, anjabdr, Pb.
Common at places in the Punjab Himalaya, from 3,500 to .'12,000
feet.
Baden-Powell mentions this oil.
PONGAMIA.
255 Pongamia glabra, Veni,, Leguminosje.
Syn.'^GALEDUPA indica, Lam.
Vera. — Karanj, papar. Hind. ; Dalkaramcha, karanja, Beng. ; Karatij,
Bom. ; Koranju, Uriya; Ponga,\lAu,\ Kanga, pungu, ganuga, Tel.;
Garanji, Gond; Thinwin, Burm.
A moderate sized tree, almost evergreen, native of the Sub- Hima-
layan tract from the Ravi eastward, ascending to 2,000 feet ; Ben^^al,
56
Economic Products of India,
[ Part IV.
Burma, Central and South India. An exceedingly common plant in
cultivation, in Bengal ; often grown in hedges.
The seeds of this plant yield a red-brown, thick oil, used for burning,
and medicinally as an efficacious application for skin diseases. On
cooling it has a tendency to deposit stearine. It is generally known as
Karang or Fundi oil. Dr. Gibson regards it as one of the best remedies
for cutaneous diseases and rheumatism known. Should a European
trade arise, as seems likely, this oil might be prepared to an unlimited
extent in Bengal.
PRUNUS.
PRINSEPIA.
jiz, utiliSi RoyUy Rosaceje.
Weni,-^Bhekal, bekkra, karanga. Hind.; Gurinda, H^zavlk.; Tatua,
phulwara, jintif Chenab ; Bekling, Kanawar.
A deciduous, thorny shrub, with thin, brown bark on the outer
Himalaya, from HaLzara, to Bhutan, between 2,000 and 9,000 feet, Kha-
sia hills.
An oil is obtained from the seeds, which is used for food and for
burning.
256
PRUNUS.
Prunus ZtajgdalVLSf Baillon,, Rosacea.
The Almond,
L^AMYaOALUS COMMUNIS, Wtlld,
P.
Vern — Baddm.
It is cukivated in Afghanistan, Persia, Kashmir and the Punjab.
It yields two distinct oils— an essential oil and a fixed or fatty oil.
The latter oil is obtained by expression from either bitter or sweet
Almonds. The average produce is from 48 to 52 lbs. from i cwt. of
Almonds. The yield is greater by hot expression, 2 lbs. 2 oz. being ob-
tained from 54 lbs. of Almonds. The oil is clear, yellow, with an agreeable
flavour, but without odour. It is much used by perfumers, but is fre-
quently largely adulterated with gingelly oil, poppy oil or mustard oil.
armeniaca, I^inn.
The Apricot.
MertL—Hdri, gardalu, shiran, Pb. ; Iser, Kashmir; Chuari, gardalu,
khoobani. Hind. ; Mishmisk, Pers.
A moderate sized, deciduous tree, cultivated in the North- West
Himalava.
A clear oil, of a pale yellow colour, which smells strongly of hydro-
cyanic acid, and which, indeed, contains about 4 per cent, of it, is ex-
tracted from the seed. This oil is used in burning and cooking,
and for the hair.
P. communis, Iluds., forma Alucha.
The Plum.
Vcm. — Alucha, olchi, eardalu, Pb,
Cultivated from Garhwal to Kashmir in the Western Himalaya.
The plant yields the Plum Oil of Europe, used for illuminating pur-
poses. It does not keep even in Europe, becoming rancid in summer^
57
257
258
259
Part IV. ]
Economic Products of India.
RAT-
OILS.
260
261
262
Prunus persica, Bth. and Hook, /.
The Peach.
Syn.— Amagdylus persica, Willd,
WestL — Ghvareshidi, Afg.; Sht^t altl, Pbrs. ; Aru, oar, chinannu, Pb. ;
Aru, Hind.; Takpo, Lbpcha.
It is commonly cultivated everywhere throughout the Himalaya and
in Upper Burma.
The oil obtained from the kernels resembles almond oil, for which it
may be substituted. It is used in cookery and for lamps by the hill
tribes of the North- West Himalaya and iCashmir. It is sometimes also
used as a hair oil.
PSORALEA.
Psoralea corylifoliai Linn,, Leguminosjc.
Vem. —ffakuck, Beng. ; Bavauchi, Dec ; Karpwoa-arishi, Tam. ; Karu
bogi-vittulu, Tel.
A common^ herbaceous weed, found in Bengal and South India.
PTEROCARPUS.
Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxb., Leguminosa.
Vem. — Bija, bijdsar, bij'dsal. Hind.; Byasa^VRiYAA, sana, Mar.*
Peddagi, yeggi, pedega, Tel. ; Vengai, Tam.
A large, deciduous tree of Central and South India, extending north-
ward to the Banda District of the North-West Provinces.
It is an oil-yielding plant.
PUTRANJIVA.
263 Putranjiva Roxburghiiy FTa//., EuPHORBiACEiE.
Syn. — ^Nageia Putranjiva, Roxb,
Vem.—Putajan, Pb. ; ^fa puta, joH-juii, putra-jiva. Hind.; Karw
Pale, Tam. ; Kadrajuvi, Tel. ; Toukyai, Burm.
A moderate-sized, evergreen tree, with pendant branches ; found in
the Sub- Himalayan tract from the Chenab eastward; Oudh, Bengal,
Burma and South India.
The seeds yield an oil of an olive-brown colour, rather turbid, soon
exhibiting a deposit of the more solid portion. It is used for burning.
RAPHANUS.
264. Raphanus sativus, Linn., Cruciferje.
The Radish.
Vera. — Mula, Beng.; MuH, Hind.; Monla, Burm.
Extensively cultivated in the plains of India.
The seeds yield an oil apparently similar to the oils obtained from
other cruciferous plants.
265 Ray-oils.
These are very extensively procured from th^ livers of Raja davata,
R. pastiaaea) and other species of fish indigenous to the Indian seas.
58
Oils end Oil Seeds.
[Part IV.
RICINUS.
RHUS.
Rhus Semialata, Murray, Anacardiacejc.
SyXL — R. BUCKIAMELA^ Roxb, ; R. Javanica, Liniu
Vem. — Tatri, Htri, chechar, arkhar, arkol, kakri, d^la, wdnsh, hidashing,
Pb. ; Rasktu, SUTLEj ; Dakhmila, daswilOf N. W. P. ; Bakkiamela,
bhagmilh Nepal ; Tukkril, Lepcha.
A small tree, with bark i inch in thickness, rongh, with deep furrows.
It is met with in the outer Himalaya from the Indus to Assam and the
Khisia Hills, ascending to i,ooofeet in altitude.
The fruit is eaten by the hill tribes^ and from it is prepared a wax
called dinlu in Nepal. {Gamble.)
Further information and specimens of this wax much required.
R. succedanea, l^inn.
Syn. — R. ACUMINATA, DC>
Vetn»^Tatri, arkol, titar, lakhar, Pb, ; Raniwalat, Nepal; Serhnyok,
Lepcha ; Dtngkaiih Khasia. The galls axe called Kdkaddsingi in
Bombay.
A small, deciduous tree, with thin bark, met with on the Himalaya
from the Jhelum to Assam, Khisia Hills; altitude from 2,000 to 8,000,
feet.
The seeds yield a fine, yellowish-white wax, known in commerce as
** Japan Wax." The tree is planted in Japan along roads, and regxi-
larly worked for this wax, which is of a snow-white colour and is made
into candles. {Gamble,) The wax is analogous to bees-wax. It is ob-
tained by pressing the bunches of small fruits.
Samples and information regarding Indian trade in this substance are
much required.
R WalUchii, Hook./.
Syn. — R. vernicifera, DC.
Wem, ~ Kambal, gadimbal, arkhar ^ arkol, hark^, Pb.; Akoria, kaunki,
bhaliun, N. W. P.; Bhdlaio, Nepal.
A small or moderate-sized tree on the North- West Himalaya, from
2,000 to 7,000 feet.
The seeds yield wax similar to the " Japan Wax." Brandis states
that candles are made in Japan of the wax expressed from the fruit.
RICINUS.
RicinuS COinitlUlliSy Linn., EuPHORBiACEJE.
The Castor oil plant or Palma-Christi. Huilk de Castor,
RiciN DE PALMA-CHRISTI, Ff., RiCTNUS samenSl, Germ.
Vem. — Randy arand, arendi, ind. Hind. ; Reri, bherunda, Beng. ;
ErandOf Sans, j Erendi, erunkukri, Sind. ; Aneru, Chbnab ; Harnauli,
Salt Range ; Orer, Nepal ; Sittamunuk, Tam. ; Amadum, amdi, sitta-
mindi, Tel. ; Kyeisu, Burm.
A large shrub or small tree, indigenous in Arabia and North Africa;
cultivated throughout India, and often found wild. {Gamble,) Most
authors r^ard it as also indigenous to India. It exists chiefly in a state
of cultivation.
59
266
267
268
269
Part IV.]
Economic Products^ of India.
RICINUS.
There are some 15 or 26 known varieties of this plants of which 5 or 6
are common in Bengal. These may be reduced to three sections : —
ii) SSl"^**^ dJ,°""' }Th«*^ also vaor in the colour of the seeds.
(c) Form ^own on account of its leaves as a food for the Eria
silk-worm.
The small-seeded form is that most frequently cultivated as an oil-
crop, being sown broad-cast with other crops. It is a small, distorted
plant as compared with the large-seeded form chiefly grown as a hedge,
and often attaining the height of 20 feet.
The Castor Oil Plant is now extensively cultivated in most parts of the
world. In cold climates it becomes an annual, and some of the
beautiful, dark-red foliaged forms are grown as ornamental foliage plants.
It has been known from remote ages. It was called Aporave by the
Greeks, Ricinus by the Romans,, Kikajon by the Hebrews, and rliny
speaks of it as Kiki, It is known to the Jews of the present day by the
name Kiki, and is one of the five sacred oils which they are allowed to burn
on the Sabbath.
It is cultivated pretty generally throughout India, to the greatest
extent in Oudh, and least of all in the Punjab. It requires little cultiva-
tion, but prefers an open sandy to a clay soil. It is sown as a field-crop
broad-cast j two sowings a year, one in November and the other in May.
Although it yields nearly as good a crop the second or even the third
year, the natives uproot the crop every year, making fresh sowings. As
a hedge it is supposed to protect the fields from insects. That it does
exercise an influence over the atmosphere seems conclusively proved from
the repeated reports of travellers and soldiers being attacked with
diarrhoea from encamping near a castor oil field, or on a field recently
cleared of the crop. The operation of collectmg the nuts is tedious, and
the small and large forms are kept quite distinct, the former yielding a
larger quantity and better quality of oil than the latter.
Preparation of the oil from the small-seeded form.
When fresh the seed is sifted to free it of dirt or impurities. It is
then partially crushed, and freed of the husk or other coloured
portions. It is then squeezed into " bricks " of a uniform shape and
enclosed in clean gunny bags. The bricks are thereafter placed
in an ordinary press, and the oil expressed. To a gallon of oil thus
obtained one pint of water is added, and the mixture boiled in iron pans
until the water evaporates. The mucilage encrusts the basin, and the
albumen coagulates, but at this stage the pan must be removed from the
fire, for if the temperature is allowed to rise above the boiling^ point of
water, it undergoes a degeneration, becoming dark-coloured ana possessed
of an empyreumatic odour and flavour. It is filtered, the pure oil being
stored in tins. This is known as cold-drawn castor oil, and is of a light
straw to greenish colour. About 50 per cent, of oil is obtained by this
process, and may be manufactured at about 4^. per lb.
The oil from the smaller seeds is also sometimes separated by a pro-
cess of boiling. The seed is first boiled for two hours, then sun-dried,
thereafter reduced to a powder and reboiled until the oil rises to the
surface. Oil prepared in this way is free from unpleasant odour, and is
largely used in native medical practice as a purgative ; in European
practice, the cold-drawn form is that regarded as fit for human use.
Preparation of oil from the large-seeded form.
This oil is sometimes prepared bv the cold process, but more fre-
quently by the hot, with the addition, that the nuts are often roasted, so as
60
Oils and Oil Seeds.
[Part IV.
to coagulate the albumen within the seeds, and liquify the oil. After roast-
ing they are pounded and boiled until the oil separates. The yield is a
little over 30 percent, of an oil very inferior to that obtained from the small-
seeded form. This oil is dark-coloured, almost red, has an offensive
odour, thick and viscid. It is chiefly used for home consumption in
ordinary country lamps and for dressing leather.
It is a remarkable fact that most of the Castor Oil exported from
India is prepared in Calcutta. Madras, which is stated to have 67,000
acres under this crop, sends its seed to Calcutta to be made into oil.
Castor Oil is used to a certain extent by the dyers of India to fix and
make more brilliant many of their famous colours. It is largely used
by the Africans for culinary purposes and by the Negroes in the West
Indies. Bellew states that it is also used for this purpose near Ghuzni.
Its chief use is, however, as a valuable purgative, the cold-drawn form
being that used in Europe. A large trade also exists in the commoner
forms, which are extensively used in the preparation of leather, princi-
pally morocco leather. As a lubricant it is also largely used in Europe,
and as a lamp oil in India.
The following are the exports of Castor Oil from India : —
Exportation of Castor Oil,
RICINUS.
Total for the five years ending 1882.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1877-78 .
1878-79 .
1879-80 .
1880-81 .
1881-82 .
Gallons.
1,411,216
2>i 19.757
2,651,889
2,890,803
3,009,288
Rs.
1,926,427
3* 153*969
3.210,703
3,104,701
2,977,122
Analysis of the exportation of Castor Oil for 1881-82.
Presidency
from which
exported.
Ben^ .
Madras .
Bombay . .
British Burma
Total .
Quantity
Gallons.
2,627,923
205,274
174*590
1,501
3,009,288
Value.
Rs.
26,20,683
1,75,811
1.78,473
2,155
29,77,122
Country to which
exported.
United Kingdom
Australia
Straits .
Mauritius
China — Hong-Kong
Ceylon . ,
United States .
Natal .
Russia .
Italy
France .
Other countries
Total
Quantity.
Gallons.
1,902,877
542,995
148,776
. 111,457
96,822
78,693
44»7i3
25,318
15,742
15,020
8,541
> 8,334
3,009,288
Value.
Rs.
18,74,615
5,08,997
1,64,917
1,11,720
1,05,019
76,690
43,776
26,327
16,388
19,145
10,389
'9,'39
29,77,122
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India.
ROSA.
The following are the exports of Castor Oil seed : —
Exportations of Castor Oil seed.
Total for the five years ending 1882.
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1877-78
1878-79
1879-80
1880-81
1881-82
Cwt.
4,521
74,214
237,601
76,461
250,696
Rs.
27,412
5,00,056
1 1,80,768
4,33,858
11,77,090
Analysis of the exportation of Castor Oil seed for 1881-82,
Presidency
from which
exported.
Quantity.
Value.
Country to which
exported.
Quantity.
Value.
Madras •
Bombay
Bengal •
Total .
Cwt.
172,536
77,224
936
Rs.
7,61,210
4,11,627
4,253
France .
Italy .
United States
Belgium
Russia .
Other countries
Total
Cwt.
150,574
65,116
34,387
290
210
119
Rs.
6,80,513
3,50,776
1,40,904
1,440
2,940
517
250,696
11,77,090
250,696
",77,090
ROSA.
270 Rosa alba, Linn.^ Rosacejc.
Syn. — R. Glandulifera, Roxb.
Vem. — GoUb, Hind., Beng. ; G4/, Bom. ; Goldb, sewH, Pb.
The Rose-oil or Otto of Roses is distilled from the flowers of several
varieties of roses. In India large areas of land have been converted into
rose-gardens, at Patna, Ghazipore, Lahore, Amritsar and other places.
The Otto is prepared in the following way : — The flowers are distilled
with double their weight of water in clay stills ; the rose-water is then
placed in a shallow vessel covered with muslin and kept exposed all
night to the cool air. In the morning the oily portion, which has
gathered on the top, is gently taken off by means of a feather and put
into a phial. This process is repeated night after night until the whole
of the oily substance is thus extracted. The colour of the Otto varies
from green to bright amber and. reddish.
The greatest possible confusion exists as to the species of rose which
are used for the preparation of the attar or in native medicine. Dried
twigs with leaves accompanying the economic products would be most
acceptable, so as to allow of their being scientifically identified.
62
Oils and Oil Seeds*
[ Part IV.
SALIX.
Saliz capensiSy Thunh., Si^LiciNiis^
Syn. — S. iEoYPTfACA, Thunb,
Mr, Baden-Powell^ in- his Punjab Products, mentions this plant among
his medicinal oils.
SALVADORA.
Salvadora oleoides, Linn., Salvadoraceje.
WettLr^Kabbar, jhdr, didr, SiND. ; Jdl, vdn, vdni, mithivan, Pb.; Jhal,
Hind. ; Ughai, koku,TAM, ; Pilu, khakhan. Mar.
A large, evergreen shrub or tree of the arid zones, Sind and the
Punjab, forming the greateroart of the vegetation of the desert ; ascends
often to 3,000 feet in the Trans- Indus hills and to 2,400 feet in the Salt
Range.
The seeds yield a solid fat of a dull sulphury yellow colour.
S. persica, Linn,
The Tooth-brush Tree.
Syn.— S. WiGHTiANA, Beddome,
Wem.^Ardkfirak, Arab.; Kabbar, kharidjar, pilu, Sikd,; Jhdl, Raj. 5
Kauri-vdn, Kauri'jal, jhar, Pb.; Rhakhan, Mar.; Opu, ughai, Tam.;
IVaragU'^enki, Tel.; Piltt, khakhan. Mar.
A small, evergreen tree, with thin grey bark, wild in Sind, Eajput-
ana, Guzerat, Konkan, and the Circars.
The oil of this plant may be similar in character to that of the pre-
ceding.
SAMADERA.
Samadera indica, Gaertn., Simarube^.
Vem.—SamadarOf Cingh. ; Kathe, BURM.
A small tree of South India and Ceylon.
The seeds of this plant yield an oil which is used medicinally in
rheumatism.
Sandal wood. 8ee Santalum album, Linn.^ Santalacea.
SANTA-
LUM.
271
272
273
274
[2751
SANTALUM.
Santalum albums Linn,, Santalacea.
The TRUE Sandal-wood.
Vern. — Chandan, chandal, sandal, HlND^ Chandan, Beng. ; Shanda-
na'kattai, Tau.; Gandhapwchekk, Tel.; Sandaku, Burm.
"A small, evergreen tree of the dry region of South India. It grows
naturally in the drier parts of Mysore, Coimbatore, and Salem districts,
extending south to Madura and north to Kolhapur ; generally at an
elevation of from 2,000 to 3,000 feet, in poor soils, and seeking the pro-
tection of hedgerows and scrub jungles. {Gamble.)
The seeds of the Sandalwood tree yield by expression a thick and
viscid oil, which is burnt by the poorer classes in lamps. Sandalwood
essential oil is distilled from the wood. The roots yield the largest
quantity and finest quality. The white or sap wood is rejected for dis-
63
275
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India.
SARSON
OIL.
276
277
278
279
280
[47]
tillation. The process is continued for 8 or 10 days, more water beings
added. The yield is about 2\ per cent.
The oil is transparent, of a yellow colour, and is one of the most
favoured of Indian perfumes, especially amoncf Mahomedan gentlemen.
It is largely prepared in Mysore from which further information, speci-
mens of oil, of tne chips as used, and of the still used by the natives,
should be obtained.
SAPINDUS.
SapinduS MukoroSSi, Gaertn, Sapindaceje.
The Soap-nut of North India.
Syn. S. DETBRGBNS, Roxh,
Vem. — Riiha, dodan, kanmar. Hind. ; Phenila, Sans.
A handsome, deciduous tree, with grey bark, cultivated throughout
North West India and Bengal, Kumaun, Sylhet and Assam.
The fruit is very largely used for, and exported as, a substitute for
soap.
It is chiefly used for washing silk and woollen cloth, being re-
garded as superior to soap by native manufacturers. This and the
next species are used indiscriminately, and both yield oil.
S. trifoliatuSy Linn.
The Soap-nut Tree of South India.
Syn. — S. B MARGIN ATA, Vohh
Vern. — Ritha, Hind.; Bara-ritha, Beng.; Mukia maya, Uriya ; IConkudu,
Tel. ; PounangafPondiP-kottaifPuvandifT AM, i Thalay marathu, anta^
vdla, puvella, Cingh.
A large tree of Bengal, South India and Ceylon, often cultivated.
A semi-solid oil is extracted from the kernels of this plant. It is
too costly to be in g)sneral use.
Sarcocolla, sp ? Leguminos^.
Mr. Baden-Powell mentions this among his medicinal oils. Speci-
mens of the plant and oil are required from the Punjab.
SARCOSTIGMA.
Sarcostisrma Kldnii, W, ^ A, Olacineje.
Vem. — Poovana, poovenagah, adul, odul.
Found in the Eastern and Western Peninsulas ; Malacca {Maingay),
Cochin and Travancore {Wi£rht\ and the Koncan {Stocks).
This plant yields a medicinal oil, much used on the western coast for
rheumatism. It is also burnt in lamps. It has a peculiar but not dis-
agreeable flavour.
Sardine Oil.
Several species of Sardine afford an abundance of oil.
Sarson Oil. See Brasslca campestris.
64
Oils and Oil Seeds*
[Part IV.
SCHLEICHERA.
Schleichera trijuga, Willd.y Sapindace^.
Vera. — Kosum, gausam. Hind.; Ktisimb, BoM.; Rusam, Uriya; Pavd^P^,
pulachi, eolim-buriki, Tam. ; Pusku, may, roatanga, Tel.; Uyo,
BURM.; Congy conghas, Cingh.
A large, deciduous tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Sutlej
eastward, Central and South India and Burma.
The seeds yield an oil which is used as lamp oil in Malabar.
Dr. S. Arjan says that this oil is used for the cure of itch and acne
{see Dymock's Mat, Med.), Roxburgh states that the bark of this tree,
rubbed up with the oil, is used to cure itch.
SEMECARPUS.
I
Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn,f,y ANACARDiACEic.
The Marking-nut Tree.
VettL^Bhtlawa, bheyla. Hind.; Bhalai, Nepal ; Bhela, hhelaiuki, Bbng.;
Bkallia, Uriya ; Kongki, Lepcha ; Skayrang, Tam.; 3^tri, jidi, Tel.;
Che, BuRM.
A deciduous tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Sutlej east-
ward, ascending to 3,500 feet, forests of India, extending to Chittagong,
but not to Burma.
The seeds yield a very dark tenacious oil. Brandis says that this oil,
mixed with the milk of Euphorbia, is made into bird-lime by the wild
tribes of the Satpura Range. It is also used as a preventive against the
attacks of white ants, and by native practitioners in rheumatic and leprous
affections.
SESAMUM.
Sesamum indicum, Linn.y Pedalineje.
GiNGELLY or Sesame oil ; Benn^-oil, Huile de Sesame, Fr, ;
Sesamol, Germ,
Vem. — Mitkd tSl, krishna-Ulf HiND.; T//, Beng.; Nal lenney, yelloo-
cheddie, Tam.; Manchuniine noovooloo, Tel.; Bdrik-tel (seeds), Dec;
Hnan, Bubm.
This plant is commonly cultivated in India, where it is indigenous.
It is now cultivated in nearly every tropical country.
There are two easily-recognised varieties ; one with white seeds (safed
tel) and the other with black seeds {kdla tel). The latter form is much
more common, and yields a superior oil. It is sown in March, ripening in
May, while the white form is sown in June and ripens in August. The
oil is extracted by the same process as that for mustard-oil. Gingelly Oil
is clear and limpid, of colour varying from pale yellowish to dark amber,
having no smell, and not liable to become rancid. It is composed essen-
tially of oleine, which is often present to the extent of 75 per cent. It is
frequently adulterated with ground-nut oil. It is stated that 10 per cent,
of Gingelly Oil, mixed with other oils, may be detected by shaking i grain
of a cold mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids with one CTain of the mixed
oils, when a fine green colour is the result, a colour which no other oil will
produce. In India, Gingelly Oil is used for culinary purposes, in anointing
the body, in soap-manufacture, and as a lamp oil. In England, it is
chiefly used in making soap and for burning in lamps. It resembles
SESA-
MUM.
28Z
282
283
E
65
Part IV. ]
Economic Products of India,
SHILAX.
olive-oil in many of its properties, and is used similarly. The oil
obtained from the black variety is suited for medicinal purposes. It
is used as a demulcent in dysentery and urinary diseases in combination
with other medicines. It is also extensively used in the manufacture of
Indian perfumery, and native medicinal oils are prepared by boiling it
with certain drugs.
The cultivation of this plant, as a supply of the European trade, might
be extended very considerably. In the Trade and Navigation Statistics
there is no mention made of exportation of Gingelly ( yinjili) Oil until
1880-81 when 118,750 gallons, valued at Rs. 1,36,770, and in 1881-82,
iii,7Qi gallons valued at Rs. 1,20,182, were exported, chiefly to Arabia,
none apparently going from India to Europe. Of the exports from I ndia in
1881-82, 1 05,344 gallons were from the Bombay Presidency, and only 1,370
gallons from Bengal ; of the exports for that year 79,381 gallons of the oil
went to Arabia. Gingelly seed has been regularly exported to Europe,
and from 1877 — 82 the average has been over ij millions of cwts.,
the great bulk of this amount going to France. The following table
shews the exports from India during the year 1881-82, and the countries
to which exported. The smallness of the exports from Bengal and of
the imports into the United Kingdom is remarkable : —
Presidency
from which
exported.
Quantity.
Value.
Country to which
exported.
Quantity.
Value.
Bombay
Madras
Bengal
Sinon .
British Burma
Total .
Cwt.
994,120
521,946
395,099
106,651
38
R
64,84,475
31,32,962
17,24,372
8,35,273
225
France ,
Italy .
Bel^um
United Kingdom •
Ceylon . . ,
Spain — Gibraltar .
Holland
Other Countries
Total
Cwt.
1,493,429
311,587
72,389
16,669
12,884
3,000
1,449
6,447
R
93,77,526
20,47,299
5,00,001
1,08,169
74,644
19,500
9,060
14,108
1.917,854
1,21,77.307
1,917,854
^y2^>77,307
SHOREA.
284 Shorea robusta, Gaertn., Dipterocarpeje.
Vera. — Sdl, sdla, salwa, sakhu, Hind.j Sakwa, Nkfal ; Salwa, Uriya;
Korok, OuDH ; Sarei, rinjal, C. P. ; G4gal, Tel.
A large, gregarious tree of the north-east, moist and intermediate
zones : Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Bias to Assam, eastern part of
Central India, from the Ganges to the Godaveri, extending westward to
the longitude of Mandla, with an outlying patch on and around the
sandstone hills of the Panchmari Range.
The seeds yield an oil ; but further information is wanted.
SMILAX.
285 Smilax china, Linn., LiLiACEiE.
Vem.—Ckobokini, Hind.
Mr. Baden-Powell mentions it among his medicinal oils.
66
Oils and Oil Seeds*
[Part IV.
Spermaceti.
This is the solid wax-like portion of the sperm-oil or so-called " head-
matter " found in the head of the sperm-whale.
STHPLO-
COS.
286
SPINACIA.
Spinacia oleraceai Mill., Chenopodiaceje.
Vem. — Paluk, sag'Paluk, Hind.; Bij-palak, Pb, ; Ispanaj, \iitAVi,, Pbrs. ;
Vusayley-keeray, Tam.
This plant is cultivated in some parts of India.
The seeds yield a fatty oil, but this requires to be confirmed.
287
STERCULIA.
Sterculia fGetida, Linn , Sterculuceje.
V&m.—yangli-hadam, Hind.; Jangali-badam, Mar.; Pindri, Tam.;
GurapU'badam, Tel.; Shawbyu, letkop, Burm.
A large, evergreen tree of South India, Burma, Ceylon, Java, &c.
An ou is extracted by boiling the seeds in water.
288
STRYCHNOS.
Strychnos Nux-vomica, Linn., Loganiaceje.
Vem.—Kuchla, Kajra, Hind.; Kuchila, Beng.; Kajra, Mar.; Vetii,
Tam.; Mushti, musadi, Tel. ; Khahoung, Burm.
A moderate-sized, evergreen tree, with dark grey bark, of Bengal,
Burma, and South India.
An empyreumatic oil, prepared from the fresh nut, is used medicin-
ally by native practitioners.
289
STYRAX.
Stsrrax benzoin, Dryand.^ Styraceje.
Found in the Malay Archipelago. It yields the true " Gum Ben.
* i>
zom.
" The natives of the Eastern Archipelago distil a volatile oil from
Gum Benzoin, by heating it in an earthenware pot, tightly covered, and
providing a bamboo for the escape of the oil." {Spans' Encyclop.)
290
SYMPLOCOS.
SymploCOS CrataegoideSy Ham,, Styraceje*
Vem.— £<i, landar, laj, losh, Pb. ; Lodh, Kumaun ; Lafa, Sutlej.
A large shrub or small tree on the Himalaya from the Indus to
Assam, between 3,000 and 8,000 feet, Khisia Hills, Hills of Martaban.
Dr. Stewart says that an oil is extracted from the seeds.
E I 67
291
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India,
TERHINA-
LIA,
292
293
294
[132]
29s
296
TABERNJEMONTANA.
Tabernaemontana dichotoma, Roxb., Apocynacea.
Syn. — Cerbera Manghas, Linn,
Vcm. —
A small tree of the Deccan, common in the Western Gh&ts and Ceylon.
This is the only member of this large Indian genus met with in Ceylon.
An oil is said to be prepared from the seed.
Tallow or Murungana.
"The cellular tissues of man and quadrupeds contain a concrete
fat, the whole mass of tissue and fat being known as ' Suet.* The
term * Tallow * is applied to this fat when it has been liberated from the
tissue. Commercially, Tallow is obtained almost solely from the rumi-
nant animals, sheep and neat cattle, and is produced chiefly in the
essentially pastoral portions of the globe." {Spons* Encyclop)
This substance, even at high temperatures, remains solid, and in fact
it is one of the few fats which possess this property. For Vegetable
Tallow see Excaecaria sebifera, Mull. Arg,
TAMARINDUS.
Tamarindus indica, Linn., LEcuMiNosiE.
The Tamarind.
Vem. — Amli, ambit, imli, Hif^D. ; Tintiri, tintil, Beng. ; Titri, Nepal;
Chincha, Mar.; Tintuli, Uriya; Ptili, Tam.; Chinta, Tel.; Karangi,
kamal, asam, Mysore ; Magyi, Burm.
A large, evergreen tree, cultivated throughout India and Burma as
far north as the Jhelum.
The seeds yield a clear, bright, fluid oil, with somewhat of the odour
of linseed oil.
Taramira OiL See Emca satlva.
TECTONA.
Tectona grandis, Linn,/,, Verbenaceje.
The Teak Tree.
Vera. — Sdj, Arab.; Sdj, sal, Pers.; Sdgun, Hind.; Singuru, Uriya ;
Tekku, tek, Tam.; Teku, Tel. ; Kyun, Burm. ; Jati, Malay.
A large, deciduous tree, found in Central and South India and Bur-
ma. Cultivated in Assam, Bengal, and the ^ub- Himalaya as far north
as Saharunpore.
A Teak-seed Oil has been enumerated amongst the products of India,
but this may most probably be intended for Teak-wood Oil, which is not a
fatty oil. It is of a dull ash colour and opaque. It is chiefly used as a
varnish for wood-work either alone or mixed with certain resins.
TERMINALIA.
Terminalia belerica, Roxb., CoMSRETACEiE.
Vera. — Babela, beleyleh, Pers. ; Bahera, bhaira, behara, Hind.; Bohefof
Beng. ; Bekedd, Mar; Tani, kattu elupay, Tam.; Tani, tandi, toandi*
Tel. ; Thitsein, Burm.
A large, deciduous tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract from near the
Indus eastward ; forests of India and Burma.
68
Oils and Oil Seeds,
[ Part IV,
The oil which the seeds yield separates into two portions, the one
fluid, of a pale green colour, and the other flocculent, white , semi-solid or
as consistent as ghee. It is used medicinally^ and chiefly with the object
of strengthening the hair.
Terminalla Catappa, Unn^
The Indian Almond,
Vem. — BadaTHy Beng. j Taru, Kan. ; Bangali badam. Bom. ; Naivadom,
Tam. ; Vedam, Tel. ; Adamarram, Mal. ; CatappUy Malay.
A large, deciduous tree of the coast forests of the Andaman Islands,
cultivated in most parts of India and Burma. Introduced most probably
from Java.
It yields a limpid oil of a pale sherry colour, resembling almond oil,
and since it does not so readily become rancid might, indeed, dis-
place the true almond oil. The greatest expense consists in the separa-
ting of the kernel from the nut. As the tree is plentiful everywhere, this
oil deserves the attention of Indian dealers, for there seems every chance
of a trade arising in it.
T. Chebula, Eetzins.
Vera. — Harra, har, harara, Hind. ; Hilikha, Ass. ; Hariiaki, Beng. ;
Silim, Lepcha ; Karedha, Uriya ; HcUra, Dec; Hirada, Mar;
Kadakai, Tam. ; Karaka, kadukar, Tel. ; Alale, Mysore ; Panga,
Burm.
A large, deciduous tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Sutlej
eastward, ascending to 5,000 feet ; Bengal, Assam, Chittagong, Central
and South India.
The seeds yield a clear, transparent, almost colourless, fluid oil, used
medicinally, and only to be had m small quantities.
THEO-
BROMA.
297
298
TETRANTHERA.
Tetranthera laurifolia, Jacq., Laurineje. 399
Vera. — Maida, tneda, gwa, rian, Pb. ; Garbijaur, singrauf, menda.
Hind.; Suppatnyok, Lepcha ; Kukurckita, Beng.; Narraalagi, Tel.;
Ungdung, ondon, Burm.
A moderate-sized, evergreen tree of Kumaun, Garhwal, Bengal,
Burma, Central and South India.
An oil is obtained in Java from the fruit of this tree.
T. monopetala, l^ox5. 300
Vera. — Meda, gwa, singraf, sangran, marda, Hind. ; Mendah, Gond;
Ratmanti, kadmero, Nepal; Sualu, Ass. ; Ungdung, intdon, Burm.
A moderate-sized, evergreen tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract from
the Ravi eastward ; Kumaun, Garhwal, Bengal, Burma, Central and
South India,
The seeds yield an oil which is used for ointment as well as for can-
dles.
THEOBROMA.
Theobroma Cacao, Linn., Sterculiaceje.
The Cocoa Plant.
It has been grown in some parts of India and Ceylon.
The seed or leaves of this plant yield a valuable concrete, fatty oil.
69
301
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India.
ULMUS.
302
303
304
305
[47]
THESPESIA.
Thespesia populnea, Corr., Malvaceae.
The Portia Tree or Tulip Tree.
Syn,— Hibiscus populneus, Willd,
Vem. — Parsipu, Hind.; Paresh, parash, Bbng.; Pifris, purasa, Tam. ;
Gantcaraya, Tel. ; Bendi, Guz. ; Sureya, Cinch.
A moderate-sized, evergreen tree of the coast forests of India,
Burma, and the Andaman Islands ; planted throughout India.
It yields a deep, red-coloured, and somewhat thick oil. The oil may
be used medicinally in cutaneous affections,
THEVETIA.
Thevetia neriifoliai Linn.^ Apocynaceje,
Exile Oil.
Sjrn. — Cerbera Thevetia. L.
Vem. — LardkunSl, Hind.; Payaungban, BuRM.
An introduced bush, become almost naturalised in Bengal, and com-
mon everywhere, scarcely a garden in the plains of India being without
a few bushes, if not a hedge, of this plant.
It has long, narrow leaves, and is covered all the year through with a
profuse show of large, yellow, pendulous, bell-shaped, sweetly-scented
flowers. The fruit is curiously flattened like a bivalved shell. From the
seed a bright yellow oil has been prepared. Dr. Warden informs me that
he has separated a highly poisonous principle from the seed, but that the
oil is inert and even wholesome.
TRIGONELLA.
Trigonella Foenum-graecum, Zmn., Leguminosje.
Vera, — Methi, Beng., Hind. ; Vendayant, Tam. ; Mentulu, Tel,
Cultivated in many parts of India, wild in Kashmir and the Punjab.
"In the Pharmacographia it is stated that ether extracts from the
pulverised seed 6 per cent, of a foetid fatty oil having a bitter taste.
{Cooke.)
>•
Tuntapoo Oil (Cassia Tora?)
An empyreumatic medicinal substance, known about Masulipatam.
Information and specimens required.
Turnip Seeds. See Brassica campestris, var. Rapa.
ULMUS.
306 Ulmus integrifolia, Roxh.y Urticacje.
Vem. — Papri, khulen, arjdn, raj din, Pb. ; Papar, kanju, Kumaun ; Pa^r»,
dhamna, Mnj, karanji, chilbil. Hind.; Aya, Tam.; Namli, pedda-
nowli-eragu, Tel. ; Myaukseit, Burm.
A large, deciduous tree of the Sub-Himalayan tract from the Bias
eastward. Central and South India, Burma.
An oil is expressed from the seed in Melghat. (Gamble.)
70
Oils and Oil Seeds.
[Part IV.
VIOLA.
UVARIA,
Uvaria Narum, Wall., Anonacejc.
Vcm, — Narum-panel, Mal.
A large, woody climber of the forests of the Western Peninsula and
Central Ceylon.
The roots yield by distillation a sweet-scented, greenish oil, used in
various diseases. This oil is said to be prepared in Malabar. The root
is fragrant and aromatic, and is also used medicinally.
Specimens of this oil, and further information, required.
307
VALERIA.
Valeria indica, Linn., Dipterocarpeje. 308
The Piney Varnish or Indian Copal Tree.
Syn. — V. Malabarica, Blume,
VtCTL-^Pineymaram, dhupmaram, Tam. ; Dupadu, Tel. ; Payani, Mal.
Hal, CiNGH.
A large, evergreen tree with whitish bark, found in the western moist
zone, Western Ghats from Kanara to Travancore, ascending to 4,000 feet.
The seed yields a solid concrete fat, of a whitish or pale yellow
colour, adapted to the manufacture of candles and soap. It is also used
in lamps.
VERNONIA.
Vemonia anthelmintica, Wiild., Compositje. 309
Syn.— Serratula Anthelmintica, Roxb.; Conyza anthelmintica,
Linn.
Vera* — Buckcke, kalieeeorie, Hind. 5 Somraj, Beng. ; Neernoochie, coat'
siragum, Tam. ; Neela-vayalie, adavie-eula-kuru, Tel. ; Kali-reeerie,
Dec 5 Sanni'tiayan, Cingh.
A plant met with in parts of India, especially on the Himalaya.
Lieut. Hawkes states that the seed yields an oil which is never pre-
pared for sale. The oil is probably medicinal.
VIBURNUM.
Viburnum coriaceuniy Bl., Caprifoliacejs.
Vem. — Kola titmaliya, Kumaun ; Bara gorakuri, Nepal.
A large shrub, common on the Himalaya from the Punjab to Bhutan,
altitude 4,000 to 8,000 feet, Khasia hills, Nilgiris and Ceylon.
Gamble says that the Nepalese extract from the seed an oil which
they use for food and for burning.
310
VIOLA.
Viola serpens. Wall, Violaceje.
Vera. — Banafska, Hind.
A small, procumbent, herbaceous plant, found in the Himalaya, alti-
tude 5,000 to 7,000 feet.
Baden-Powell mentions it as an oil-yielding plant.
71
311
Part IV.]
Economic Products of India,
XTLIA.
312
[177]
313
314
VITEX.
Vitex trifoliEi Linn,, Verbenacea.
Vera. ^I^ishinda, Beng. ; Sambhalu, HiND. ; Nirnochi, Tam. ; Vavilli,
Tel, ; Kyaungban, Burm.
A small tree or shrub of Bengal, South India and Burma.
Drury says that a clear, sweet oil of a greenish colour is extracted
from the root. It is supposed that the seed also yields a fatty oil.
Walnut. &tf Juglaas regia.
WORMIA.
Wonnia triquetra, ^<7//3., Dilleniacejc.
Vem.-'Diyapara, Cingh.
A tree found in Ceylon up to 2,000 feet.
The nut yields an oil. (Gamble.)
WRIGHTIA.
Wrightia tomentosay 'Rom, and W. tinctoria, R. Br., Apocynaceje.
Vera* — Vaipallay yennay, Ta M.
Is said to yield a thick, scarlet-coloured, medicinal oil.
There seems to be considerable doubt about this oil, and I am
inclined to think that it is entirely prepared from Holarrhena antidysen-
terica, WalL The seeds of Hokrrhena are linear, oblong, compressed,
concave, tipped with a coma of hairs ; Wrightia has its seeds straight,
compressed tip, narrow-necked coma at the base. See Holarrhena.
315
316
XANTHIUM.
Xanthium strumarium, Linn,^ Compositje.
SyiL— X. INDICUM, Kon,, in Roxb, FL Ind, Ed, C, B C. 660 ; X. Orien-
T ATI? /^
'Venu-^Bun^kra, Beng. ; Skankeshvara, Bom. ; Marlumulta, Tam. ; Veri-
tel-nep, Tel, ; Aristha, Sahs,
A weed, met with everywhere throughout the plams of India, and a
source of great annoyance to the cultivator. Common m waste places,
river-banks and especially so in the vicinity of villages.
Said to yield an oil used in medicine; also burned.
XYLIA.
Xylia dolabriformis, Ben/h., LEouMiNosiE.
The Ironwood Tree of Pegu and Arracan.
Syn.--MlMOSAXYLOCARPA, ^o^ft.
Vera.— ramftw, Hind.j Jamba, Mar. ; Boja, Uriya; Irul, Tam. j Konda,
tangedu, bojeh, Tel. ; Pyinkado, Burm. . ^ ^ , ,. ^
A large; deciduous tree of the Chanda district, South India, Arracan,
^"'rhe's'^eds yield an oil. As this oil seems little known, samples and in-
formation as to extraction and economic uses would be most acceptable.
Government of India Central Printing Office.-No. 2 B. 8.-27-11-83.-500.
INDEX TO VOLUME I
OF THB CATALOOUB OF THB
ECONOMIC PRODUCTS OF INDIA,
EXHIBITED AT THB
Caloitta International Exhibition, XS83-84.
Aadai-otti, 7am., Triumfetta ancoilata, Linn.f TiLiACBiB.
Fibre ;
A41, Nagpore 6f BeraTf Morinda tinctoria, Roxb.^ var. tomentosa, Rubiace^.
Dye ;
Abhra, Sans.f See Mica.
Dye ;
Abfr, ffind.f Beng.^ See Curcuma aromatica, Salisb.y SciTAMiNEiC.
Dye • ;
Abrak, Hind.t See Mica.
Dye ;
Acb, Beiig,. Morinda citrifolia, Linn.f var. citrifolia, Rubiacbje.
Dye ;
Acb, Nepali Croton oblongifolius, Roxb.j EuPHORBiACEiC.
Oil ;
Acha, Tam.f Hardwickia binata, Roxb,^ Leguminosa.
Gum ;
Acba, Hind.i Beng.^ Morinda tinctoria, var. tinctoria, Rubiacea.
Dye ;
Achiir, C, P., Buchanania latifolia, Roxb.y Anacardiacea.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Achhu, Beng.f Morinda crltifolia, Linn.^ var. critifolia, Rubiacea.
Dye ;
Adalap-vitala, TV/., Lepidium sativum, Linn,, Crucifera.
Oil ;
Adamarram, Mal.f Terminalia Catappa, Linn., CoMBRETACEiS.
Dye ; Oil ;
Adam 8 Needle, Eng.^ Yucca gloriosa, Linn., LiLiACEiE.
Fibre ;
Adasara, Tel., Adhatoda Vasica, Nees., Acanthac&s.
Dye ;
Adavie-zulu-Kuru, Tel., Vernonia anthelmintica, WUld., Compositac.
Oil
Adavi-puch-cha, Tel., Cucumis triganus, Roxb., CucuRBiTACBiC,
Oil ;
Adda, Tam., Bauhinia Vahlii, PT. & A., Leguminosa.
Gum ; Fibre ;
Addalay, Tam., Tatropha glandulifera, Roxb., EuPHORBiCEiE.
Dye ; Oil ;
Adhatodai, 7am., Adhatoda Vasica, Nees., Acanthacba.
Dye ;
2 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Adike, Kan,^ Areca Catechu, Linn., Palum.
Gum ;
Adit3ra, Tel.j Helianthus annuus, Linn., Compositjb.
Oil ;
Adivigferanta, Tel., Erythroxylon monogynum, Roxb,, Line^e.
Oil ;
Adoau, Goa, Mimusops Kauki, Linn,, Sapotacbjb.
Oil ;
Adul, , Sarcostigma Kleinii, W, & A,, Olacenba.
Oil ;
Adulasa, Makr., Adhatoda vasica, Nees, Acanthacea.
Dye J
Afsantine-hiiidi, Arab, Artemisia vulgaris, Linn., Composite.
Oils ;
Ag^y Tarn., Chickrassia tabularis, Adr, Juss., MBLiACEiC.
Gum ; Dye ;
Agallocha, En^., Aquilaria Agallocha, Roxb., Thymblaace^.
Gum ;
Ag^ani, N.'W, P., Juniperus recurva, Ham., Conifbr/E.
Gum ;
Ag^) Hind., Aquilaria Agallocha, Roxb., Thymelaac&<c:.
Gum ;
Ag^aru, Beng., Aquilaria Agallocha, Roxb,, Thymel^acea.
Gum ;
Ag^ta, Makr., Sesbania grandiflora. Pets., LBGUMiNOSiS.
Gum ;
Ag^, Tarn,, Sesbania grandiflora, Pers., LEGUMiNOSiC.
Gum ;
Aggall-chandanay Tarn., Aquilaria Agallocha, Roxb., THYMBLiCACBiV.
Gum ; Oil ;
Agfhadi., Bom., Achyranthes aspera, Linn., AMARANTACEiC.
Dye ;
Agflay, Tarn,, Chickra^ia tabularis, Adr, Juss., MELiACEiE«
Gum ; Dye ;
Agnisikha, Tel., Carthamus tinctoria, Linn., Composite.
Dye ; Oil ;
Ag;ru, Tel., Aquilaria Agallocha, Roxb,, Thymel^ace^.
Oil ;
Ahreo, Sind, Lepidium sativum, Linn., Crucifbra.
Oil ;
Aich, Beng., Morinda citrifolia, Linn., var. citrifolia, RuBiACBiE.
Dye ;
Aila, Oudk, Acacia concinna, D,C., Lbguminos^.
Dye ; Tan ;
Aima, Tam,, Buchanania latifolia, Roxb,, Anacardiacb^.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Ain, Mar., Terminalia tomentosa, W. & A., Combrbtacb^.
Gum ; Dye : Tan ;
Aini, Mai., Artocarpus hirsuta, Lamk,, Urticacea.
Gum ;
Aita, Gond, Helicteres Isora, Linn., Sterculiacb^.
Fibre ;
Ajeni, Nepal, Loranthus longiflorus, Dex., Loranthacb^.
Dye ;
Ajhar, Ass,, Lagerstroemia Flos-Reginae, Retg., LYTHRACEiS.
Gum ;
Ajowan, Hind., Carum copticum, Benth,, Umbellifer^.
Oil ;
Ak, Hind., Calotropis gigantea, R. Br., Asclepiadea.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Ak, Hind,, Calotropis procera, R, Br,, AsclepiadRwE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan. ; Fibre.
the Economic Products of India*
Ak, Hind., Beng., Morinda tinctoria, Roxb.yvzx, tinctoria, Rubiacs^
Dye ;
Akaa, Bom.^ Calotropis gigantea, R, Br., Asclepiadeje.
Gum J Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Akadu, Bom.y Sind., Calotropis procera, R. Br., Asclbpiade^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Akalber, Hind., Datisca cannabina, Linn., Datisceje.
Dye ;
Akand, Beng., Calotropis gigantea, R,Br^ AscLEPiADEiC.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Akasbel, Hind., Pb., Cuscuta reflexa, Roxb., CoNVOLVULAGEiS.
Dye ;
Akasavel, Bom., Cuscuta reflexa, Roxb., Convolvulacks.
Dye ;
Akher, Kashmir, Juglans regia, Linn., Juglandea.
Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Akhor, Kashmir, Juglans regia, Linn., Juglande^b.
Dye ; Tan ;
Akhrot, Hind., Bom., Juglans regia, Linn., Juglandea.
Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Akola, Hind., Aleurites moluccana, Willd., Euphorbiacbje.
Gum ; Oil ;
Akoria, N. W. P., Rhus Wallichii, Hook./,, Anacardiacea.
Oil ;
Akra, Bonu, Calotropis gigantea, R. Br,, Asclepiade^.
Tan ; Fibre ;
Akroty Hind., Bom., Aleurites moluccana, Willd,, Eufhorbiacbje.
Gum ; Oil ;
Akrut, Beng., Juglans regia, Linn., Juolamdea.
Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Akjaw, Burm., Aquilaria Agallocba, Roxb,, Thymeujeace.'R,
Gum ; Oil ;
Al, Hind., Morinda citrifolia, Linn., var. citrifolia, Rubiace^.
Dye ;
Alii, Bom.f Morinda citrifolia, Linn., var. citrifolia, Rubiace^.
Dye ;
Al-abada, And., Melochia velutina, Beddome, STBRCULiACBiS.
Fibre ;
Alale, Mysore, Terminalia Chebula, Reist., Combretacea.
Oil ;
Alari, Tam., Nerium odorum, Soland, Apocynaceje.
Oil ;
Alarka, Sans., Calotropis procera, R. Br,, AsclEpiadba.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Alashy Pb,, Cassia Fistula, Linn., Leguminos^.
Gum ; Tan ;
Alasn, Bom., Tel., Linum usitatissimum, Linn., Linejr,
Fibre ; Oil ;
AUl thanda, Beng., Phyllanthus Emblica, Linn., Euphorbiacbac.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Alder, Nepal, Eng., Alnus nepalensis, D. Don., BETULACEiB.
Dye ; Tan ;
Aleverie, Beng., Lepidium sativum, Linn., Crucipbra.
Oil ;
Alexandrian Laurel, Eng., Calopyllum inophyllum, Linn., Guttifbrje.
Oil ;
Algaroba, Eng.^ Prosopis pallida, Kunih., Rosacea.
Tan ;
Alg^oba of Texas, Eng., Prosopis glandulosa, Torr., Lbguminosje.
Gum ;
Algarobilla, Eng., Prosopis pallida, Kunth, Lbguminosa.
Tan
Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Algfusi, Beng.i Cuscuta reflexa, Roxb.t Convolvulacba
Dye ;
All, Pb.^ Cassia Fistula, Zmn., LsGUMiNOSiE^
Gum ; Tan ;
Alish, Kashmir f Linum usitatissimum, Linn.f Linbje.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Alkalis, Eng. The ashes of several plants are used as substitutes.
Dye ;
Alia, Hind.f Girardinia heterophylla, Decaisne^ Urticacba.
Fibre ;
Alla-bat-salta, TeU^ Basella cordifolia, Lam,^ CHENOPODiACEiC.
Dye ;
Allian, Hind,^ Comus macrophylla, WtUl.j Cornacba.
Oil ;
Alli-cheddu, Tel.y Memecylon edule, Roxb,^ Mblastomacb^.
Dye ;
Almond, Eng.^ Prunus amygdalus, BaiUon^ Rosacea.
Grum ; Oil ;
Almond, Indian, Eng.^ Terminalia Catappa, Linn.j Combrbtacba.
Oil
Almond, Java, Eng., Canarium commune, Linn.i Bursbraceae.
Gum ; Oil ;
Aloe, Germ.t Aloe vera, Linn.f Liliacba.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Aloe, American, Eng., Agave americana, Linn.^ Amaryllidba.
Fibre ;
Aloe, Bastard, Eng,i Agave vivipara, Linn.t AMARYLLiDEiC.
Fibre ;
Aloe, Great, Eng., Fourcroya gigantea.
Oil ;
Aloes, Eng., Fr., Aloe vera, Linn., Liliacbjb.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Aloe-wood, Eng., Aquilaria Agallocha, Roxb., Thymelaacb.c
Gum ;
Alshi-virai, Tam., Linum usitatissimum, Linn., Linea.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Alsi, Hind., Linum usitatissimum, Linn., Line a.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Alti) Tam., Hardwickia binata, Roxb., Leguminosac.
Gum ;
Alu, Cingh, Terminalia Chebula, Reist., CoMBRETACEiB.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Alu balu, Pers., Prunus Cerasus, Linn^, Rosacea.
Gum^ ;
Alu-bu-ali, Pers., Prunus Cerasus, Linn., Rosacea.
Gum ;
Alucha, Ph., Prunus communis, Huds., Rosacea.
Gum ; Oil ;
Am, Hind; Beng., Mangifera indica, Linn., Anacardiacea.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Ama, Bom., Mangifera indica, Linn., Anacardiacea.
Gum ; Djre ; Tan ;
Amadum, Tel., Ricinus communis, Linn», Euphorbiacba.
Mordant ; Oil ;
Amalg^ch, Pb., Prunus Puddum, Roxb., Rosacea.
Gum ;
Amaltas, Hind,, Cassia Fistula, Linn,, Leguminosa.
Gum ; Tan ;
Amara, Hind., Spondias mangifera, Pers., Anacardiacea.
Gum ;
Amaravela, Bom., Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Convolvulacea.
Dye
the Economic Products of India.
Amari, Ass.^ Terminalia tomentosa, W. & A.^ Combrbtacea.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Amasnla, Bomb., Garcinia indica, Ckois., Guttifbra.
Oil ;
Amb, Beng., Mangifera indica, Linn., Anacardiacea.
Oil ;
Amba, Makr., Mangifera indica, Linn., Anacardiacb^.
Oil ;
Amba, Hind., Bom., Spondias mangifera, Pers,, Anacardiacba.
Gum ;
Amba, Bom., Mangifera indica, Linn., Anacardiace^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Ambad4, Bom., Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn., Malvacba.
Fibre ;
Ambadi, Bom., Crotalaria juncea, Linn., Leguminos^.
Fibre ;
Ambaly Pb,, Phyllanthus Emblica, Linn., Euphorbiacb^.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Ambarbarees, Arab., Berberis Lycium, Royle., Bbrbbridb^.
Gum ;
Ambarabarisa, (fruit) Berberis aristata.
Dye ;
Ambaree, Dec, Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn., Malvacba.
Oil ;
Ambariy Gdro, Phyllanthus Emblica, Linn., Euphorbiacea.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Ambari, Dec, Hind,, Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn., Malvacea.
Fibre ;
Ambhola, Uriya, Bauhinia racemosa. Lam,, Leguminos^e.
Gum
Ambli, Pb., Phyllanthus Emblica, Linn., Euphorbiacea.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan. ;
Ambliy Hind.t Tamarindus indica, Linn., Leguminosaz.
Griim ; Dye ; Mordant ; Oil ;
Amblu, Pb., Phyllanthus nepalensis, Midi. Arg., EuPHORBiACBiC.
Tan ;
Ambodha, Hind,, Spondias mangifera. Pets,, Anacardiace^.
Grum ;
Ambolatiy Beng., Phyllanthus Emblica, Linn , EuPHORBiACEiC.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan. ;
Amdi, Tel., Ricinus communis, Linn., Euphorbiace^.
Mordant ; Oil ;
Ami, N. W, P., Rhus cortinus, Linn., Anacardiacbac.
Dye ; Tan ;
Amla, Hind,t ^^n^., Phyllanthus Emblica, Linn., Euphorbiace^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Amli, Hind,, Bauhinia malabarica, Roxb^ Leguminosa.
Gum ;
Amli, Hind.9 Tamarindus indica, Linn., Leguminos^.
Gum ; Dye ; Mordant ; Oil ;
Amlika, Hind., Phyllanthus Emblica, Linn., Euphorbiace.^e.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Affllosa, Hind,, Bauhinia malabarica, Roxb., LsGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ;
Amlnki, Ass,, Phyllanthus Emblica, Linn., Euphorbiacba.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Amluki, Beng,, Albizzia stipulata, Boivin., Leguminosac.
Gum ;
Amra, Hind., Beng., Spondias mangifera, P&rs., Anacardiace.e.
Gum ;
Amra, Sans., Mangifera indica, Linn., Anacardiaceje.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Amrai, Pb.^ Ulmus WalHchiana, Planch.^ Urticace^.
Fibre ;
Amrer, Jhelum, Debregeasia bicolar, Wedd.j Urticacea.
Fibre ;
Amiit phal, Kumaun, Citrus medica, Linn,, var. Limetta, RuTACBiE.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Amru, Sans., Mangifera indica, Linn., Anacardiacba.
Oil ;
Amrud, Hind., N. W. P., Psidium Guava, Raddi, Myrtace^.
Dye ; Tan ;
Amrat, Hind., N. W. P., Psidium Guava, Raddi, MYRTACEiE.
Dye ; Tan ;
Amudanda, Pb., Berberis nepalensis, Spreng., BERBERiDEiE.
Dye ;
Amuk, Nepal, Psidium Guava, Raddi, Myrtace^e.
Dye ; Tan ;
Amuki, Nepal, Kandia dumetorum, Lam., RuBiACBiE.
Dye ;
Amulati, Beng,, Phyllanthus Emblica, Linn., Euphorbiacb^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Amut, Pb., Loranthus longiflorus, Dex., LoRANTHACEiE.
Dye ;
Anai-puliya-roy, 7am., Adansonia digitata, Linn., MALVACEiE.
Fibre ;
Ananas, Hind., Ananassa sativa, Linn., BROMELLiACEiE.
Fibre ;
Anander, Jhelum, Pinus longifolia, Roxb., Conifers.
Oil ;
Anar, Hind., Bom., Punica Granatum, Linn., LYTHRACEiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Anaras, Beng., Ananassa sativa, Linn., BROMELiACSiE.
Fibre ;
Anar-kajhar, Dec, Punica Granatum, Linn., LYTHRACEiE.
Gum ;
Andara, Cingh., Dichrostachys cinerea, W. & A,, Lbguminosa.
Gum ;
Andug^, Tel., Boswellia herrata, Colebr., Burseracra.
Gum ;
Anduka, Tel., Boswellia serrata, Colebr,, BuRSERACEiE.
Gum ;
Anemui, 7am., Terminalia tomentosa, W. 6f A., CombretacewE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Aneru, Chenab, Ricinus communis, Linn., EuPHORBiACEiE.
Mordant ; Oil ;
Angharoehindi, Arab, Pers., Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Linn., MALVACEiS.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Anghuzeh-i-Laii, Pers,, Ferula Narthez, Boiss., Umbellifer^.
Gum ;
Ani-kundamani, 7am., Adenanthcra pavonina, Linn., LsGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Oils ;
Anil, Cingh,, Tephrosia tinctoria, Pers., Lbguminos^.
Dye ;
Anise, Star, Eng., lUicium Anisatum, Linn., Magnoliacea.
Oil :
Anise seed, Eng., Pimpinella Anisum, Linn., UMBELLiFERiE.
Oil ;
Anjabar, Pb., Polygonum bistorta, Linn., Polygonace.*:.
Oil ;
Anjabli, 7am., Artocarpus hirsuta, Lamk., URTiCACEiE.
Gum ;
Anjan, Hind., Makr,, Hardwickia binata, Roxb., LEGUMiNOSiS.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
the Economic Products of India.
Anjan, Hind.y Terminalia Arjuna, Bedd,^ Combrbtace^.
Gum ;
Anjan, Bomb.^ Memecylon edule, Roxb.^ MBLASTOMACEiE.
Dye ;
Anjudaiiy /To^Amtr, Ferula alliacea, Boiss., Umbbllifer^.
Gum ;
Askudu, Tel.y Wrightia tinctoria, R. Br., Apocynace^.
Dye ;
Ankudu-kurra, Tel., Uncaria Gambler, Hunter, Rubiacea.
Tan. ;
Ansandra, TeU, Acacia ferruginea, DC, LBGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ;
Ansjeni, Mcd.^ Artocarpus hirsuta, Lamk., Urticacea.
Gum ;
Antawala, Cingh., Sapindus trifoliatus, Linn., Sapindacea.
Oil ;
Ant-grease.
Oil ;
Anti-maduram, Tarn., Glycyrhiza glabra, Linn., Leguminosa.
Dye ;
Antmor4> Beng., Helicteres Isora, Linn., Sterculiacba.
Fibre ;
Anvala, Bom., Mahr^, Phyllanthus Emblica, Linn., EuPHORBiACEiS.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Anzeroot, Arab., Pers,, Astragalus ? sp., Leguminos^.
Gum ;
Aonta, Hind., Phyllanthus Emblica, Linn., EuPHORBiACEiB.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Aor, Pb., Prunus persica, Benth., RosacB/E.
Gum ; Oil ;
Apamarga, Sans., Achyranthes aspera, Linn., Amarantace^.
Dye ;
Ap4ng, Beng., Achyranthes aspera, Linn., Amarantacb^.
Dye ;
Apim, Beng., Papaver somniferum, Linn,, PAPAVERACE-ffi.
Oil ;
Aporave, Greek, Ricinus communis, Linn., EuPHORBiACBiC.
Oil ;
Apple, Custard, Eng., Anona squamosa, Linn., Anonacb^.
Fibre ;
Apricot, Eng., Prunus armeniaca, Linn., Rosacea.
Gum ; Oil ;
Apta, Mahr., Bauhinia racemosa, Lam., LEOUMiNOSiE.
Fibre ;
Apung, Chutia Nagpur, Holostemma Rheedei, Wall,, Asclbpiade^.
Fibre ;
Apurs, Beluchistan, Juniperus excelsa, M. Bieb,, CoNiFERiE.
Gum ;
Arabic, Indian Gum, Eng.^ Acacia arabica, Willd., LsGUMiNOSiS.
Gum ; Dye ;
Aradal, Kan., Garcinia Cambogia, Desrouss., GuTTiFERiE«
Gum ; Dye ;
Aradal, Kan., Garcinia Morella, Desrouss., Guttifbra.
Gum ; Tan. ; Oil ;
Arak, Arab., Salvadora persica, Linn., SALVADORACEiC.
Oil ;
Arakbadi4n, See Foeniculum vulgare, Gaerin., UMBELLiFERiE.
Oil ;
Arand, Hind., Ricinus communis, Linn.f EuphorbiacBwE.
Mordant ; Oil ;
Arang, Berar, Eriolaena Hookedana, W. & A., Stbrculiacbjs.
Fibre :
8 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Arang^, Berar^ Eriolaena spectabilis, Planch.y Stbrculiacb^.
Fibre ;
Arar, Hind., Randea dumetorum, Lam.t Rubiacba.
Dye ;
Arasa, Tam., Ficus religiosa, Linn.y Urticacba.
Gum ; Tan ;
Aravi mamidi, TV/., Spondias mangifera, Pets., Anacardiacba.
Grum ;
Aiawi nim, Tel.^ Atalantia monophylla, Corr.f Rutaca.
OU
Archu, tarai Garhwal, Rheum Emodi, WalL^ Polygonacba.
Dye ;
Areca Nut, Eng.i Areca Catechu, Linn., Palma.
Gum ;
Areka, Tam., Bauhinia racemosa, Lam., Lbguminos^b.
Gum ;
Arendi, Hind., Ricinus communis, Linn., Euphorbiacb^.
Mordant ; Oil ;
All, Tel., Bauhinia racemosa. Lam., LsGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ;
Arihai-ka-bel, Sutlej, Acacia Intsia, Willd., Leguminos^.
Dye ;
Aiing, Raj., Acacia leucophlcea, Willd., Leguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ;
Aiistha, Sans., Xanthium strumarium, Linn., Composite.
Oil
Aijlln, Pb., Ulmus integrifolia, Roxb., URTiCACBiS.
Oil ;
AljUQy Hind., Beng.f Mahr., Terminalia Arjuna, Bedd., CoMBRETACBiS.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Aijunna, Oudh, Croton oblongifolius, Roxb., Euphorbiacb^.
Oil ;
Ark, Htnd., Calotropis gigantea, R. Br., Asclepiadb^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Ark, Safed-, Hind., Calotropis procera, R. Br., AsCLBPiADBiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Arka, Sans, Calotropis gigantea, RMr, Asclbpiadb^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Alkhar, Pb., Rhus semialata, Murray, ANACARDiACEiE.
Oil ;
Alkhar, Pb., Rhus Wallichii, Hooh,f., Anacardiacbjb.
Oil ;
Alkol, Ph., Rhus succedanea, Linn., ANACARDiACEiE.
Gum ; Oil ;
Arkol, Pb., Rhus semialata, Murray, Anacardiacba.
OU ;
Arkol, Pb., Rhus Wallichii, Hook,/., ANACARDiACBiE.
Oil ;
Arlu, Hind., Oroxylum indicum, Benth., BignoniacbjB.
Dye ; Tan ;
Arma, Gond, Anogeissus latifolia, Wall., CoMBRBTACBiE.
Gum ; Dye ;
Amotto, (the seeds of) Bixa Orellana, Linn., Bixinb^e.
Arro, Tel,, Bauhinia racemosa. Lam., Lbguminos^.
Gum ;
Arrodah, And., Chickrassia tabularis, Adr, Juss., MBLiACEiS.
Gum ; Dye j
Artso, Pb., Rheum Emode, Wall., Polygonacbjs.
Dye ;
Aru, Pb., Prunus persica, Benth., Rosacea
Gum Oil ;
the Economic Products of India.
Aru, Mai., Casuarina equisetifolia, Forster, Casuarinace.£«
Gum ; Tan ;
Arosa, ffind.j Adhatoda Vasica, Nees.^ Acanthacbjt.
Dye ;
Anisha, Chittagongt Callicarpa cana, Linn.f Verbbnacba. *
Fibre ;
Aryili, Nepali Edgeworthia Grardneri, Meisn,^ Thyuklmkcrx.,
Fibre ;
Asainda, Hind.^ Ougeinia dalbergiodides, Benth,^ Lbguminosjb.
Gum ;
Asam, Mysore , Tamarindus indica, Linn., Lbguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ; Mordant ; Oil ;
Asan, Hind., Beng., Terminalia tomentosa, W. & A.^ CoMBRBTACBiB.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
As&na. Mahr.f Briedelia montana, Willd.^ Euphorbiacb.s.
Tan ;
Asana, Bom.^ Mahr.f Pterocarpus Marsupium^ Roxb., Lbguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Asbargf, Pb.f Delphinium saniculsefolium, Boiss.^ RANUNCULACBiB.
Dye ;
Asereki, Tel.t Phyllanthus Emblica, Linn., Euphorbiacb^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Asfrak, Pers., Delphinium saniculaefolium, Boiss., Ranunculacba.
Dye ;
Ashatnwa, Beng., Ficus religiosa, Linn., TJrticacba.
Gum ; Tan ;
Ashta, Hind., Bauhinia racemosa, Lam,, Lbguminosjb.
Gum ;
Asl-rai, Hind., Brassica nigra, Koch., Crucifbrs.
Oil ;
Asna, Hind., Terminalia tomentosa, W, & A,, Combrbtacbjs.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Asok, Hind., Polyalthia longifoliai Bentk. & Hook,f., ANONACBiB.
Fibre ;
Asoka, Bom., Polyalthia longifolia, Benth. & Hook,f., Anonacba.
Fibre ;
Asoka, Tel., Polyalthia longifolia, Benth. & Hook,/., Anonacba.
Fibre ;
Asperagf, Pers., Delphinium saniculaefolium, Boiss., RANUNCULACBiE.
Dye ;
Asphota, Sans., Jasminum Sambac, Aiton, Olbacb^.
Oil ;
Aspraka, Bom,, Delphinium saniculaefolium, Boiss., RANUNCULACBiE.
Dye ;
Asreld, Sindi, Tamarix articulata, Vahl., Tamarascineje.
Gum ;
Assain, Hind., Terminalia tomentosa, W. & A., Combretacba.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Assalia, Bom., Lepidium sativum, Linn., CRUciFBRiE.
Oil ;
Aasar, Hind., Oroxylum indicum, Benth., BiGNONiACBiE.
Dve ; Tan ;
Assotni, Tarn., Polyalthia longifolia, Benth. & Hook,/., ANONACEiE.
Fibre ;
Assu, Ph., Eruca sativa, Lam., Crucifbra.
Oil ;
Asia, Hind., Bauhinia racemosa, Lam., LEGUMiNOSiB.
^ Fibre ;
Asnd, Beng., Ficus reigiosa, Linn., URTiCACBiE.
Gum ; Tan ;
Atngach, Ass., Morinda angustifolia, Roxb., Rubiacea.
Dye ;
10 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Asiipala, Bom., Polyalthia longifoiia, Benth. & Hook^f., AnonaceA.
Fibre ;
Asuri, Nepal, Tabernacmontana coronaria, Willd., Apocynacea.
Dye ;
Asvamaxaka/Smns., Nerium odorum, Sdand., Apocynace^.
Oil ;
Aswat, Beng., Ficus religiosa, Lintu, Urticacea.
Gum ; Tan ;
Ata, Beng., Anona squamosa, Linn., ANONACBiB.
Gum ;
Atasd, Tel , Linum usitatissimum, Linn,, Linea.
Fibre' ;
Athiballa-chettu, Tam., Sida rhombifolia, Linn,, Malvacb^.
Fibre ;
Ati, Tam., Bauhinia racemosa, Lam., Leguminos/e.
Gum ;
Atkumah, Arab., Achyranthes aspera, Linn*, AMARANTACEiB.
D^e ;
Atkun, Ass., Wrightia tomentosa, Roem & Scheult, ApocYNACEiS.
Dye ;
Atsu, Pb., Rheum Emodi, Wall., PoLYGONACEiE.
Dye
Atta bar, Beng., Ass., Ficus elastica, Bl,, Urticacea.
Gum ;
Atonete, Tam,, iSschynomene aspera, Linn., Leguminosa.
Fibre ;
Au, Pb., Girardinia heterophylIa» Decaisne, Urticace.£.
Fibre ;
Auch, Hind., Beng., Morinda tinctoria, Roxb., var. tinctoria, Rubiacba.
Dye ;
Auky Nep., Calotropis gigantea, R.Br., Asclepiade^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Aura, Hind., Phyllanthus Emblica, Linn., EuPHORBiACEiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Avalo, Tel,, Brassica nigra, Koch, Crucifer^s.
Oil ;
Avarai, Tam., Cassia auriculata, Linn,, LEGUMiNOSiS.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Avarikei Kan., Cassia auriculata, Linn., Lbguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Avest, Tel., Sesbania grandiflora, Pers., Leguminos^s.
Gum ;
Awe, Hind., Girardinia heterophylla, Decaisne, Urticace^.
Fibre ;
Aya, Tam,, Ulmus integrifolia) Roxb., Urticace^.
Oil ;
Ayma, Tam., Careya arborea, Roxb., MYRTACEiC.
Gum ;
Ayni, Tam., Artocarpus hirsuta, Lamk,, Urticacb^.
Gum :
Bab, N. W. P., Eriophorum comosum, Wall., Cyperace-*.
Fibre ;
Babaii, C. P., Ocimum sanctum, var. sanctum, LABiATiC.
Oil ;
Bab-basant, Pb., Linum strictum, Linn., Line^.
Oil ;
Babbur, Sind., Acacia arabica, Willd., Leguminos^.
Dye ;
the Economic Products of India, ii
Babela, Pers.y Terminalia belerica, Rosch,^ CoMBRETACEiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Babila, N. W. P., Eriophorum comosum, Wall., CvPERACEiE.
Fibre ;
Babla, Beng., Acacia arabica, Willd., Lkguminos^.
Gum ; Dye ;
Baboi tulsi, Beng., Ocimum Basilicnm, Linn., Labiate.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Babra, Dec.,, Terminalia belerica, Roxb., CoMBRETACEiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Babui, Beng.i Hind., Ocimum Basilicum, Linn., Labiates:.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Babui ghas, Beng., Ocimum Basilicum, Linn., Labiate.
Fibre ; Oil ; •
Babui-tuisi, Beng., Hind., Ocimum Basilicum, Linn,, var. pilosum, Benth.,
Labiate. Fibre ; Oil ;
Babul, Hind., Acacia arabica, Willd., LEGUMiNoSiC.
Gum ; Tan ; Dye ;
Babul, Dec, Pithecolobium 6}i\ce, Benth., LEGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ;
Babul-Aas, (berry) Bom., Myrtus communis, Linn., MYRTACEiE.
Oil ;
Babun-phul, Beng., Hind., Matricaria Chamomila, Linn., Composite.
Oil ;
Bach, Beng., Hind., Acorus Calamus, Linn., Aroide^.
Oil
Bach, Beng., Curcuma Zerumbet, Roscoe (non-Roxb.), SciTAMiNE-ffi.
Dye J
Bach, Mahaburi, Beng., Curcuma Zerumbet, Roscoe {non-Roxb.), Scitami-
NEiE. Dye ;
Bacha, Bom., Salix tetrasperma, Roxb., Salicine^e.
Tan ;
Bad, A^. W. P., Andropogon laniger, Desf., Gram in B^.
Fibre ;
Bada, Pb., Salix babylonica, Linn., SALiciNEiE.
Fibre ;
Badam, Beng., Prunus amygdalus, Baillon., Rosacea.
Gum ; Oil ;
Badam, Beng., Terminalia Catappa, Linn., CoMBRETACEiE.
Dye ; Oil ;
Badam Bhatia, Him. name, Corylus Columa, Linn., Cupulifbrje.
Oil
Badam, Jangli, Hind., Sterculia foetida, Linn, Sterculiacb^.
Oil ;
Badam, Jangli, Hind., Canarium commune, Linn., Burserace^e.
Oil ;
Badar, Afg., Taxus baccata, Linn., Conifers.
Gum ; Dye ;
B4dar, Him. name, Abies Webbiana, Lindl., Conifers.
Gum ; Dye ;
Badiankhatai (fruit) Bom., Illicium anisatum, Linn., MAGNOLiACEiB.
Oil ;
Badfdapu-chettu, Tel., Erythrina indica. Lam., LEGUMiNOSiB.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Badu manu, C. P., Sponia orientalis. Planch,, ANACARDiACEiE.
Gum ; Fibre ;
Bael, Eng,, iEgle Marmelos, Corr., Rutace^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Baer, Hind,, Zizyphus Jujuba, Lamk., Rhamne^.
Gum ;
Baga, Tam., Acacia Catechu, Willd., LsGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
1 2 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Bag^ftpdhup, Kan,^ Ailanthus malabarica, DC.y SiMARUBEiC.
Gum ;
Bag^-bherenda, Hind,^ Jatropha Curcas, Linn.^ Euphorbiacb.c
Gum ; Oil ;
B4hav&, Mahr.y Ca:>sia Fistula, Linn,^ Leguminosa.
Gum ;
Baliera, Hind., Beng,^ Terminalia belerica, Hoxb., CoMBRBTACSiC.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Bahul, Hind., Grewia oppositifolia, Roxb., Tiliace^.
Fibre ;
Baiy Beluchi, Balsamodendron pubescens, Stocks., BuRSERACEiC.
Gum ;
Baikal gfaja chinni, C.P., Celastrus senegalensis, Lam., CsLASTRiNBiE.
Oil ;
Bainchi, Beng., Carissa Carandas, Linn., Apocynacea.
Dye ; Tan ;
Baishi, Hind., Salix tetrasperma, Roxb., Salicinea.
Tan ;
Bajia, P6., Penicillaria spicata, Wtlld,, GRAMiNEiS.
, Dye ;
Bajir, Pb., Polygonum bistorta, Linn., PoLYGONACEiE.
Oil ;
Bakain, Hind., Melia Azedarach, Linn., MELiACEiC.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Bakainu, Nepal., Melia Azedarach, Linn., Meliacea.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Bakalwa, Hind., Phyllanthus nepalensis, Midi. Arg., EuPHORBiACBiE.
Tan ;
Bakam, Hind., Gua., Beng., Caesalpinia Sappan, Linn., Leguminosa.
Dye ;
Bakamu, Tel., Caesalpinia Sappan, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiS.
Dye ;
Bakapu. Tel., Caesalpinia Sappan, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiE.
Dye ;
Bakarja, Hind., Melia Azedarach, Linn., MELiACEiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Biikas, Beng., Adhatoda Vasica, Nees., AcANTHACEiB.
Dye ;
Bakliyan, Hind., Melia Azedarach, Linn., MBLiACEiS.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Bakkiamela, Pb., Rhus semialata, Murray, ANACARDiACEiB.
9il
Bakli, Hind., Lagerstroemia parviflora, Roxb., LvTHRACEiG.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Bakli, Hind., Anogeissus latifolia. Wall., CoMBRETACEiC.
Gum ; Dye ;
Bakmo, Uriya, Csesalpinia Sappan, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiE.
Dye ;
Balcra, N. W. P., Elaeodendron glaucum, Pers., CELASTRiNEiB.
Gum ;
Bakre-lara, Paharia, Hedyotis capitellata. Wall., RuBiACBiB.
Dye ;
Bakul, Beng., Mimusops Elengi, Linn., SAPOTACBiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Bakuli, Bom., Mimusops Elengi, Linn , SAPOTACEiB.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Bala, Beng., Sida cordifolia, Linn., MALVACBiE.
Fibre ;
Bilachara, Bom., Nardostachys Jatamansi, DC, Valbrianaceje.
Oil ;
Balai, Kan., Diospyros melanoxylon, Roxb., EBBNACBiE.
Gum ;
the Economic Products of India. 13
B&lchiar, Hind,^ Nardostachys Jatamansi, DC, Valbrianacb^.
Oil ;
Balda, Dec.y Terminalia belerica, Roxb., Combretacea.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Balesan, Arab., Hind.j Balbamodendron Opobalsamum, Kunik., Bursbr-
ACEM. Gum ;
Balku, Beng.y Bambusa BalCooa, Roxb., Graminba.
Fibre ;
Bally Tree, Eng,, Mimusops manilkara, Don., Sapotacba.
Gum ;
Balsamocarpon, Eng., Prosopis pallida, Kunih., Lbguminosa.
Dye ;
Balut, Afg,, Quercus Ilex, Linn,, CuPULiFBRiS.
Tan ;
Bamboo, Eng,, Melocanna bambusoides, Tfint., Graminea.
Fibre ;
Bamboo, Eng., Bambusa arundinacea, Reta., Graminba.
Fibre ;
Bamboo, Himalayan, Eng., Arun dinar ia falcata, Nees,, Graminb^b.
Fibre ;
Bamsutu, Kashmir, Cydonia vulgaris, Town., Rosacea.
Oil ;
Bamtsunt, Kashmir, Cydonia vulgaris, Tourn., RosACEiS.
Oil ;
Bamya, Arab., Pers., Hibiscus esculentus, Linn., Malvaceae.
Fibre ;
Ban, Hind., Zizyphus vulgaris, Lamk., RHAMNEiE.
Gum ;
Ban, Arab., Melia Azedarach, Linn., MELiACEiB.
Gum ; Dye ;
Ban, Pb., Quercus Ilex, Linn., Cupulifera.
Tan ;
Ban, N. W. P., Andropogon laniger, Desf., GRAMiNEiB.
Fibre ;
Banafsha, Hind., Viola serpens, WalU, Violacea.
Oil ;
Banana, Eng., Musa sapientum, Linn., MusACEiB.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Banbwe, Burm,, Careya arborea, Roxb., Myrtacea.
Gum ;
Banda, C. P., Loranthus longiflorus, Dex., LoRANTHACEiE.
Tan ;
Bandara, Tel., Hymenodictyon excelsum. Wall., RuBiACEiG.
Tan ;
Bandarlatiy Beng., Cassia Fistula, Linn., LEGUMiNoSiC.
Gum ; Tan ;
Bander siris, Nepal, Dalbergia lanceolaria, Linn., Leguminosa.
Oil ;
Ban-dheras, Beng., Hibiscus iiculneus, Linn., MALVACEiB.
Fibre ;
Bandhona, Uriya, Ougeinia dalbergioides, Benth,, LEGUMiNOSiC.
Gum ;
Bandi g^rivenda, rw., Adenanthera pavonina, Zi»»., Lbguminos^.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Bandolat, Cachar, Cassia Fistula, Linn., LsGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ; Tan ;
Bandriphal, Nepal, Amoora Rohituka, W. & A., Mbliace^e.
Oil ;
Bane, Trans-Indus, Periploca aphylla, Decaisne, AscLEPiADEiE.
Fibre
Bangali badam, Bom., Terminalia Catappa, Linn., CoMBRBTACBiE.
Oil ;
14 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Bangpra, Beng., Wedelia calendulacea, Less., Composit^e.
Dye ;
Banharia, Hind., Sponia politoria, Planch., URTiCACBiE.
Fibre ;
Banjere, Pb., Ocimum gratissimum, Linn., Labiate.
Oil^ ;
Bankati, Hind., Indigofera atropurpurea, Ham., LsGUMiNOSiE.
Fibre ;
Ban ludar, Pb., Him. name, Abies Smithiana, Forbes, Conifer^e.
Gum ;
Banpalu, Him. name, Corylus Colurna, Linn., Cupulifer£.
Oil ;
Ban-patol, Beng.^ Trichosanthes cucumerina, Linn., CucusBiTAcSiE.
Gum ;
Banrajy Beng,, Bauhinia racemosa. Lam,, LsGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ;
Ban-rithil, Beng., Acacia concinna, DC, Leguminosa.
Dye ; Tan ;
Baas, Beng., Bambusa arundinacea, Reig., Graminb.£.
Fibre
Bans, Hind., Dendrocalamus Hamiltonii, Nees., Graminba.
Fibre ;
Bans, Hind., Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees., Graminea.
Fibre ;
Bans kaban, Hind., Dendrocalamus Hamiltonii, Nees., GRAMiNSiS.
Fibre
Bans kaban, Hind., Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees,, Graminea.
Fibre ;
Bans khurd, Hind., Dendrocalamus Hamiltonii, Nees,, Gramine^b.
Fibre ;
Bansu, Chenab, Jasminum officinale, Linn., Oh^KCKM.
Oil ;
Bantaman, Pb., Sponia politoria, Planck., Urticace^.
Fibre ;
Bantil, Pb., Impatiens Balsamina, Linn., GERAMACEiB.
Dye ;
Bantil, Pb,, Impatiens Edgeworthii, Hook., GBRANiACEiE.
Oil ;
Baobab tree, Eng., Adansonia digitata, Linn., Malvacea.
Fibre ;
Bar, Beng., Ficus elastica, Bl,, UsTiCACBiE.
Gum ;
Bara, Nepal, Quercus pachyphylla, Kurs., CupulifBr^.
Dye ; Tan ;
Bara baluka, Ass., Bambusa Balcoora, Roxb., Gramine^.
Fibre ;
Bara flawar. Ass., Caryota urens, Linn., Palm^
Fibre ;
Bara gorakuri, Nepal., Viburnum coriacum, BL, Capri FOLiACSiG.
Oil ;
Bara mai. Hind,, Tamarix Galls, see Galls.
D:jre ;
Bara ntha, Beng,, Sapindus trifoliatus, Vahl., SAPiNDACBiE.
Gum ; Oil ;
Barasakipura, Bom., Dryobalanops Camphora, Colebr,, DiPTEROCARPBiB.
Oil ;
Bara salpan, (a^ «» Roxb.) Beng. and Hind., Flemingia congesta, Roxb,,
Leguminos^. Dye ;
Baras camphor, Bom., Dryobalanops Camphora, Colebr., DiPTEROCARPBiB.
Oil ;
Barbari, Nepal., Beaumontta grandiflora, Wall., Apocynacea.
Fibre :
the Economic Products of India. 15
Barber, Eng.^ Berberis aristata, DC.^ Bbrberidb^.
Dye ; Tan ;
Barhal, Hind,^ Artocarpus Lakoocha, Roxh,y Urticacejs.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Barial, Hind., Bauhinia acuminata, Linn.f Lbquminosal
Oil ;
Barik-tel, (seeds) Dec, Sesamum indicum, Linn., Pbdalinea.
Oil ;
Bari-m^in, Hind., Sind., Tamarix articulata, Vahl., T. digca, Roxb.,
T. gallica, Linn., Tamariscine^. Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Barma, Kashmir, Taxus baccata, Linn., CoNiFBRiE.
Gum ; Dye ;
Barmao, Kumaun, Phyllanthus nepalensis, Midi. Arg., Euphorbiacejs.
Tan ;
Barsanga, Beng., Murraya Koenigii, Spr., Rutacb^.
Oil ;
Barranga, C.P., Kydia calycina, Roxb., Malvacba.
Fibre ;
Barrarra, Trans-Indus, Periploca aphylla, Decaisne., AsCLEPiAoBi^.
Fibre ; . . .
Bartandi, Bom., Morinda citrifolia, Linn., Var. critifolia, RuBiAca£.
Dye ;
Bartu, Pb., Hymenodictyon excelsum. Wall., RuBiACEiE.
Tan ;
Baron, Beng., Cratseva religiosa, Forst., Capparidba.
Dye ;
Barzad, Pers., Ferula Galbaniflua, Boiss., Umbbllifbra.
Gum ;
BaS, Bom., Dendrocallimus Hamiltonii, Nees., Graminb^.
Fibre ;
Bas, Bom., Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees., Gramine^.
Fibre ;
Basant, Pb., Linum striatum, Linn., LiNBiC.
Oil
Basanti, N. W. P., (color of) Cedrela Toona, Roxb., Meliace^.
Gum ; Dye ;
Bashal, Pb., Salix daphnoides, Vill., SALiciNEiB.
Fibre ;
Basil, Common, Eng., Ocimum Basilicum, Linn., Labiat^e.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Basil, Sweet, Er^., Ocimum Basilicum, Linn., var. Anisatum, Benth.^
Labiate. Fibre ; Oil ;
Basna, Hind., Sesbania grandiHora, Pers,, Lbguminos^.
Gum ;
Bast fibre, Er^., Tilia europaea, Linn, TiLiACBiE.
Fibre ;
Batavi nebu, Beng., Citrus decumana^ Willd., Rutacba.
Gum ;
Batia, Jhelum, Chenab, Periploca aphyila, Decaisne., Asclbpiadejc.
Fibre ;
Batia-rungf, Beng., Peristrophe tinctoria, Nees., AcANTUACBiE.
Dye ;
Batta, Tel., Barringtonia acutang^la, Gaertn., Myrtacbje.
Tan ;
Bata, Hind., Sponia politoria, Planch., URTiCACBiE.
Fibre ;
Batwasi, Nepal., Flemingia congesta, Roxb., LEGUMiNOSiE.
Dye ;
Bavanchi, Dec, Psoralea corylifolia, Linn., Lbguminosje.
Oil ;
Bawarae, Caro., Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn.f., Anacardiacb^.
Gum ; Dye ;
1 6 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Baxlhoa, Pb.^ Hymenodictyon excelsum, WtUL^ Rubiacbje.
Tan ;
Bayi, Beluchi., Balsamodendron pubescens, Stocks.^ Bursbracb^s.
Gum ;
Bayr-bunja, Sind.f Datisca cannabina» Linn., Datiscb^.
Dye ;
Bead TreCi Eng., Melia Azedarach, Linn., Mbliacba.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Bed, Hind., Salix tetrasperma, Roxb., Salicinba.
Tan ;
Bed, Pb., Salix daphnoides, Vill., Salicinba.
Fibre ;
Bed, Pb., Salix babylonica, Linn., Salicine^.
Fibre ;
Bed, Pers., Calamus Rotang, Linn., Palma.
Fibre ;
Beefwood of Australia, j?»^., Casuarina equisetf olia, Forster, Casuarina<
CEiB. Gum ; Tan ;
Beg^pura, Beng., Citrus medica, Linn., var. medica, Rutacbjs.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Behara, Hind., Terminalia belerica, Roxb., Combrbtacejb.
Gum ; Oil ;
Beheda, Afahr., Terminalia belerica, Roxb., Combretacb^.
Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Behra, C. P., Chloroxylon Swietenia, Adr, ^Puss., Meliacbjc.
Gum ;
Beis, Pb., Salix tetrasperma, Roxb., Salicine-s.
Tan ; .
Bejalu, Kan., Anogeissus latifolia, Wall., Combretac&s.
Gum ; Dye ;
Bejaurai Hind , Citrus medica, Linn., Rutacbjb.
Gum ; Tan ;
Bekkra, Hind., Prinsepia utilis, Royle, Rosacea.
Oil ;
Beklingf, Kanawar, Prinsepia utilis, Royle, Rosacea.
Oil ;
Bel, Hind., Seng., Bom., iEgle Marmelos, Corr., Rutacb^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Bel, Hind., Beng., Jasminum officinale, Aiion., Oleacba.
Oil ;
Belanri, Pb., Polygonum bistorta, Linn., Polygonacba.
Oil ;
Beleyleh, Pers., Terminalia belerica, Roxb., Combretacea.
Gum ; Oil ;
Bel fruit, Eng., ^Egle Marmelos, Corr., RuTACBiB.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Bellaip-polaxn, Tam., Balsamodendron Myrrha, Nees., BuRSERACBiB.
Gum ;
Belutta-champag^am, Mai., Mesua ferrea, Linn., GuiriFBRiB.
Oil ;
Betaada, And., Albezzia Lebbek, Benth., Leguminosa.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Ben Burm., Amomum Subulatum, Roxb., Scitaminba.
Oil ;
Ben-dheuras, Beng., Hibiscus ficulneus, Linn., Malvacba.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Bendi, Gug., Thespesia populnea, Corr., Malvacba.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ; Oil ;
Beu^ba, Kan., Albizzia Lebbek, Benth., Leguminosa.
Gum ; Tan ;
Benne-oil, Fr., Sesamum indicum, Linn., Pedalinba.
Oil :
the Economic Products of India, 17
Bent, Hind^t Salix tetrasperma, Roxh.^ Salicinb^.
Tan ;
Bentha, Mim, name, Junipenis communis, Linn,, Conifesji.
Gum ;
Benzoin see Styrax Benzoni.
Oil ;
Benzoin, Gum, Styrax Benzoin, Dryand., Styracea.
Gum ;
Ber, ffind.f Beng,y Zizyphus Jujuba, Lamk,, Rhamnejb.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Ber, N. Wm P., Zizyphus nummulariai W. & A,^ Rhamnbjs.
Gum ;
Berase of Soda, see Borax.
Dye ;
Berela, Beng.^ Sida cordifolia, Linn.^ Malvacba.
Fibre ;
Beria, W. Tibett Populus balsamifera, Linn.j Salacinba.
Grum ;
Beri, Hind,t Zizyphus xylopyra, Willd., Rhamnba.
Tan ;
Berkung, Lepcka^ Eriobotrya bengalensis, Hook^ft^ RosAcr v.
Dye ;
Bet, Beng, f Peristrophe tinctoria, Nees.y Acanthacbjr.
Dye ;
Bet, Beng,^ Hind.., Calamus Rotang, Linn,, Palm a.
Filjlfe ;
Bet^, JiTtf matfft, Melia Azadirachta, Linn,, Mbliac? it
Gum ;
Betamu, Tel., Calamus Rotang, Linn., Palm^b.
'>ibre ;
dn, Hind., Melia Azedarach Linn., Mbliacba.
^ Gum ; Dye ;; Oil ;
xJ3etar, Him. name, Juniperus communis, Linn,, CoNiFBRiB.
\
Gum
Betel Palm, Eng,, Areca Catechu, Linn,, Palmjb.
Gum ;
Betsa, Pb., alix daphnoides. Will., Salicinba.
Fibre ;
Bettar, Pb,, Juniperus recurva. Ham., Conifbrjb.
Gum ;
Bettir, N, W. P,, Juniperus recurva. Ham., Conifbrje.
Gum ;
Betula, or Birch, Eng., Betula alba, L., Cupuliferjb.
Oil ;
Betwa, Cachar, Bambusa Balcooa, Roxb., Graminea.
Fibre ;
Bevijin, Burm., Banhinia racemosa. Lam., Lbguminos^.
Fibre ;
Beymada, And., Albizzia Lebbek, Benth., Leguminos^.
Gum ; Tan ;
Bhilbar, N. W. P., Eriophorum comosum. Wall,, CvPERACBiB.
Fibre ;
Bhagmili, Nepal., Rhus semialata, Murray., ANACARDiACEiE.
Oil ;
Bhal-koi, Bom., Sterculia colorata, Roxb., STSRCULiACEiE.
Fibre ;
Bhains, N, W, P., Salix Wallichiana, And.. SALiciNBiE.
Fibre ;
Bhaira, Hind., Terminalia belerica, Roxb., Combbbtacejb.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Bhakti-chettu, Tel., Helianthus annuus, Linn., Compositje.
Oil :
1 8 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Bhalai, Nepal, Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn.,/.^ ANACARDiACEifE.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Bhillaio, Nepali Rhus WalHchii, Hooh.^f.^ Anacardiacea.
Oil ;
Bhalen, Hind.^ Hymenodictyon excelsum, WalL^ Rubiacea.
Tan ;
Bhalia, (as in Gamble) Beng.^ Hind., Flemingia congesta, Roxb., Legu-
MINOS A. Dye ;
Bhalia, Hind., Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn.,/., ANACARDiACEiB.
Gum ; Dye ;
Bhaliun, N. W. P., Rhus Wallichii, Hook.,/., Anacardiacb^.
Oil ;
Bhallla, Uriya, Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn.,/., ANACARDrACSA.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Bhamlna, Hind., Hymenodictyon excelsum, Wall., Rubiacba.
Tan ;
Bhan, Pb., Rhus Cotinus, Linn., Anacardiacea.
Dye ; Tan ;
Bhana, P6., (root of) Geranium nepalense, Sweet., Gbraniacba.
Dye ;
Bhan^, Hind., Beng., Bom., Tarn., Cannabis sativa, Linn., Urticacba.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Bhangf-jaU, Pb., Datisca cannabina, Linn., Datiscea.
Dye ;
Bhangli, N. W. P., Salix Walhchiana, And., Salicinea.
Fibre ;
Bhanjiriy Perilla ocimoides, Linn., Labiates.
Oil ;
Bhilnr^, Hind., Wedelia calendulacea, Less., Composite.
Dye ;
Bhara, Beng., Rhizophora mucronata, Lamk., Rhizophorba.
Tan ;
Bhara bar, (root of) Morinda citrifolia, Linn., RuBiACEiE.
Dye ;
BharbhiUid, Hind., Argemone mexicana, Linn., Papaverace^.
Oil ;
Bhat, Hind., Glycine Soja, Lieb., Lbguminosa.
Oil ;
Bhiltavania, Bom., Crataeva religiosa, Forsi., Capparidba.
Dye ;
Bhat kateya, Pb., Argemone mexicana, Linn.^ Papavbraceji.
Gum ;
Bhatnig^gi, Pb., Wikstromia virgata, Meisn., THYMBLiEACBiE.
Fibre ;
Bhatwan, Hind., Glycine Soja, Lieb., LBGUMiNosiE.
Oil ;
Bhaulan, Hind., Hymenodictyon excelsum, Wall., Rubiacea.
Tan ;
Bhauri, Beng., Symplocos theaefolia, Ham., SrvRACBiE.
Dye ;
Bhedaj^, N. W, P., Juniperus recurva. Ham., Conifers.
Gum ;
Bhekai, Hind., Prinsepia utilis, Royle., RosACBiS.
Oil ;
Bhela, Beng,, Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn., Anacardiacb^.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Bhelatukiy Beng,, Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn., Anacardiace^.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Bhenda, Hind., Hibiscus Abelmoschus, Linn., Malvaceae.
Fibre ;
Bhenda, Mahr., Hibiscus esculentus, Linn., Malvaceae.
Fibie :
the Economic Products of India. 19
Bhendi, Tam.y Hibiscus esculentus, Linn., MALVACEiE.
Fibre ;
Bhendi, Mahr., Thespesia populnea, Corr., MALVACBiB.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Bhendu, Hind., Helicteres Isora, Linn., STBRCULiACEiG.
Fibre ;
Bhengal, Hind., Grewia oppositifolia, Roxb., TiLiACEiC.
Fibre ;
Bheniva, Hind., Grewia oppositifolia, Roxb., Tiliacba.
Fibre
Bherda, Mahr,^ Terminalia belerica, Roxb., COMBRBTACEiS.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Bherl^ Mada, Mahr., Caryota urens, Linn,, Falmm,
Fibre ;
Bherunda, Beng,, Ricinus communis, Linn., Euphorbiacea.
Oil ;
Bhes, Hind., Acacia latronum, Willd., LfiGUMlNOSiB.
Fibre ;
Bhesh, Garo, Salix tetrasperma, Roxb., Sklxcxhkx.
Tan ;
Bheyla, Hind., Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn , ANACARDiACEiB.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Bhi, Ass., Salix tetrasperma, Roxb., SalicineAC.
Tan ; Fibre ;
Bhilavan, Dec, Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn.,f. ANACARDiACEiC.
Gum ; Tan ;
Bhilawa, Htnd., Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn., Anacakdiace^
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Bhimal, Hind., Grewia oppositifolia, Roxb., Tiliacb^.
Fibre ;
Bhimaseni kapura, Bom., Dryobalanups Camphora, Colebr., Diptfrocar-
PE-fi. Oil ;
Bhindi, Hind., Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn., MALVACEiG.
Fibre ;
Bhohar, Hind., Hymenodictyon excelsum, Wall., Rubiace^e.
Tan ;
Bhojpatra, Bom., Betula Bhoipattra, Wall., CuPULiFERiC.
Fibre ;
Bhokar, Hind., Cordia Myxa, Linn., BoRAGiNEiE.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Bhokara, Mahr., Cordia Myxa, Linn., BoRAGiNEiE.
Dye ;
Bholia, Hind., Symplocos spicata, Roxb., SxYRACEiE.
Dye ;
Bhonder, Gond., Eriola&na Hookeriana, W. & A., SxERCULiACEiB.
Fibre ;
Bhonder, Gond., Eriolsena spectabilis, Planch., Sterculiace^.
Fibre ;
Bhor, Mar., Zizyphus Jujuba, Lam., RnAMNEiG.
Dye ; Tan ;
Bhorgoti, Mahr., Zizyphus xylopyra, Willd., Rhamne^e.
Tan ;
Bhotia badam, Him. name, Corylus Colurna, Linn., CuPULiFERiE.
Oil ;
Bhoti, C.P., Kydia calycina, Roxb., Malvace^.
Fibre ;
Bhuishenga, 5ow., Arachis hypogcea, Linn,, LEOUMiNOSiE.
Oil ;
Bhujpattra, Hind., Betula Bhojpattra, Wall., CuPULiFERiK.
Fibre ;
Bhunja, Kumaun, Benincasa cerifera, Savi., CucuRBiTACEiC.
Oil :
20 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Bharbhur, N, W, P., Cnicus arvensis, Hoffm,^ Compositjb.
Oil ;
Bhurkar, Hind.^ Hymenodictyon excelsum, Wtdl^ Rubiacb^.
Tan ;
Bhur-kiiii, Bom,^ Wrightia tinctoria, R. Br.^ Apocynacba.
Dye ;
Bhutan kusam, Tel.t Croton oblongifolius, Roxb.^ Euphorbiacea.
Oil ;
Bhut&p&Ul) Mahr,, Elaeodendron glaucum, Pers., Cblastrinea.
Gum ;
Bhyratti, see Gossypium herbaceum, L, var. herbaceum Malvacka.
Fibre ;
BibaUL, Bom.f Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxb., Lbguminos.£.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Bibt>a, Mahr,f Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn,, /., Anacardiacb^.
Dye
Bich-tarak, Beng,, Hind., Argyreia speciosa, Sweet., Convolvulacb^.
Oil ;
Bichua, Hind., Girardinia heterophylla, Decaisne, Urticacbjb.
Fibre ;
Bid^i, Pb., Salix daphnoides Vill., Salicinba.
Fibre ;
Bihi, Hind., Cydonia vulgaris, Tourn., Rosacea.
Oil ;
Bihii, C. P; Chloroxylon Swietenia, Adr. yuss.^ Mbliacbjb.
Gum ;
Bija, Hind., Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxb,, Lbguminosjb.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Bijapiira, Bom., Citrus medica, Linn., Rutacbx.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Bijasal, Hind., Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxb., Lbguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Bijasar, Hind., Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxb., Leguminosjb.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Bijaura, Hind., Citrus medica, Linn., var. medica, Rutacba.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Bijband, Hind., Sida cordifolia, Linn., Malvacba.
Fibre ;
Bijori, Bom., Citrus medica, Linn., Rutacea.
Gum ; Tan ;
Bij-palak, Pb., Spinacia oleracea, Mill., CHBNOPODiACEiC.
Oil ;
Bila, Hind., Crataeva religiosa, Forsi., CAPPARiDEiE.
Dye ;
Biladur, Pets., Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn.,f., Anacardiacba.
Gum ; Dye ;
Bilapatri, Kan., M^e Marmelos, Corr., Rutacea.
Gum ;
Bilisi, Hind., Cratseva religiosa, Forst., Capparidea.
Dye ;
Bill jail, Kan., Acacia leucophlcea, Willd., Lbguminosjb.
Dye ;
Bilin, Hind,, Feronia Elephantum, Corr,, Rutacejs.
Gum ; Oil ;
Billi matti, Mysore, Terminalia Arjuna, Bedd., Combretacea.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Billu, Tel,, Chloroxylon Swietenia, DC, Meliacbje.
Gum ;
Bilsa, Oudh, Salix tetrasperma, Roxb., Salicine^e.
Tan ;
Bilva-pandu, Tel., Mg\e Marmelos, Corr., Rutacba.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
the Economic Products of India. 21
Bina, Beng,^ Avicennia officinalis, Linn., Vbrbbnacea.
Tan ;
Bine, ICan.j Corypha umbracalifera, Linn., Palmm,
Fibre
Bim-kaya, Tel.t Luff a acutangula, Roxb,t Cucurbitacba^
Oil ;
BinuBa-dandu, Tam.f Argemone mezicana, Linn,^ Papavbracb^.
Oil ;
Birch, Eng.i Betula alba, £., CupULiFBRiE.
Oil
Bireez, Pers.j Ferula Galbaniflua, Boiss., Umbbllifbrjb.
Gum ;
Bins!, Kashmir^ Taxus baccata, Linn,t Conifers.
Grum ; Dye ;
Bis, P6., Salix tetrasperma, Roxb.y Salicinba.
Tan ,
Bisa, Pb.^ Salix babylonica, Linn.^ Salicinba.
Fibre ;
BlsDIigf, Pb.t Adiantum Cappilus Veneris, Linn,^ Filicbs.
Oil ;
Bish, Beng,f Melocanna bambusoides, Trim,^ Graminba.
Fibre ;
Bishop's weed. True, Eng.t Carum copticum, Benth.^ Umbellifbrjs.
Oil
Bisjang, Ass.^ Canarium bengalense, Roxb,^ Bursbracea
Gum ;
Bisltobf, Hind., Cucumis trigonus, Roxb.^ CucuRBiTACSiE.
Oil ;
Bithua, Hind., Dalbergia lanceolaria, Linn,, Lbguminosa
Oil ;
Bitsa, Pb,, Salix tetrasperma, Roxb,, Salicinb^.
Tan ;
Biul, Hind., Grrewia oppositifolia, Roxb., Tiliacea.
Fibre ;
Biungf, Hind., Grewia oppositifolia, Roxb,, Tiliacba.
Fibre ;
Blackwood of S. India, Eng,, Dalbergia latifolia, Roxb., Lbguminosje.
Oil ;^
Boddanui kaia, Tel^ Cucumis trigonus , Roxb,, Cucurbitaceje.
Oil ;
Bodula, Hind,, Sterculia colorata, Roxb,, Stbrculiacba.
Fibre ;
Boga, see Gossypium herbaceum, L, var. Herbaceum, Malvacbje.
Fibre ;
Boga ponu^ Ass., Chickrassia tabularis, Adr^ Juss., Meliacbjb.
Gum ; Dye ;
Bogi-vitulu, Tel., Psorelia corylifolia, Linn , Lbguminosa.
Oil ;
Bohari, Beng,, Cordia Myxa, Linn., Boraginb^.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Bohera, Beng,, Terminalia belerica, Roxb,, Combrbtacejb.
Gum ; Oil ;
Bohl, Beng., Mahr,, Mimusops EUengi, Linn,, Sapotacbjs.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Boho-dari, Beng., Cordia Myxa, Linn., Boraginba
^ Dye ; Fibre ;
Boja, Uriya, Xylia dolabriformis, BentK, Leguminosje.
Gum ; Oil ;
Bojeh, Tel., Xylia dolabriformis, Benih., Lbguminosa«
Oil ;
Bokal, Kan,, Mimusops Klengi, Linn, SAP3r.iCEJB.
Gum ; Oil ;
^^ Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Bokhar, Mahr,^ Cordia Myxa, Linn,^ Boragine^.
Fibre ;
Boklu, Kan., Mimusops Elengi, Linn,^ Sapotacea*
Oil ;
Boktok, Lepcha, Careya arborea, Roxhmt Myrtaceje.
Gum ;
Holy Beng.f Balsamodendron Myrrha, Nees., Burseracea.
Gum ;
Bola, Sans»f Balsamodendron Myrrha, Nees.^ BuRSERACBiE.
Gum ;
Bola. Beng , Hibiscus tiliaceus, LinH,f Malvacea.
Fibre ;
Bolchii, Garo, Bombax maiabaricum, Z)C, MALVACBiB.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ; Oil j
Bole siyah, Pers., Aloe vera, L., LiLiACEiC.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Bolsal, GarOf Shorea robusta, Gaerin.^ Dipteroc.aRPEuE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Bomma kachika, TeL, Costus speciosus, Sm., Scitamine^b.
Oil ;
Boomaiza, Burnt., Albizzia stipulata, Boivin.f LEGUMiNOSiB.
Gum ;
Boni) Makr., Zizyphus Jujuba, Lamk., Rhamnea.
Gum ; Tan ;
Borailli, see Gossypium herbaceum, L., var. herbaceum, Mklvkcmm,
Fibre ; . . .
Borara, Uriya, Bauhinia variegata, Linn., Leguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Boria, Kumaun, Cordia Myxa, Linn., Boraginea.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Bosha, Gondi, Bauhinia racemosa, Lam,, Leouminosa.
Gum ;
Boura, Beng., Macaranga indica, Wight, Euphorbiacea.
Gum ;
Bouro, Uriya, Bombax malabaricum. DC., MalvAcea.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre j Oil ;
Bowla, Pb., Murraya Koenigii, Spr., RuTACBiB.
Oil ;
Bozaganj, Hind., Pistacia vera, Linn., Anacardiacb/e.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Brahmadundiey Sans., Argemone mexicana, Linn., PAPAVBRACEiS.
Gum ; Oils ;
Brarna, Hind., Crataeva religiosa, Farst., Capparide^.
Dye ;
Bread-fruit Tree, Eng., Artocarpus incisa, Linn., URTicACEiS
Gum ;
Bren, Pb., Ulmus Wallichiana, Planck., Urticaceje.
Fibre ;
Brindall, Goa Port., Garcinia indica, Chois., GurriFERiB.
Mordant ; Oil ;
Brindao, Bom,, Garcinia indica, Ckois., Guttifer^
Mordant ; Oil ;
Bringaraja, Sans., Wedelia calendulacea, Less., Composite.
Dye ;
Bu, Burm., Lagenaria vulgaris, Seringe, Cucurbitace/e.
Oil ;
Buchanaka, Sans., Arachis hypogoea, Linn,, Lbguminos^.
Oil ;
Buckche, Hind., Vernonia anthelmintica, Willd., Composite
Oil ;
Buda durmi^ Tel., Careya arborea, Roxb,, MYKTACEiB*
Gum ;
the Economic Products of India, 23
Budgrat, Nepaly Quercus lamellosa, Sm., Cupulipbrjs.
Tan ;
Budide gummadi, TeL, Benincasa cerifera, Sewi.^ Cucurbitacea.
Oil ;
Buhul, Beng.j Cordya Myxa, Linn.f Boraginba.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Bujjerbhang, Hind., Nicotiana Tabacum, Linn,, Solanaceje.
Oil ;
Buk, Lepcha, Quercus lamellosa. Sm.^ Cupulifbra.
Tan ;
Buka, Beng., Sesbania grandiflora, Pers,y LEGUMiNOSiB.
Gum ;
B«kal, Beng.t Mahr,^ Mimusops Elengi^ Linn., SAPOTACSiS.
Oil
Bukhain, Melia sempervirens, Sw., Meliacba.
Gum ;
Bulali, Tam.f Givotia rottleriformis, Grijf., EuPHORBiACBiC.
Oil ;
Bullock's heart, Eng., Anona reticulata, Linn., ANONACBiC.
Dye ; Fibre :
Bulu, Cingh.y Terminalia belerica, Roxb., Combretacb/E.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Bulyettra, Nep., Butea frondosa, Roxb., Lbguminosa.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Bunkapas, Beng.^ Thespesia Lampas, Dalg,, Malvacb^.
Fibre ;
Bun-kapas, Beng,, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Linn., Malvacb^.
Fibre ;
Biin-mulika, Hind., Beng,, Jasminum Sambac, Aiton., Oleacbjb.
Oil ;
Bun-ochra, Beng., Urena lobata, Linn., Malvacba.
Fibre ;
Bun-okra, Beng,, Xanthium strumarium, Linn., CoMPOSiTis.
Oil ;
Bunrhea, Ass., Villebrunea appendiculata, Wedd,, Urticacbjb.
Fibre ;
Bun tulsi, Beng,, Ocimum adescendens, Willd,, Labiatjb.
Oil ;
Buraga, Tel., Bombax malabaricum, DC, Malvacb^b.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ; Oil ;
Bura-manda, Beng., Loranthus longiilorus, Dex., LoRANTHACBiB.
Tan ;
Buraye, Sind., Periploca aphylla, Decaisne,, Asclbpiadb^.
Fibre ;
Burd&, And., Albizzia procera, Benth., Lbguminos^.
Gum ; Tan ;
Burga, Tel., Bombax malabaricum, DC, MALVACBiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ; Oil ;
Burg morad, Pb,, Myrtus communis, Linn., Myrtacba.
Oil
Biirg^, Tel., Bombax malabaricum, DC, MALVACBiB.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ; Oil ;
Burgua, Tel., Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC, MALVACSiE.
Oil ;
Buri, Beng., Symplocos spicata, Roxb,, Styrace^.
Dye ;
Burj, Pb., Betula Bhojpattra, Wall,, Cupulifbr^b.
Fibre ;
Burkai, Tel., Luffa acutangula, Roxb,^ CucuRBiTACBiS.
Oil ;
Buroweh, see Gossypium herbaceum, L,, var. herbaceum, Malva-
c^M, Fibre j
24 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Bums, Tam,t Chloroxylon Swietenia, DC, Mbliacb^.
Gum ;
Biirute, Cingh,, Chloroxylon Swietenia, DC, Mbliace^.
Gum ;
Burzal, Pb., Betula Bhojpattra, Wall., CuPULlFBRiB.
Fibre ;
B6t, Beng., Cicer arietinumj Linn., Lbguminosa.
Butalli, 7am., Givotia rottleriformis, Griff., Euphorbiacba.
Oil ;
Butter.
Oil ;
Butter Tree, Indioii, Eng., Bassia butyracea, Roxb., Sapotace^.
Oil ;
Bw^hiUi Burm,, Bauhinia variegata, Linn., Lbguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Bwechin, Burm , Bauhinia malabaricai Roxb,, LEGUMiNOSiS.
Gum ;
Bwir, Pb., Salix Wallichiana, And., SALiciNBiB.
Fibre ;
Byasa, Uriya, Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxb., LEOUMiNOSiir.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Byoo, Burm,, Rhizophora mucronata, Lamk., Rhizophorba.
Byubo, Burm., Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Lam., Rhizophorba.
Tan :
CaatriraSfum, Tam., Vernonia anthelrointica, Willd., CoMPOSiTiS.
Oil ;
Cachore, Fr., Acacia Catechu, Willd., Lbguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ;
Cajput oil tree, Eng., Malaleuca Leucadendron, Linn., Myrtacbje.
Oil ;
Calamus, Sweet, £n^., Andropogon schcenanthus, Linn,, GRAMiNBiS.
Oil ;
Candle Nut, Eng., Aleurites moluccana, Willd, Euphorbiacba.
Gum ; Oil ;
Cane, Rattan, Eng., Calamus Rotang, Linn., PALMiS.
Fibre
C^e-Sugar, Eng., Saccharum officinarum, Linn., Graminb^.
Fibre ;
Canga, Tam,, Shorea Tumbuggaia, Roxb,, Diptbrocarpba.
Gum ;
Caoutchouc, Eng.
Gum ;
Caraway seed, Eng., Carum Carui, Linn, Umbbllifbr^.
Oil ;
Cardamom, the Lesser, Eng., Elettaria Cardamomum, Maion., Scita-
minba. Oil ;
Cardol (Oil) Eng., Anacardium occidentale, Linn., ANACARDiACEiB.
Dye ; Oil ;
Carin-siragum, Tam., Nigella sativa, Linn,, Ranunculacba.
Oil ;
Carob Tree, Eng,, Ceratonia siliqua, Linn,, Leguminosa.
Gum ;
Carrot, Eng., Daucus Carota, Linn, Umbellifbrjs.
Oil ;
Carthame, Fr., Carthamus tinctorius, Linn., Compositjb.
Dye ;
the Economic Products of India. 25
Cashew-Apple-oil, see Anacardium occidentale, Linn.j Anacardiacbjb.
Oil ;
Cashew Nut, Eng.y Anacardium occidentale, £mn., ANACARDiACEiE.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Cassia, Foetidi Eng.^ Cassia Tora, Linnt LsGUMiNOSiB.
Cassia, Lignea, Eng., Cinnamomum Tamala, Nees.^ LAURiNSiS.
Dye ;
Cassie, Eng,f Acacia Farnesiana, Willd., Leguminosje,
Gum ;
Castor oil, Eng., Ricinus communis, Linn., EuPHORBiACEiE.
Mordant ; Oil ;
Catechu, gum, Eng,, Acacia Catechu, Willd., LEouMiNOSiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Catechu, Pale, Eng., Uncaria Gambier, Hunter, RuBiACBiC.
Tan ;
Catappa, Malay, Terminalia Catappa, Linn., Combretacbjb.
j3ye ; Oil ;
Cattiinandu, Euphorbia Cattimandoo, Elliot, EuPHORBiACBiB.
Gum ;
Cedar, Bastard, Eng,, Melia Azedarach, Ltnn., Meuacem,
Gum ; Oil ;
Cedar, Bastard, Eng., Guazuma tomentosa, Kunth., STBRCULiACBiB.
Fibre ;
Cedar, Himalajran, Eng,., Cedrus Deodara, Loudon, CoNiPERiB.
Gum ; Oil ;
Cedratier, Ft., Citrus medica, Linn., Var. medica, RuTACEiE.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Cedro, It., Citrus medica, Linn., Var, medica, RuTACEiE.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Cha, Hind., Beng,, Camellia theifera. Griff., TERNSTR(EMiACEiE.
Oil ;
Chab, Hind., Piper Chaba, Bl., PiPERACEiE.
Dye ;
Chachinda-jangH, /rm<i., Trichosanthes cucumerina, Linn.
Grum ;
Chaffalsend, Dec, Opuntia DiUenii, Hoio., CACXBiE.
Fibre ;
Chaga, Tel., Sanseviera zeylanica, Willd., Liliace^.
Fibre ;
Chagulhanti, Ber^., Dcemia extensa, R. Br., AscLBPiADEiK.
Fibre ;
Chaiira, Kumaun, Bassia butyracea, Roxh., SAPOTACEiB.
Oil ;
Chaie choi, Beng., Piper Chaba, Bl., PiPERACEiE.
Dye ;
Chaikath, Beng,, Piper Chaba, Bl., Piperacba.
Dye ;
Cbainchar, Jkelum, Debregeasia bicolar, Wedd., URTicACEiE.
Fibre ;
ChainjU, Jhelum, Debregeasia \ivco\zx,Wedd., URTiCACEiB.
Fibre ;
Chakotra, Hind.^ Citrus decumana, Willd., RuTACEiE.
Gum ;
^^^^^if'^^^^^ ^^^'^ Abutilon asiaticum, G. Don., Malvace^.
Fibre ;
Chakua, ^^f^., Albizzia stipulata, 5wVj«., LEGUMiNoSiE.
Gum ;
Chaktinda, Hind., Beng,, Cassia Tora, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiE.
Dye ;
Chakwa, Beng., Anogeissus acuminata. Wall., Combretace*.
Tan :
26 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Chalai, Him, name, Junipenis ezcelsa, M, Bieb,, Conipeils.
Gum ;
Chalcahaiira, P6., Parmelia kamtschadalis, Esch.^ Lichbnbs.
Dye ;
Chai-kumra, Pb.^ Benincasa cerifera, Savuy Cucurbitacila.
Oil ;
Challa, Kan.^ Lager stroeroia Flos-Reginae, ReiM,^ Lythracb.s.
Gum ;
Chalpuri, Pb.^ Parmelia kamtschadalis, Eichst Lichbnbs,
Dye ;
Chamaindu-pu, 7am., Matricaria Chamomila, Linn.f CoMPOSiTiS.
Oil ;
Chamarkas, Pb., Phyllanthus nepalensis, Mull-Arg., Euphorbiace^.
Tan ;
Chamba, Hind.y Kashmir,^ Jasminum officinale, Linn., OLEACEiE.
Oil ;
Chamba, Pb., Jasminum humile, Linn^ Olbacba.
Dye ;
Chambel, Hind., Beng.j Sans, Jasminum grandiflorum, Linn,j OLEACEiE.
Oil ;
Chambeli, Bom.j Kumaun, Jasminum grandiflorum, Linn.^ Oleace.£.
Oil ;
Chambu, Garo, Eugenia Jambolana, Lam.j Myrtacb^.
Gum ; Dye, ; Tan ;
Chambuli^ Dec.,Mahr., Bauhinia Vahiii, W, &A,, Leguminosa.
Gum ; Fibre ;
Chambura, Mahr., Bauhinia Vahlii, W, & A,, LEGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ; Fibre ;
Chamiari, Pb., Prunus Puddum, Roxb., Rosacea.
Gum ;
Chamlani, Nepal., Symplocos racemosa, Roxb,, STYRACEiC.
Dye ; Tan ; Mordant ;
Chamua, Kumaun., Wikstromia virgata, Meisn., TnYMEL^ACEiB.
Fibre ;
Chamo, Lepcha^ Styrax serrulatum, Roxb., StyraceuE.
Gum ;
Chainomile, Eng., Matricaria Chamomila, Linn., CoMPOSiTiK.
Oil ;
Champa, Hind., Beng,j Michelia Champaca, Linn., Magnoliacb^.
Dye ; Oil ;
Champak, Beng., Michelia Champaca, Linn,, Magnoliaceje.
Dye ;
Champaka, Beng., Michelia Champaca, Linn., MAGNOLiACEiS.
Oil ;
Chamru, Hind., Desmodium tilisfolium, G. Don., Leguminosa.
Fibre ;
Chana, Hind., Cicer arietinum, Linn., Leguminosje.
Dye ;
Chanangi, Hyderabad, Murraya Kcenigii, Spr., RuTACEiS.
Oil
Chanda, Mahr., Macaranga indica, Wight, EuPHORBiACEiE.
Gum ;
Chanda, Bom,, Macaranga tomentosa, Wight, EuPHORBiACEiE.
Gum ;
Chandakuda, Bom,, Antiaris toxicaria. Leech,, Urticace^e.
Gum ;
Chandal, Hind., Santalum album, Linn., Santalace;e.
Oil ;
Chandala, Bom., Antiaris toxicaria, Leech., URTiCACEiS.
Gum ;
Chandan, Hind,, Beng., Santalum album, Linn., Santalace^e.
Oil :
the Economic Products of India. 27
Chandan, Hind,^ Beng,, Symplocos phyllocalyx, Clarke^ Styracba.
Dye ;
Chaadni, Hind., Tabernxmontana coronaria, Willd., ApocYNACSiE.
Dye ;
Changathasi dhup, Nepal., Abies dumosa, Loudon., Conifbils.
Gum ;
Chang^ma, W, Tibet, Fopulus balsamifera, Linn., SALiciNEiS.
Gum ;
Changma, W. Tibet, Salix daphnoides, Vill., Salicinb^.
Fibre ;
Chaniat, N. W, P., Rhus Cotinus, Linn,, ANACARDiACSiE.
Dye ; Tan ;
Chapkia, Kumaun, Orthanthera viminea, Wight, AscLEPiADBiE.
Fibre ;
Chaplash. Beng., Artocarpus Chaplasha, Roxb., Urticacb.<s.
Gum ;
Chapu, Pb., AInus nitida, Endl., Cupulifbe^a.
Dye J Tan ;
Char, C. P., Buchanania latifolia, Roxb., Anacardiacbje.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Chara, Tel., Buchanania latifolia, Roxb,, ANACARDiACBiB.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Charachi, Tel., Grewia tilisefolia, Vahl., TiLiACEiS*
Fibre ;
Charas, Hind., Beng., Bom,, Tarn,, Cannabis sativa, Linn , Urticacejb.
Fibre ^
Charchubila, Pb , Parmelia kamtschadalis, Esch., Lichenbs.
Dye ;
Charila, Pb., Parmelia kamtschadalis, Esck., Lichbnbs.
Dye ;
Charka, Bias., Litsaea, Sp.^, Laurine^*
Oil ;
Charkha, Pb., Litsaea zeylanica, Nees., Laurinb^.
Oil
Charmaghy, Pets., Juglans regia, Linn.. JuGLANDSJif.
Dye ; Tan ;
Charole, Bom.^ Buchanania latifolia, Roxb., ANACARDiACEiE.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Charrei, Afg., Quercus Ilex, Linn., Cupuliferje.
Tan ;
Cham, Uriya, Buchanania latifolia, Roxb., AnacardiacE/C.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Charwari, Hyderabad, Buchanania latifolia, Roxb,, ANACARDiACEiB.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Chashing, Bhutia, Symplocos theaefolia. Ham,, STVRACEiB.
Dye ;
Chatri, Nepal, Berberis nepalensis, Spreng., Berberidejb,
Dye ;
Chatung, Kashmir, Taxus baccata, Linn., Conifbr^b.
Gum ; Dye ;
Chauri, Sind, Ceriops Candolleana, Arnott, RHizoPHORBiE«
Tan ;
Chaulmicgri, Beng., Gynocardia odorata, R. Br,, Bixinejk.
Oil ;
Chaulmugra oil, Eng., Gynocardia odorata, /?. Br,, Bixiueje,
Oil ;
Chavika, Sans., Piper Chaba,. Bl., Pipbracejb,
Dye ;
Chaya, Burm., Mimusops Elengi, Linn,, Sapotacb^e.
Tan ;
Chay foot, {Commercial name) Oldenlandia umbellata, Linn., Rubiacejk
Dye ;
38 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Ch^i Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn.j /., Anacardiacb^
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Chechar, P&., Rhus semialata, Murray ^ Anacardiace^.
Oil ;
Chehur, Beng.t Bauhinia Vahlii, IV,& A., LsGUMiNOSiS.
Gum ;
Chein, Sutlej^ Melia Azedarach, Linn,^ Mbliackx.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Chelwa, Beng.^ Hibiscus tiliaceus, Linn., Malvacb^.
Fibre ;
Chendra, Tel., Mallotus philippinensis, MUU-Arg.^ EuPHORBiACBiS.
Oil ;
Chengfrung^, Garo, Morinda angustifolia, Roxb,^ Rubiacea.
Dye ;
Cheniui, Hind., Cioer aiietinum, Linn., Leguminosa.
Dye ;
Chentnakanni, Mysore, Macaranga tomentosa, Wight, EuPHORBiACEiC.
Gum ;
Chenung^, Garo, Morinda angnstifolia, Roxb,, RuBiACSiS.
Dye ;
Cheppura, Kan,, Bauhinia malabarica, Roxb., Leguminos/e.
Gum ;
Cheii-vello, Tel,, Oldenlandia umbellata, Linn., RuBiACBiS.
Dye ;
Cherry, Eng,, Prunus Cerasus, Linn,, RosACBiB.
Gum ;
Cheru pkmay, Tam,, Calophyllum Wightianum, Wall,, Guttifbrje.
Oil
Chestnat, Eng,, Castanopsis (various species), CuPULiFBRiS.
Tan ;
Chetippa, Tel., Hymenodictyon excelsum., Wall.^ RuBiACBiC.
Tan ;
Chettu, Tel., Abutilon asiaticum, G. Don., Malvacb^s*
Fibre ;
CheoU, Oudh., Bassia butyracea, Roxbm, SAPOTACByB.
Oil ;
Chhagnil'Puputi, Beng., Euphorbia dracunculoides, Latn,, EuPHORSiACBiE.
Oil ;
Chhota aryili, Nepal, Daphne Wallichii, Meisn,, Thymbiaace^e.
Fibre ;
Chhota Koail, Nepal, Pouzolia viminia, Wedd,, URTicACBiS.
Fibre ;
Chitoi, Kumaun, Bassia butyraceae, Roxb,, SAPOTACBiE.
Oil ;
Chibuda, Bom,, Cucumus Melo, £., Cucurbitacb;e.
Oil ;
Chichia, Him, name, Juniperus communis, Linn,, Conifer;e.
Gum ;
Chichra, Hind.^ Butea frondosa, Roxb,, LEGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Chicken pea, Eng., Cicer arietinum, Linn,, LEGUMiNOSiE,
Dye ;
Chikaya, Tel,, Acacia concinn^, DC, Lbguminos;e.
Dye ; Tan ;
Chikiasa, Bom., Chikrassia tabularis, Adr, fuss,, MBLiACBiB.
Gum ; Dye ;
Chikrasa, Beng., Chikrassia tabularis, Adr, fuss,, MBLiACBiB.
Gum ; Dye ;
Chikti, Hind., Triumfetta angulata, Linn., TiLiACEiE.
Fibre
Chily Pb,i Pinus longifolia, Roxb., Conifera.
Gum ; Tan ;
the Economic Products of India* 29
Chil, Pb,<, Pinus excelsa. Wall., Conifers.
Gum ;
Chil, Pb., Pinus longifolia, Roxb.^ Coniferje.
Oil ;
Chilbil, Hind,, Ulmus integrifolia, Roxb,, Urticacb^.
Oil ;
Chilgoza, Afg,j Pinus Gerardiana, Wall., Conifers.
Gum ; Oil ;
Chilkaduda, TV/., Saccopetalum tomentosum* i/ooifc.,/., Anonace^.
Gum ;
Chllotu, Ravi, Litsaea, 5^P, LAURiNEiC.
Oil ;
Chilotu, Pb,, Litsaea zeylanica, Nees,, Laurinb^.
Oil
Chilta-eita, TeL, Phoenix farinefera, Willd.,^ Palma.
Fibre ;
Chimdi, Pb,, Litsaea zeylanica, Nees, LAURiNSiS.
Oil^ ;
Chimuti, TeL, Sida carpinifolia, Linn., Malvacea.
Fibre ;
Chinang^, Tel,, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Roxb., LvTHRACEiis.
Gum ; Dye ;
Chinannu, Pb,, Prunus persica, Benth, et Hook,/,, Rosacea.
' Gum ; Oil ;
Chlncha, Mahr., Tamarindus indica, Linn,, LEGUMiNOSiC.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Chinderpang^, Garo, Mallotus philippinensis, MtUl-Arg,, EuPHORBiACBiB.
Oil ;
Chindi, Ravit Litsaea, Sp,^, Laurinba.
Oil ;
Chiner-baddm, Beng., Arachis hypogcea, Linn., LsGUMiNOSiE.
Oil ;
Chinna moral, Tel,, Buchanania latifolia, Roxb,, ANACARDiACEiC.
Gum ; Tan ;
Chinta, Tel,, Tamarindus indica, Linn., Leguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ; Mordant ; Oil ;
Chinydp, Burnt., Gruga pinnata, Roxb.^ BuBSERACBiG.
Gum ; Tan ;
Chir, Pb., Pinus longifolia, Roxb,, Conifers.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Chir, Pb., Pinus excelsa, Wall,, Conifers.
Gum ;
Chira, Pb,, Pinus longifolia, Roxb,y ConifBRA
Gum ; Tan ;
Chlrauli, Pb., Buchanania latifolia, Roxb,, Anacardiacea.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Chir-chira, Hind., Litsaea zeylanica, Nees., LAURiNSiE.
Oil ;
Chirchira, Hind., Achyranthes aspera, Linn , AMARANTACBiS.
Dye ;
Chir-chira, Kumaun, Litsaea consimiles, Nees., LAURiNBiE.
Oil ;
Chirchitta, Hind,, Achyranthes aspera, Linn., AMARANTACBiB.
Dye ;
Chiri, Him, name, Pinus Gerardiana, Wall., Conifers.
Gum ; Oil ;
Cirichogfy Kashmir, Jasminum officinale, Linn., Olbacba
Oil ;
Chirira, Kumaun, Litsaea consimiles, Nees., Laurinbjb.
Oil ;
Chimdi, Chenab., Litsaea, S^.?, Laurinea.
Oil :
30 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Chirotijiy Ph.^ C. P., Buchanania latifolia, Roxh.^ Anacardiacba.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Chiror, P6., Berberis nepalensis, Spreng., BsRBBRiDBiE.
Dye ;
Chiroroe, Garo^ Terminalia belerica, Roxh,^ CoMBRSTACBiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Chite-ancallo, Tel.^ Wrightia tinctoria, R. Br.^ ApocYNACBiE.
Dye ;
Chitimuti, TeL^ Sida carpinifolia, Linn.f Malvaceje.
^ Fibre ;
Chitompa, Garo, Garuga pinnata, Roxb,, Burseracea
Gum ; Tan ;
Chitra, Hind., Pers., Pb,, Nepal, Berberis aristata, Z?C, Berberideje.
Dye ; Tan : Oil ;
Chitta, Kan., Gardenia gumnifera, Linn., Rubiacea.
Gum ;
Chittagong wood, Eng., Chickrassia tabularis, Adr, ^uss., Meliace^.
Gum ;
Chitta matta, TV/., Gardenia gummifera, Linn.j RuBiACEiE.
Gum ; .
Chittania, Hind,y Zizyphus xylopyra, Willd., Rhamnea.
Tan ;
Chittu, Kan., Boswellia serrata, Colebr., Burseracba.
Gum ;
Chobchini, Hind , Smilax china, Linn., Liliacea.
Oil ;
Choka. Dec, Piper nigrum, Linn., PiPERACEiE
Oil ;
Chola, Beng., Cicer arietinum, Linn., LEGUMiNO&fi.
Dye ;
Chorgu, Hyderabad^ Ventilago madraspatana, Gaertn,, Rhahnea.
Gum ; Dye : Fibre ;
Chorpatta, Beng., Laportea crenulata, Gandich., URTiCACEiE.
Fibre ;
Chota, Nepal, Cinnamomum Tamala, Nees., LAUBiNEiE.
Dye ;
Chota-elachi, Beng., Hind., Elettaria Cardamomum, Maton , SciTAMiNEiS.
Oil ;
Chota kimbu, Nepal, Morus indica, Linn., URTiCACEiC.
Gum ;
Chota kuail, Nepal, Ponzolzia viminea, Wedd., URTiCACEiE.
Fibre ;
Chotra. Hind., Berberis aristata, DC, Berberidea.
Oil ;
Chotra, Hind., Berberis Lycium, Royle, BERBERiDEiB.
Gum ; Oil ;
Chouk, Tarn., Casuarina equisetifolia, Forster, Casuarinace.a.
Gum Tan ;
Chriman, Tel., Anogeissus latifolia. Wall., CoMBRETACEiS.
Gum ; Dye ;
Chuari, Hind., Pninus armeniaca, Linn,, RosACEiE.
Gum ; Oil ;
Chukri, Pb., Afg., Rheum Emodi, Wall., PoLYGONACEiE.
Dpre ;
Chulai, Pi., Amarantus, Sp. ?, AMARANXACEiE.
Oil ;
Chur, Pb., Quercus Ilex, Linn., Cupulifer«.
Tan ;
Chad, Nepal, Bassia butyracea, Roxb., Sapotacba.
Oil ;
Chuti, Pb,, Afg., Rheum Emodi, Wall.y Polygonaceje
Dye ;
the Economic Products of India. 31
Chuve, Sans.^ Piper Chaba, Bl.^ Pipkracb^.
Dye ;
Chjad-potia, Tel.^ Trichosanthes cucumerina, Linn.f Cucurbitace^.
Gum ;
Cinnamon, Eng., Cinnamomum Tamala, Nees., LAURiNEiC.
Dye ; Oil ;
Cita, Tel., PhcEnix sylvestris, Roxb., Palm^.
Fibre ;
Citron, Eng., Citrus medica, Linn., vat. medica, RuTACEi«.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Citrone, Germ., Citrus medica, Linn., var. Limonum, Rutace^b.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Citronella, Eug., Andropogon Nardus, Linn., GRAMiNEiE.
Oil ;
Citronnier, Fr., Citrus medica, Linn., var. Limonum, RuTACEiE.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Climber, snake, Eng., Bauhinia anguina, Roxb., LEGUMiNoSiE.
Fibre ;
Cloves, Eng., Caryophyllus aromaticus, Linn., Myvltkckm.
Oil ;
Cochineal dye, Eng., Coccus Cacti.
Dye ;
Cocoa plant, Eng., Theobroma Cacao, Linn., STERCULiACEiS.
Oil ;
Cocoanut tree, Eng., Cocos nuclfera, Linn., Palm^.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Cocum, Eng., Garcinia indica, Chois, Guttifer^.
Oil ;
Colza, Eng., Brassica campestris, Linn., CRUCiFBRiE.
Oil ;
Conda-pani, Tam., Corypha umbraculifera, Linn., Palm^.
Fibre ;
CondaF-panna, Tam., Caryota urens, Linn., PaLm^.
Fibre ;
Cong;, Cingh., Schleichera trijuga, Willd., SAPiNDACEiG.
Oil
Conghas, Cingh., Schleichera trijuga, Willd., SAPiNDACEiE.
Oil ;
Congo, Tam., Shorea Tumbuggaia, Roxb., DiPXERocARPEiE.
Gum ;
Connesi bark, Eng., Holarrhena antidysenterica, WalL, ApocvNEiE
Oil
Copal, Indian, Eng., Vateria indica, Linn., DiPXEROCARPEiE.
Gum ;
Coral plant, Eng., Jatropha nulifida, Linn,, Euphorbiace^.
Oil
Coral tree, Indian, ^Mig'., Erythrina indica, Z,am., LEcuMiNoSiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Coriander, Eng., Coriandrum sativum, Linn., UMBBLLiFERiE.
Oil ;
Cotton, Eng, See Gossypium arboreum, Linn., MALVACEiE,
Fibre Oil ;
Cotton, Dacca, Tanjore, Rng. See Gossypium herbaceum, Z., Malvacrsj.
Fibre ;
Cotton, Sheraj, Eng, See Gossypium herbaceum, L., var, herbaceum,
MALVACEiE. Fibre ;
Cotton tree, Eng,, Bombax malabaricum, DC, MALVACEiK.
Oil ;
Cotton tree, white, Eng,, Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC, MALVACEiE.
Oil ;
Cowa, Hind,, Garcinia Cowa, Roxb,, GuTxiFERiE.
Gum ; Dye ;
32 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Coya, TV/., Psidium Guava, Xaddit Myrtacba.
Dye ; Tan ;
Cress, garden, En^;*, Lepidium sativum, Linn., Crucifbra.
Oil ;
Crocodile Oil
Oil
Croton, Purging, Eng., Croton Tiglium, Linn*, EuPHORBiAcBiC.
Oil ;
Cubeb, Pepper, Eng.t Piper Cubeba, Linn,tf.t Piperacba.
Oil ;
Cubebs, Efig.t Fr,^ Piper Cubeba, Linnet Pipbracba.
Gum ;
Cucumber, Et^*^ Cucumis sativus, Linn.t Cucurbitacea.
Oil
Curri, Nepali Corylus Colurna, Linn., Cupulifera.
Oil ;
Cusunt, ffind,, Flemingia congesta, Roxbm, var nana, Lbguminosa.
Dye ;
Cutch, Eng.t Acacia Catechu, Willd,, LBGUMiNOSiB.
Grum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Cypress, Hinialayan, Eng., Cypressus torulosa, Don,, Conifers.
Gum ;
Dabdabbi, Nepal, Garuga pinnata, Roxb,, Burseracba.
Gum ; Tan ;
Dibrii, Gum , Anogeissus latifolia. Wall., CoMBRBTACBiB.
Gum ; Dye ;
Dabur, Beng., Cerbera OdoUam, Gaertn., Apocynacb^.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Dadar, Kumaun, HaMora, Kashmir, Garhwal, Cedrus Deodara, Loudon
CoNiPERJE. Gum ; Oil ;
Dagdakti, Mechi, Macaranga indica^ Wight, Euphorbiacba.
Gum ;
Dahan, Raj., Toddalia aculeata, Pers., RuTACBiE.
Dye ;
Dahiri, Nepal, Woodfordia floribunda, Salisb., Lythracba.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Dabu, Hind., Artocarpus Lakoocha, Roxb., URTiCACBiC.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Dain, Hind., Brassica campestris, Xtfrn., var. napus, Crucifbra.
Oil ;
Daira, Hind., Wrightia tomentosa, Rdem & Scheult,, Apocynacba.
Dye ;
Dajkar, CJ^., Celastrus senegalensis, Lam., CBLASTRiNBiS.
Oil ;
Dakhani babul, Hind., Pithecolobium dulce, Benth., LBGUHiNOSiS.
Oil ;
Dakhmila, N.-W, P., Rhus semialata, Murray, ANACARDiACBiC.
Oil ;
Dalahurdi, Paharia, Morinda persicsefolia. Ham., RuBiACSiE.
D^e ;
Dalcbinf, Beng,, Cinnamomum Tamala, Nees., LAURiNiB.
Dye ; Oil ;
Dalim, Kumaun^ Punica Granatum, Linn,, LvTHRACEiB.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Dalimba, Bom., Mahr., Punica Granatum, Linn., LYTHRACBiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Dalkaramcha, Beng,, Pongamia glabra, Vent,, Leguminosje.
Gum ; Oil ;
the Economic Products of India, 33
Dalnuum, Kan,y Chickrassia tabularis, Adr, ^uss,, Mrliacbjb.
Gum ;
Daluky Cingh.f Euphorbia antiquorum, Linn,, EuPHORBiACEiC.
Gum ;
DiuBana, Bom., Grcwia tiliaefolia, Vakl., Tiliac&S.
Fibre j u
Dambil, Garo, Careya arborea, Roxh., Myrtacbx.
Gum ;
Damirugft-minittani, Tam., Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxb,, LEGUMiNoSiS.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Dammar, Eng,^ Shorea Tumbuggaia, ^ojri., Diptbrocarpb^.
Gum ;
Dammar, Eng,, Dammara alba, Rumph., CoNiFBRiB.
Gum ;
Dammar, Black, £fi;^., Canarium strictum, Roxh,, BuRSBRACBiC.
Gum ;
Dammaf, Rock, Eng,, Hopea odorata, Roxb,, Diptbrocarpea.
Gum ;
Dammar, White, Eng,, Vateria indica, Linn., DiPTEROCARPEiS.
Gum ;
Dampel, Hind., Garcinia xanthochymus, ffook.i /., GuTTiPERiC.
Gum ;
Dam-ul-akhwain, ffind^ Calamus Draco, Willd.t Falum,
Gum ;
Dan, Burm., Lawsonia alba, Lam,, Lythracb^s.
Oil ;
Dandons, Mahr,, Dalbergia lanceolaria, Linn.^ Lbqumino&a.
Dye ; Oil ;
Dandua, Mark,, Anogeissus latifolia, WiiU,^ Combrbtace^.
Gum ; Dye ;
Dan-gyw^, Burm,, Cassia Tora, Linn,, Lbouminosa.
Dye ;
Danimma-chettu, Te/., Punica Granatum, Linn,, Lythracba.
Gum J Dye ; Tan ;
Dan-tha-lone, Burm,, Moringa pterygosperma, Caerin., Moringacba.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ; Oil ;
Diuiti, Mahr,, Baliospermum montanum, MuU-Arg., Euphorbiacba.
Oil ;
Danti, Tel., Celastrus senegalensis. Lam,, Cblastrinba.
Oil ;
Darahalada, (the stem of) Berberis aristala, DC, Berbbridba.
Dye ;
Danyalu, TeL, Coriandrum sativum, Linn,, Umbelli feral
Oil ;
Darakhte-kismab, Pers,, Cannabis sativa, Linn,, Urticacbx.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Darakhte-nar, Pert,, Punica Granatum, Linn,, Lythracbje.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Darchku, Bom,, Cinnamomum Tamala, Nees,, Laurain.x.
Dye ; -
Darg^, Tel,, Ougenia dalbergioides, Benih., LEGUMiNosiB.
Gum ;
Darhalad, (the wood) Bom,, Berberis Lycium, Royle, Berberidba.
Gum ;
Darhaldi, Hind., Berberis aristata, DC, Bbrberide^.
Dye ; Tan ;
Darim, Hind,, Punica Granatum, Linn., Lythracbje.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Dteiri, Mahr,, Argemone mexicana, Linn,, Papaverace^.
Gum ; Oil ;
DarBhana, Tel,, Albizzia Lebbek, ^ei»/A., Leguminosje.
34 Index ip Volume / of the Catalogufi of
^ . Mil I !■ I iMiiBiii I ■iim- — '~
Danri, Sam., f o^cini.iyp fenes^tra^MVP, Afe^^/ HmyP^fl^^^i^
Dye ;
Dassi, Ravi, Ja^inum officinale, Lit^j^.^ 9hWk&^^y
Oil ;
Daswaila, M-PK. P., Rhus.§e,i|^i^ta,^#rr^yr, Av>c,^j.^^e^,
DafSt, Hind,, Phyllanthuj EinfeUs?^, Z-J/^,, jiypj?,9;i^A9f #•
Gum ; Dye ; Tan \
D&uii^ ^aAr., AnpipissuslatifoVl^, W«//,, Sqi^b^jp^c^,.
Dye ; *^
Dairvi, /^»f«i., >yo9dfordia .% jbup^cj^, *?/.y*., frXTHRAP^/ff-
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Dayshing:, BhuHa, Daphne papyfacjea,, ,IJ^a//.^ X9x;jf;Pjl^.^cE^.
Fibre ;
Dcbdiiri, Hind,^ Pqly#hia liyigif pAvji. ^^/?»/^, .^ >y^*. /o Mq^/^cj^..
Fibre ;
Debrelara, ;\r<?^/, Spathojobus Rc«b.^rjj!^, i7jf;B#.v ^^S^^^^^^-
Gum ;
Dekamali, /f/.«<iy Gardenia jgupisiforaj Lf^t^.^ J^u^i^R^l.
Gum ;
Deodar, ^Ml^., Cedrus De()§^^, Lp^pftj ^9^}^^^^,
Gum ; Oil ;
Deodar, Garhwal^ IfaM^ra, gjiffimTf K^mm^ ^*^ ^9$&^»f ^m9W?
CoNiFERJB. Gum ;
Deo kupas. Afysore, Gossypiujpci ^^hgjr&tm. £., »J^v^e^.
Fibre ;
Dephal, Bewg., Artocarpus Lak^ofh^^, ^pxh.f V^jigj^^M.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Dera, Beng,, See Gossvpiun? l^erl^aceui^^ L^^ ya/, ^^erbaceium^ M^LyA.Cjli^
Fibre ;
Der Saflor, Get,, Cartjiaj^ju? ti^^J^niis, ^»;»y Co^fp^n&s
DtTB^, Tel, Polyal*?a lonjpfolia, gft^k^ ^ fl^^-f:^
Anonacea. Fibre ;
Dcvadarfi; Tam.f Er^rtbroacylpn jajp^np^TSVP/ I^P^P?) LinM/
Devakanc1iaiiii,^gfw.o 5ajAi»ia purpurea, Linn;) LBGy.*iijiOS-«:,
Gum J Dye ; Tan ;*"
Devi-dlar, Ravi, Cupresfu? toyujosa, Do^^ goNiFBR^.
Grum ; *
Deya-dangE; CtWii,; IJ/^lidj^ndr^^e gheedii^ §ie^:, BifiNpir?iAG^^,
Fibre ;
Dha, Hind., Woodfordi^ flgn^ndj/ j^^i;*-/ Lythracm,
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
DWlaori, Maktn Anofireissus latifoli^, W^l,^ Co^BR§J/LCM:
Gum ; Dye ;
DhAk, Hind^ B.utea frpndosa^ Jg^f*., I^GUMiNOS^.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ; Oil ;
Dhakur, Beng., Cer]^er§ QdpUam, Gafrtn,, APppYNACE^,
Fibre ; Oil ;
DhUtnin, Hind., Gre^ia tjMol'^v K«^.v Ti.LiACE^.
Fibre ; ^
Dhaiaman, /»*., (Jyewia <>ppositifpHa, Rox^.f Tilia.ce#.
Fibre ;
Dhamna, Hind., Ulmus i^tegrifplj^, ^xi,, yRTicACM,
Oil ;
Dhamono, Uriya, Greyna tili^pUa, Vahl.f T;liace.^.
Fibre ;
Dhana (seed), Mqkr,^ Cori^ndwim satjvum^ Linn., U mbelljfeile,
Oil ;
DhanS, Beng., Hind,, gprjandn^m satiyjjm, Linn^, Umbillife^a^
Oil :
the Ec^npmk Pr0du<t€ ^f India.
Dhanicha, ^^iij'MSesbaiiiaacttleait«i|/'«r^ LBOiCTjiiNO&s. .
Fibre ; __
Dhannah. See Gossypiwn therli*ceiMn, L^ -var. herbacwuft, sMAi-yjwCE^
Fibre ;
Dhanyaka, Sam.y Coriandmrn aativuxo^ Unm,, Um^blupbra*
Oil ;
Dharauli, Hind,, Wrightia towentowi, ^&4»., ^ SckeM^ Apocwba
Dye ;
Dhatte, Gond.y Oroxylum bdicum, B^fUk^ Bmnqnucka.
Dye ; Tan ;
Dhaula, Hind,, Woodfordia flonbuoda^ .SWs2^ LvthRA'GBS*
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Dhauli, Hind., Hymeaodictyon ^celawn, WM^ RuaiACR*.
Tan ;
Dhauia, Hind,, Woodfordia Boribunda, SmliA^ LvxhRACEjl
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Dhaura, Hind., Anogeissus latifolia, WaU^ Coif brbxacbs.
Gum ;
Dhaura, Oudh, ZizypHus r^igosa^ iMmk^ Rhammbjil
Gum ; Dye ;
Dhiuri, ^om., Woodfordia florlbunda, ^S'a/i^Ai* LvjiUiA^CiEJR.
Gum ; Dye ;
Dhiwa, Hind., Anogeissus latitoUa^ WaJl^ Combretaor*
Gum ; Dye ;
Dhayati,gWflAr., Woodfordia floribimda, ,SW*5*., Lythracb;^.
Dye ;
Dhenras, Beng., Hibiscus esculentus^ linn^ Malvack^
Fibre ;
Dhedumbara, Mahr,, Ficus iQfectoria« WiUd^ Urticace^
Fibre ;
Dhera, Beng., Gossypium iierbacettBU Linn,, var, herbaceum, Malvaceae.
Fibre ;
Dhewti, Oud}i, Woodfordia floribunda, .Sii/»>&^ Lyth^acej^
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Dhobeiii, Hind., Dalbergia paoicalata, RosA^, Leguminosje,
Gum ;
DHokri dan, Raj., Anogeissus latifolta, Wall,, COMBRATACju.
Gum ; Dye ;
Dhondii, Gcmdi, Bauhlnia racempsa^ Z##m^« Legujiikqsji*
Gum ;
Dhorara, Hind., Bauhiaia raqexQOsaj Lam^ LsauNitfo?^..
Gum ;
Dhuna, At^s,, Canarium bengaleose^ Bo»b., Burssbacssi.
Gum ;
Dhundhttl, Beng,, Carapa mplucceasis« Lom^p M9UAC«^.
Gum ; Oil ;
Dhup, N,'W, P., Juniperus ^xcelM, .If. Bi^,, Comifbr«.
Gum ;
Dhup, Bom,, Boswellia floribunda, Sndi-, Bvr3ERA<;E|£.
Gum ;
Dhup, Kan,, Ailanthus malabai^ioa, J?C^t BlMARUBBA^
Gum ; ...
Dhup, Oudh, Nepal, Pinus longifolia, Rexb,^ CONlFEjLV.
Oil ;
Dhupi, Nepal, Juniperus ez9elsa, M» Bleb., Conifbajl
Gum ;
Dhupinaram, 7am., Vateria indicai titm; Diptjirocarpbx.
Gum ; Oil ;
Dhuvi, C, P., Woodfordia floribuadai Salisb., Lythra<;ba.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Diar, Kashmir, Hanara, Gatkmal, Kuma^n, Cedrus Deod^a« Loudon.
CoNiFBRiE. Gum ; Oil ;
36 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Dliir, Sind, Salvadora oleoides, linn.y Salvadoracea.
Dye ; Oil 5
Didu, Bnrm,t Bombaz malabaxicum, DC., MALVACEiB.
Gum ;
DikanuUi, Hind.^ Gtut,, Gardenia gummifera, Linn., Rubi acea.
Gum ;
Dinduga, Kan.t Anogeissus latifolia, Wdll,^ Combrbtacejs.
Gum ; Dye ;
Ding^kain, Khisia^ Rhus succedanea, Linn,^ Anacardiaces.
Oil ;
Dingsa, Khdsia, Pinus kasya, Royle^ Conifbrx.
Gum ; Tan ;
Dingsolir, Khisia, Myrica sapida, WaU,^ MvRiCACEiE.
Tan ;
Diiasan, rW., Albizzia Lebbeck, Benih,, Lbguminosa.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
DiyapafA) Cingh,, Wormia triquetra, Rotte., Dillbniacea.
Oil
Doda, Sind,, Nelumbium speciosum, WiUd,t Nymph^aces.
Fibre ;
Dodan, Hind,^ Sapindus detergens, Roxb,^ Sapindacea.
Gum ;
Dodan, Hind,^ Sapindus Mukorossi, Gaertn,^ SAPiNOACEiC.
Gum ; Oil ;
Dodder, Eng,^ Cuscuta reflexa, Roxb.^ Convolvulacea. •
Dye ;
Doha, Uriyay Anogeissus latifolia, Wall., Combretace£.
Gum ; Dye ;
Dolu, Hind,, Rheum Emodi, Wall., Poltgonaces.
Dye ;
Dondhip, Tel,, Oroxylum indicum, Bentk,, Bignoniaces.
Dye ; Tan $
Doon> Cingh.f Doona zeylanica, Thwaitest Dipterocarpbjb.
Gum ;
Doonkola, Cingh.t Nicotiana Tabacum, Linn., Solanacr*.
Oil ;
Dopatti, Ass., Cinnamomum Tamala, Nees,, Laurinea.
l>ye ; _
Dorgarkaia, Tel., Cucumis sativus, Linn., Cucurbitace-«.
Oil
Don, Pb., Polygonum bistorta, Linn., PoLYGONACEiE.
Oil ;
Dosray, Tel., Cucumis Melo, L., forma utilissimus (sp. Roxb,), CucuR-
BITACBiE Oil t
Dowaii, Nepal, Luculia gratissima. Sweet, Rubiace*.
IMhadr, Pb., Pinus longifolia, Roxb., CoNiFERiB.
Oil ;
Dra^i PK Cedrela Toona, Roxb., Mbliacbjb.
Gum ; Dye ;
Drek* Hind., Melia Azedarach, Unn., MBLiACBJi.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Dn, Pb., Quercus Ilex, Linn., Cupulipera
Tan : ^ „ '
Duddi maddi, Tel., Briedelia retusa, Spring., Euphorbiacea.
Tan ; ^ .
Dudhi, Banda, Wrightia tinctoria, R. Br., Apocynacejs.
Gum ;
Dudhi, Beng., Ichnocarpus frutescens, R, Br., Apocynace^
Fibre ;
Dudhi, Hind., Wrightia tomentosa, Roem & Scheult, Apocynacba.
Dye ;
..0 ^^^ Economic Products of India. 37
* -
Dndhi, Banda, Wrightia tinctoria, R, Br,, Apocynacba.
Dye ;
Dudhu-ki-lakri, Hind,, Holarrhenaantidysenterica, Wall,, Apocynacea.
Oil ;
Dndi-pallai Tel., Dregea volubilis, Benth., Asclbpiadba;.
Fibre ;
Dttdippi, Tel,, Careya arborea, Roxh,, Myrtacbji.
uum ;
Dudiyetta, Tel,, Hymenodictyon excelsum, WalL, RuBiACBiS.
Tan ;
Dudla, Pb,f Prunus P^dus> Linn,, RosACBJi.
Gum ;
Dudla, Pb,, Rhus semialata, Murray, Anacardiacba.
Oil
Duguphort, Sind, Calophyllttm inophyllttixij Linn,, Guttipera.
Gum ;
Dagong.
Oil ;
Dukak Kundar, Boswellia floribunda, Endl,, Bursbracba
Gum ;
Dukh, Arab,, Balsamodendron Playfairii, Hook*,/,, BuRSBRACBiS.
Grum ;
Dul-Sttxkh, Pers,, Pterocarpus santalinusi Linn.,/,, LBGUMiNOSis.
Dye ;
Dnm tali, Pb,, Adiantum Cappilus- Veneris, Linn,, Filicbs
Oil ;
Dumba, Cingh,, Calophyllum inophyllumi Linn., Guttifbrx.
Gum ;
DiUBbur, Beng,, Ficus Cunia, Bnch,, Urticacba.
Fibre ;
Damni, Chenab, Jasminum officinale. Linn,, Olbacbjb.
OU
Dumshing, Bhuiiat Abies Webbiana, Lindl., Conifbr^.
Gum ;
Dun-dol, Beng.<t LufFa segyptiaca. Mill, ex Hook, /,, CucuRBiTACBiE.
Oil ;
Dupadu, Teh, Vateria indica, Linn,, DiPTBROCARPBiB.
Gum ; Oil ;
Dnpa SBanuBi Kan,t Vateria indica, Linn,, Dipterocarpejs.
Gum ;
Doss, Pb,, Elsholtzia polystachya, Benih,, LABiATiS.
Dye ;
Dwabote, Burm,, Kydia calycina., Roxb., MALVACEiK.
Fibre ;
Dyer's Oak, Eng,y Quercus mfectoria, Oliver, CuPULiFBRiE.
Dye ;
E.
Eim-kati, Tel., Pavonia odorata, Willd,, MALVACBiS.
Fibre ;
Elaodap-pazham, Tam,, Zizyphus Jujuba, Lam., RHAMi^BiE.
Dye ; Tan ;
Elava maraiB, Tam,, Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC, Malvacba.
Gum ;
Elephant-creeper, Eng,, Argyreia speciosa. Sweet,, CoNVOLVULACBii.
Oil ;
Elephant-grass, Eng,, Typha elephantina, Roxb., Tvphacem,
Fibre ;
EUakay, Tam., Tel., BUettaria Cardamomum, Maton,, Scitamine^.
Oil :
38 Index t6 V0Jume J of tke Catalogue of
m
I - ■!! - I I — — --- ^ - - - _ _-■
EUupi, Mal.f Bassid; loiigitoliav WUbLySABOTACEM.
Gum ;
Eluiaich-clMa-patham^ 7am.,. Citms. iii«dica:» Littn., BiumcBA.
Gum ; Tan ;
Elupa, 7am., Bas8a»longifolia, WUkkySAPOTACEA
Gum ;
Elupa, Jam., Bassia latifolia, Xiwi^ySAVOVACRM^
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Elupay, Tam., Terminalia belerica^ Roxb\, CaMBaBXA£ajE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Elupi, Tarn., Mimusops manilkanav Dam > SA»OTACBiS^
Gum ;
Erabadu-gaha, Cingh.^ Erythrioarixulipa, Lam.^ L.bgumimo.%«..
Gum ; Dye ; Fibr^t ;
Exand, Pahaii, HiiuL^ Beng,^ Jatropha Cavcas, JUmm*,. EupUQftBiAkrBjB.
Gum ; Oil ;
Eranda, Sans.t Ricinus communis, Linn^ Euphorbiace^.
Oil
Eranda, JangaU, Bom, , Jatropha» glandulifsca^ Soxb,^ Euc horbiaiCBtb^
Dye ; Oil, ;
Erandl, Mah>r., Rhus Cotinus, JLinn., AjtACAROiACBA^
Tan ;
ErendL See Morinda. citrifoli% jLtfiw., RossACBdEi.
Dye ;
Erendi, 5'tni., Ricinus communis,. £fn»., EuPHORBiACBA.
Oil ;
Erim-pannaj 7am., Caryota urens, JUnn.,, Palm^b.
Fibre ;
Erragfandhapu-chekka, 7>/.,|Pterocarpus santalinus, Linm^f.^ LBGUMKNoSiS.
Dye ;
Erra-gem-kaya, r(f/.,.Hibiscussabdariffa,<Ztnff^, MALVACBiS.
Fibre
Erra-jilgua, TW., Sesbania aculeata, Per^,^, Lbguminosa.
Fibre ;
Erunkukri, Sind,^, Ricinus communis,<Ziii;f., EuPHORsiACBiS.
Oil ;
Eruvadi, Tain,^ Dalbergia latifolia*. Roxb,^ Leguminosce.
Oil ;
Enrados, Botn,^ Pimpinella Anisum,.Zmn., Umbbllipbils.
Oil ;
Esesh, Bom,^ Boswellia floribunda, BndL, Burseragbje. {
Gum ; I
Exile Oil, Eng,^ Thevetia neriifolia, Linn,,. Apoc^. nacba. '
Oil i
F.
Fafra, Tel., Bixa Orellana, Linn,^ Bixikea.
Dye ;
Farad, Hind.t Erythrina indica, ilam;, LBCUMiNOSiC.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Faranj-mushk, Hind, (seed of) Ocimum Basilicum, Linn. Var. pilosum,
Benth., Labiat-«. Oil' ;
Faras, Pb., Tamarix articulata, KoA/., TAMARisciNEiB.
Gum ;
Farat, Ass., Bixa Orellana, Linn.f Bixinb^.
Dye
Farwa, Pb.^ Tamarix articulata, Vahi.f Tamariscime^-
Gum ;
Fenjeaghist, i4ra6., Vitex Negundo,Zfn»-, VBRBBNACEiE.
Dye ;
the EcoihorHic Products of Ifidia, 39
Fennel, Coifidibki; Eng\, FceHrcUlW vulg^'e, (Sderfn., XiiiZEiixTKRji.
Oil ; ^ ^ ..-> _^
Fennel, EaiHteni Gfttdt; Eng., UoY^mai Ammonlacum, Don., XtMiEliiFERM,
Fever Nut, Ettg., Csesialpi'ma Bfoiidud^Ia; Roxh,, Le'gumi])'6&^.
Oil ; ...
Findak, Pb,f Corylus Colurna, Linn,^ Cupulifbra".
Oil ; .
Fir, Silver, Ettg^^ Pinus sylvestris, Linn., Conipbils.
Fibre ;• ., , .
Flax, Travancore, Eng», Crotalaria juncea, Linn., LBGUMiNOSiB.
Fibre ; . . . .
Flax, Linen, Eng., Linum usitatissimum, Linn., Linb^.
Fibre ; . .
Flax, New Zealand, Eng., Phormium tenaz, LiLiACBiE.
Fibre ;. . . .. , ^ . _
Franldncense, Eng., Boswellia floribunda, Endl., Bursbracbac:
Gum ;
6
Gab, Beng*, Hind,^ Diospyros jSmbryopteris, P\rs , Ebbnacbjb.
Gum J Dye ;. Tan ;. Oil. ,•»_
Gabdi, Hind., Cochlosperihum Gossypium, DC.;\ Bixinea.*
Gum ; Oil ; _ ... ..
Gachodil, And.^ Albizzia Lebbek, Benth,, LBQUMiNOSiG.
Gum . J Tan ;......
Gada-nelli, Tel., Sponia orieii'talis. Planch,, UBtiCACBf.
Gum ; ,. . < . *«' ^ ..
Gadumbal, Pb., Rhus' Wallichii; Ro6%.,f., Anacardi ACBiC.
Gaggara, TV/., Gardenia gammifera, Linn., Rubiacbjb.
Gum ; - a: i^ . ~ . ,
Gajaga, Mahr., Cssalpinia Bonducella^ Roxh., Leguminos^.
Oil ; , , ,
G^Jar, Beng., Hind., Daucus Carotar£mn., Umbbllifbr^e;'
Gajjara gadda, TV/., Daucus Carota, Linn,, Umbellifer^e.
Oil ; ^ ^ , ..
Gajjara kelangUf Taim, Daucuk Carota, Linn,, UmbelliferuE.
Oil ; ., ^ „ - - • -
Gajkai, Kan , Caebalpinia Bonducella, Roxh,, LEGUMiNOSiS.
Oil ; X . '
Galgal, Hind., Cochlospermum Gossypium, DC, Bixinbjb.
Gum ; Oil ^ ; ., ,
Galgoja, Chenab, Pmus Gerardiaha, IVa?/., Conifer^.
Oil ;. . . ,. ^
Gall, Eng., Quercus infectona, Oliver, Cupulifefls^
Dye ; ^ ^
Oallu, N, W, P., Taxus baccata, Linn., Conifers,
Gum ; Dye . ; . . . . ,
Galmendora, Cingh, Cynometra ramiflora, Linn., LEGUMiN03iG.
Dye ; Oil ;
Gain, TV/., Cicer arietinum, Linn., Leguminosjb.
Dye ;
Gambler, Eng., Malay, tJncaria (jrambier, Hunter, Rubiacb^>
Tan. ; ^. , ^ -. ..
Gamboge Tree, fiwg'., Garcinia Morelk, Desrouss.,Qi\iTi\YEKjB..
Gum ; Tan ;■ Oil ; . _
Ganaba, CingK., Brassica nigra, Koch,, CRUciPBRiE.
Oil ;
40 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Ganastoi, Makr,^ Croton oblongifoliusi Roxb,t Euphorbiacea.
Oil ;
Gandahferozah, Boswellia serrata, Roxb^ var. serrata, Burseracea.
Gum ; ,
Gand-b&b61, Hind,, Acacia Farnicianai Willd., Leguminosa.
Dye ; Tan ;
Ga&de, Nepali Daphne papyracea, WalLt TuYMBLiEACEiE.
Fibre ;
Ga&dere, Kaner, Pb,, Nerium odorum, Soland, Apocynacb^.
Oil ;
Gandhaben^, Beng,^ Andropogon Schoenanthes, Linn., GRAMiNEiC.
Oil ;
Gandhaki, ^6., Delphinium saniculaefoliumi Boiss., Ranunculace^e.
Dye ;
Gandhal rince, Bom,, Andropogon citratus, DC, GRAMiNEiS.
Oil ;
Gandhapu-diekk, Tel., Santalum albam, Linn., SANTALACEiC.
Oil ;
Gindhaninbara» Mahr., Ficus infectoria, Willd., Urticacea.
Fibre
Ga&di, Pb,, Murraya Koenigii, Spr., Rutacea.
Oil ;
Gandla, Pb„ Murraya Koenigii, Spr,, Rutace^.
Oil ;
GandtUBrug^am-iiettiira, TeL, Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxb.y LEGUMiNoSiC.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Ga&eri, Mahr,, Cochlospermum Gossypium, Z>C.,BixiNEiE.
Oil ;
Gangai, Ass,, Mallotus philippinensis, Mul, Arg,, EuPHORBiACSiE.
Dye ; Oil ;
Gangal, Hind,, Cochlospermum Gossypium, DC., Bixine^.
Oil ;
Ga&gam, Gond, Cochlospermum Gossypium, DC., Bixine^.
Oil ;
Gangan, Burnt., Mesua ferrea, Linn., GuxriFBRiE.
Oil ;
Gangaraya, Tel., Thespesia populnea, Corr., MALVACBis.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ; Oil ;
Gangichuy Pb., Euphorbia neriifolia, Linn., EuPHORBiACEiE.
Gum ;
GangniUi N, Wm P., Andropogon laniger, Derf,, GRAMiNEiE.
Fibre ;
Ga&gwa, Beng., Excaecaria Agallocha, Willd., EuPHORBiACEis.
Gum ;
Ganhiia, Pb., Nerium odorum, Soland,, ApocvNACEiE.
Oil ;
GanU^, Hind,, Cochlospermum Gossypium, DC., Bixine^
Oil ;
Ga&j&f Hind,, Seng,, Bom,, Tam,, Cannabis sativa, Linn., URTiCACEiS.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Ganjam, Burm,, Mesua ferreaj Linn,, Guttifer.£.
Dye ;
Ga&j4vi-chettn, Tel^ Cannabis sativa, Linn,, Urticacba.
Fibre :
Gai^ika, Sans., Cannabis sativa, Linn,, Urticacea.
Fibre ;
Ouxxak, Hind., Beng,, Saccharum officinarum, Linn., GRAMiNEiE.
Fibre ;
Gaoneni, Tel., Nerium odorum, Soland., Apocynace^.
Oil ;
Gantelu sajjalu, Tel., Penicillaria spicata, Willd., GRAMiNEiS.
Dye J
the Economic Products of India^ 41
,, _ , . , , -_ , I I I IJI I I II I I I -II II IT " *
tiSmuga, TeU^ Pongamia glabra, VenU^ Lbouminosa.
Oil ;
Gaoshir, Pevs,^ Ferula Galbaniflua, BoUi,^ Um bbllifbiub.
Gum ;
Garan, Ber^^ Ceriops CandoUeana, Arnottf Rhizophorba.
Tan ;
Garan, Beng»t Ceriops Roxburghiana, Arnoit., Rhizophorb^.
Tan ;
Garanji, Gondt Pongamia glabra, Vent, Lbouminos^.
Oil ;
Gaxbijaiir, Hind; Tetranthera lauriifolia, Jacq^ LAURiNEiC.
Oil ;
Gardal, Bom*^ Entada scandens, Bentk*, Lbgumino&s.
Oil ;
Gardaltt, Pb,, Prunus armeniaca, Linn,, Rosacbjb.
Gum ; Oil ;
Gardimdi, J^afi., Ochrocarpus longifolius, Bentk & Hook. /., Guttifer^.
Dye;
Gar-^^ TV/., Garuga pinnata, Roxb,, Bursbracb^.
Gum ; Tan ;
Gari, TV/., Badanites Roxburghii, Planck,, Simarubba.
Oil
Gari-kalay, Beng,, Glycine Soja, Lieb,, Lbgumino&a.
Oil ;
Garinga, Hind,, Carissa Carandas, Linn,, Apqcynacbs.
Dye ; Tan ;
Gaijaiiy ^^iij^., Dipterocarpus alatus, Ro^cb,, DiPTBROCARPBJi.
Gum ;
Garjan, Beng,, Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Gaertn,/,, Diptbrocarpe^.
Gum ;
Gafjan-oil Tree, BfH^'t Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Gaertn, /,, Diptbro-
• CARPBJi. Gum ;
GarUc, Eng,, Allium sativum, Linn,, Liliacba.
Oil ;
Garaikura, Sans., Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn,, Malvacbjb.
Fibre ;
Garrah, Gond, Balanites Roxburghii, Planch,, Simarubba.
Oil ;
Garso, Hind,, Albizzia procera, Benth,, Lbguminos.^.
Gum ; Tan ;
Garao, Hind,, Albizria Lebbek, Benth,, Lbgumino&s.
Gum ; Tan ;
Gartaahlara, Kumaun, Villebrunea frutescens, Blume., URTiCACBiC.
Fibre ;
Gamga, Td,t Garuga pinnata, Roxb,, Bursbracbjs.
Gum ; Tan ;
Gasa-gasa-toi, Tam,, Papaver somniferum, Linn,, Papavbracra.
Oil
Gasa-gasa-toiu, TV/., Papaver somniferum, Linn,, Papavbracb^.
Oil ;
Gaufi, Hind., Briedelia retusa, Spreng,, EuPHORBiACBiS.
Tan ;
Gaasam, Hind,, Schleichera trijuga, Willd,, SAPiNDACBiB.
Oil ;
Ganzaban, Hind,, Onosma echioides, Linn , BoRAGiNBiE.
Dye ;
Gavuldtt, Mysore, Careya arborea, Roxb,, MYRTACBiE.
Gum ;
Gaz-anjaUn, Arab., Tamaruc dioica, Roxb; Tamariscinbjb.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Gech-cfaakkay, TViffi,, Caesalpinia Bonducella, Roxb,, Legumino&«.
Oil :
4^ Index to Volume^ I af the Gafah^ue of
Gda, Hind,, Briedelia moHtliiRr, WiM,, ]^u^tf6U'AA'd&#.
Tan ;
Geio, Nepal, Briedelia: ttltoM, Sj^nitg.^ ftoV'HtfftWfXettitf.
Tan ;
Gdo, Nepal, Brifedeliaf irfoht«Aa-, iWirKf, t^Y^Oli^Kct^Jit,
Tan ;
Gelaphala, Mdhf., Randik <!^m^dhi\h', iaih.,'fC<fi\Kct^jk.
Dye ;
Geli, N, W, P,, Taxus BacJtfAttf, Zt'fTi*., CbAi^te*i'
Gum ; Dye ;
Genda, Hind,, Bettg., Tag^etf pal«1!i*, ZtlrfH'., CbAy6SiTA
Dye ;
Gendeli poma, Ass., G^nig^ pi'ttttutk, Rdxt, fl\ncittCjiCt'A.
Gum ; Tan ;
Gendla, Beng., Tagetes pafiilkr, Liitft.\ CbWb^rf^'.
Dye ;
Geor, Benff-,, Ex<atfc!afila Agilltfdfra,' rt^'^i^iy ffdfttbKtfiWd^-ztf.
Gum ;
Geredi, Uriya^ Entada scari'ddMs; ^^'rttk,, t^dOftlWoisX
Oil ;
Geria, Beng, Excaecitia: A^llbehtf, lWi&., ttW6ti^\K6EJt\
Gum ;
Geri-ffliti, ^^wg'., Ochre;
Ghaftz, Pb,, Delphinium saniculaefolium, Boiss., Ranunculacb..^
Ghariam, Ass,, Mangifera iildica; Lifin\ AiiiK6'K^iSihctA\
Gum ; Dye ; Tan : Oil ;
GhAtiplttapdpada, Bont., ^efisttrdtilfe tJitfcloYia, I^ees., AcJiiifa\etA\
Dye ; . "*
Ghatiya, (root of) Morindk citHfolfe, Liiifi\, RuWac:*:
Dye ;
Gliaxld, Ph'-y Tamarix artlculktti, VdKl., "f, dibcd, Rbxi., Tl gsCllicia; Lfnii,^
Tamariscink^. Gum ; Dye j Tan ;'
Ghee.
Oil
Ghikumiri, Hind,, Aloe vetU,^^fV^., t(tiK6t'£.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Ghila, Hind., Bauhinia racettioSS, idni,, tviG\ji'im(6iM:
Fibre ;
Ghirgilly Oil from Ka'nara*
Oil ;
GhirtarkuiBiiri, Beng., Aloe verk^ Lim\, tittKdt£.
Dye ; Fibre j ^
Ghogar, Hind,^ Garuga pinnaitk; l^oxb',, Buft^kRAc'BJA^.
Gum ; Tan ;
Ghonasaphan, Mahr,, SanseVlfei-ii^zeyiaVnbar, WtW., H^iiidbbFrACE^.
Fibre ;
Ghont, Hind\, Zizyphus xylb|>yra*, Mndl, ^HA'M)tje:.
Tan ;
Ghoran, Bet^,, Geriops RoitbufgHlaha, A^Holif,, Rm'zb^nb'fea'^:
Tan ;
Ghora nim, Beng., Melta A^edkrach; LiH^:, M'B.UWc^'jA:
Oil ;
Ghor-rai, Hind., Brassica nigfB., Koch., C^oci'tiSM^'.
Oil ;
Ghosali, Bom,, Luflfa aegyprtkca, Jfl!tU\, er^obtf,, CodDRBlTACEiC
Oil ;
Ghritakunari, Sans,, Aloe vera*, Linn:, LitiAcS^.
Dye : Fibre ;
Ghwaresht^y Afg,, Prunus persica; B'ei/i:fn: Mo'6k,f,, R!o5acb>6.
Gum ; Oil ;
Gia, Mechi, Garuga pinnata; Roxh\, dutt^RXe^i^:
Gum \ Tan ;
ike. Eea^nomic Ptoducts of India. 4J
Giam, Tibet ^ Cedriis Deode^a,.l0i«fe/oM,.CoNi#Kft£^.
Gum ; Oil ;
Gidhro, Sind^ Cucumis Melo^ L,^ CircaRBC'iukfiEA.
Oil
Giduri, Sind.^ Cordia Myxa^iZtfNi^ BdR^c»iMA£*>
Dye ; Fibre ;
Gilas., Fh,y Prunus Cerasus,' Limi^ RosAXUfts^
Gum ;
Gileady Balm of, Eng..y Balflamodendroh^OpabalsamuiiO,. Kv!ntk\x^&\i^isA'
RACEiE. Gum ;
Gilla, Beng.i Entada scandeps^.wSc'n^^LBauMFMOSjS^
Oil J
Ging, Eng.f Odina Wodter, Roxb^kiiifAGAxahi^EaU,
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Gingan, Hind.y Odina Wodier, Roxb.^ Aie AjCAroiacleji.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Gingeliy, Eng,, SiesamuiB indic]Liti^<Li»».i.PBDA-Liii1ftiSk
Oil ;
Ginger grass,
Oil ;
Gira, Afg.^ AInus nitidat Endl,yC\iti\3iiiP^M,'
Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Girdu, Pers^i Juglans regia, L»f¥.„ JuqzIanoilb;
Dye ; Tan ;
Girdugan, Ptfr^., Juglans re^a,.Zf^#(.,,J.uGLANOiiA.^
Dye ; Tan ;
GiiyayC.i'., ChloroxylonSwietenia^i^C^ Mbliacb£%.
Gum ;
Gior, Kashmir ySdXhi hzbyXoJiica^Xinn^i.SMiiCivftx*'
Fibre ;
Gobia, Nepal^ Cepbalostachium oapitatuiH) Mtmro^QKAm^itA,
Fibre ;
Gobli, Kan., Acacia arabica),Pri//<ii,;LBGiiMiNOSJifc.
Gum ; Tan ;
Gobriasulahy iV^/a/,. Abies Webbiana, Lindi^^^QomwRKSi,
Gum ;
Gogu, 7)?/., Acacia concinna,{£>C.,,L&GUMl'NQaat.
Dye ; Tan ;
Gogol dhup, Nepal, Canarium bangalenae, Roxb,i BujRSBAACEiB..
Gum ;
Gokatu, Cingh,, Garcinia Morella, Desrouss., Guttifbr^.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Golab, Hind., Beng,, Pb,, Rosa alba,. £mn«, Rosacea.
OU :
Goladtaiy Jt/bAr., Sterculia guttata, W.-& A,„Stkkc\3liacejr,
Fibre ;
Goldia, RaJ.f Anogeissus latifolia, WalLi. Combrktackjb*
Gum ; Dye ;
Golka, Kumaun, Bc&hmeria macrophylla, Doi^) URTiCACSiE.
Fibre ;
Gol kamela, Pb., Phyllanthus nepalensis, MulU Arg^^ EuPHORBiACSiE,
Fibre^ ;
Gol kaddu, Pb,y Benincasa cerifera, Savi^ CucuRBiTACEiE..
Oil ;
Gol-kaddue, Hind., Benincasa cerifera, 5'av9\,,CacuRBirTACBJe,
Oil ;
Golpatta, Beng,, Phcenix paludosa, Roxb,, Palmjb.
Fibre ;
Golra, Raj,, Anogeissus latifolia, WaU,, Combretacb&.
Gum ; Dye j
Gombo, Ft,, Hibiscus esculentus, Linn., Malvaceae.
Fibre
44 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Gondani, Makr,^ Cordia Rothii, Rotm. & Sch.^ Boraginba.
Gum ;
Gotidi, Hind., Cordia Rothii, Rdem, & Sch»^ Boraginbjs.
Gum ;
Gondi, Hind.f Cordia Myxa> Linn,, Boraginb^e.
Dye ; Fibre ;
GondiUy Hind., Cordia Rothii, Roem, & Sek,, BoRAGiNSiB.
Gum ;
GongkuiA, TeL, Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn,, Malvacb^s.
Oil ;
Gongo, Uriya, Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis, Linn., Olbace^e.
Dye ;
Gon nyin, Burm,, Entada scandens, Benth., Lbguminos^e.
Oil ;
Gopi, Nepal, Cephalostachium capitatum, Munro, Graminb^
Fibre ;
GOfaa, Beng,, Ceriops CandoUeana, Arnoti., Rhizophorbae
Tan ;
Gonuita, Kan,, Tel,, Lawsonia alba, Lam,, Lythracba.
Dye ; Oil ;
Goren, Burm,, Bcehmeria nivea, ff, & A,, URTiCACBiE.
Fibre ;
Gori nim, Bom,, Melia Azedarach, Linn., Mbliacbje.
Oil ;
Gorkatd, Kashmir, Indigofera atropurpurea, Ham,, LsGUMiNosiE.
Fibre ;
GofklUy Kan., Sponia orientalis, Planch,, Urticacejs.
Gum ;
Gota gamba, Hind,, Garcinia Morella, Desrouss, Guttipbrs.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Goti, Hind,, Zizyphus xylopyra, Willd,, Rham nba
Tan ;
Goti, Tel,, Zizyphus xylopyra, WUld,, Rhamnba.
Tan ;
Goukura, Tel., Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn., MALVACBiK.
Fibre ;
Gourd, Eng,, Cucurbita maxima, Duchesne, CucuRBiTACEiE.
Oil
Gourd, Bottle, Eng,, Lagenaria vulgaris, DC., CbCURBiTACEiE.
Oil ;
Gourd nut.
Oil ;
Gourd, White, Eng,, Cucurbita Pepo, DC,, CucuRBiTACBiE.
Oil ;
Gram, Common, Eng,, Cicer arietinum, Linn., LBGUMiNOSiS,
Dye ;
Graoades, Fr., Punica Granatum, Linn., Lythracejb.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
GranatS, Ger,, Punica Granatum, Linn., Lythracbjs.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Granthipami, Sans., Artemisia vulgaris, Linn,, CoMPOSiTiE.
Oil 5
Grass, China, Eng,, Boehmeria nivea, H, & A„ Urticacka.
Fibre ;
Grass, Geranium, Eng., Andropogon Schoenanthes, Linn,, GRAMmBJS.
Oil
Grass, Lemon, Eng., Andropogon citratus, DC, Graminb^
Oil ;
Grass-mats, Eng., Cyperus tegetum, Roxb., GRAMiNBifi.
Fibre ^ ;
Grass, Man], Eng., Saccharum Munja, Roxb., GRAMiNBiB.
Fibre j
the Economic Products of India. 45
Grass, Rhea, Eng,, Boehmeria nivea, H. & A,, Urticacejb.
Fibre
Grass, Roussa, Eng.^ Andropogon Nardus, Linn,, Graiiinba
Fibre ;
Ground Nut, Eng,^ Arachis hypogoea, Linn,, Lbguminosa.
Oil ;
Gui, Beng,, Areca Catechu, Linn,, Lboum INOSJB.
Gurn ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Guib&bla, Bom,, Acacia Farnesiana, WUld,, Lbgum iNO&s.
Dye ; Tan ;
Guava, Eng„ Psidium Guava, Raddi^ Myrtacbjb.
Dve ; Tan ;
Gubadarra, Tel,, Helicteres Isora, Linn., Stbrouliacba
Fibre ;
Gub^, Sans,, Areca Catechu, Linn,, Lbqum iNosiB.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Gudnrichik^da, Bom,, Costus speciosus, Sm,, Scitaminb^e.
Oil ;
Gug^, Bom,, Balsamodendron Roxburghii, Am., Burseraceje
Gum ;
Gugal, Tel,, Shorea robusta, Gaertn., Diptbrocarpba.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Gugala, Beng,, Balsamodendron Roxburghii, Arn., BursbracbjB
Gum ; Oil ;
Gugal Gum., Eng,, (aho Sind name of plant), Balsamodendron Mukul ffooi
BuRSERACBiB. Gum ; i--«w*.,
Guggal, N. W, P,, Juniperus recurva, Ham,, Conifers
Gum ;
Guggul, Beng,, Balsamodendron Mukul, Hook,, Burseracb^
Gum ;
Guggulu, Tarn., Boswellia serrata, Colebr,, Bursbracba.
Gum ;
Guga, Tel., Boswellia serrata, Roxb,, var. Glabra, Burserace^
Gum ;
Gugul, Hind., Balsamodendron Mukul, Hook., Bursbracbje
Gum ;
^"^um^^^' ^^^" ^°*^®"** serrata, Roxb., var. Glabra, Burseracb^.
GuguU, Beng., Hind,, Argyreia speciosa, Sweet, CoNVOLVULACBiE
Oil ; •
Guhu, Hind,, Sterculia urens, Roxb,, Stbrculiacejb.
Gum ;
Gu-lrikar, Hind., Acacia Famesiana, Willd,, Lbguminos*
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Gul, Bom., Rosa alba, Linn., Rosacb^e,
Oil ;
^"^tS UBTATB'^'^OiP'T ^""'"^"' ^''^''•' ''*" ^^*'^"*"'"'
Gular, Hind., Sterculia urens, Roxb,, Stbrculiacb^.
Gum ;
Gul-bola, Pb., Sterculia villosa, Roxb., Stbrculiacbjb.
Gum ;
Gul-i-ajaib, Hind., Hibiscus mutabilis, Roxb,, Uklvkckm,
Fibre ;
Gul-i-pista, Hind., Pistacia vera, Linn., ANACARDiACBiE
Gum J Dye ; Tan ;
Guljalil, Bom., Delphinium saniculaefolium, Boiss,, Ranunculacba.
Liye J
Gulkairo, Hind., Bom., Althaea rosea, Linn., MALVACBiE.
Dye ;
Gulla, Simla, Cupressus tomlosa, Don.i Conifbrje.
Gum :
46 Index U Volunu / of the CaUiogue of
Gul shab bo, Ph., Pdlyaathes .tobero^, U^^i jP^H/W^vac^/^.
Oil ;
GumbeBgfon^, Mtfhii Plecosi^rAkfiB^ 9pu»•s^u, 'TrfictU^ 1LJR«iC4.c«^
Dye ;
Gum, Blue, £f^.| Efi^y^g^ glf^Mvs, ^U^^ ,MY|RrApc;«.
Oil ;
Gummaddikaia, TV/., Cucuribij^ aiB«iflg», /^mcJke^n^i C^^^fmjAc^M^
Oil ;
Gumxnar, Gond, Qireja «rfart>re;9, i^nr^^ M)(»r^kcv4ik
Gum ;
Gumpini, TeL, Odina Wodier^ >S^.« A«AC«A«PA4^lff^*
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
GundarbhaduU, Ben^,, P»4eri^^^t>^ J^iim.j J^tmM^i^
Fibre ;
Gonda-blnsoand ? Hind., B^»#jHMBttia ^omtsk. li^^t |iuiR6ds«AC€;«..
Gum ;
Gunda-gilla, Beng., Baubioia maccostittolif a, IVaU.., ]U«<Q^mi:N9(^»
Gundali, Hind., Pxderia fcetida, Linn., RuBiACBiC.
Fibre ;
Gundra, Tel., Sans., Saccharum Mara, Roxb., Gramine^.
Fibre ;
Gung^, Magh., Adenanthera pavonina, Linn., Lsquminosi^e,
Dye ; Oil ;
Gungflay, Mahr., Cochlospermum Gossypium, D(^., Bisci.nb^.
Oil 5
Gung^y Tel., Cochlospermum Gossypium, DQ., Bw^ejb.
Gum ; Oil ;
Gurapu-badam, Tel., Sterculia fcetida, Linn., Sterculiacb^.
Oil ;
Guar, Hind., Albizzia procera, Benth., LsGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ; Tan ;
Gurbari, Hind., Albizzia procera, Benth., Leguminos^.
Gum ; Tan j
Guria, Beng., Kandelia Rheedii, W. & A., RHizoPHOREiE.
Dye ; Mordant ;
Gurial, Hind; Bauhinia racemosa, Lam., LsGUMiNOSiB.
Gum ;
Gttrinda, Hind, Prinsepia utilis, Royle, Rosace^a.
Oil ;
Gurjun, Beng., Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Gaertn.,f„ Dipterocarpe^.
Gum ; Oil ;
Gurkur, Hind., Al bizzia procera, Benth,, Leguminos^.
Gum ;Tao ^
Gurmala, Gus.^ Cassia Fistula, Linn,, LEGUMiiiK^iip.
Gum ; Tan ;
Gurosatuffli, Tel., Leucas cephalotes, Spreng., Labiate.
Dye ; Oil ;
Gutta-percha, Eng., Dichopsis Gutta> Bth* & Hoo%.f., Safota^Cba.
Gum ; Oil ;
Guy4 b&buUl, Beng., Acacia Famesiana, Willd,, Lbgu minds jg.
Gum ;
Gwa, Hind., Tetranthera monopelata, Roxh., Laurinb^.
Oil ;
Gwa, Pb., Tetranthera laurifolia, Jacq., Laurine^e.
Oil
Gwedauk, Burnt,, Connarus speciosus, AfcLell., CoNNARACBiS.
Oil ;
Gw^, Burm.f Spondias mangifera, Pers., Anacardiacbjb.
Gum ;
Gwayral, Hind,, Bauhinia retusa, Ham., LEGUMiNOSis.
Gum :
the Bioonontk Prodf^t^ ,of Indij^^ 47
Gyo, Burm., Schleichera triUijgaiu WjUd,^ SapinP4C&«.
Oil
Fibre ;
Haba, Bom,, Marsclepia Ro^l^^ WigUf M9^9'nA9J^/f'^
Fibre ;
Hab-ul-^s, Fh,y Myrtus ^p/nuuinif I^n%.. }/irfaaj^fkS.f
Oil ;
Hat>-ul-kalb, Arah,^ Senaeqarpu? A.njgi^card.ivm, l,inn,^f,.^ ^SACA^i^pg^jf
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Hadayama, Bom., Cr^^t^eya reli^ip^a.^ Poysf,^ (Iappai^P^l^.
Dye ;
Haddu, Hind,, Cornys mauyoph^Jl^, W^rf., ^ofiiiAJC^M,.
Oil ; * .
Hakuch, Beng,, Psorelea'xorylifo^ia, Lint},. L^gub^inos^..
Oil * ;
Haknn, Hind,, Baliospermum montajiwni MUh A^$'f Sy.PHOR9iA.g£iE..
Oil ;
Hal, Cingk,, Valeria indicaj Linn,f Pipt^ocarpe^^.
Gum ; Oil ;
Haldi, Hind., Curcuma long^, RQxb-, ^citamineje.
Dye ;
Haldi-alg^-luta, Ben^., ([^.uscuta re^effli, ftoxh,. CoNVOLVu^A,CEi9,
Dye ;
Haldi, Ban, Hind, N.-W, P,^ Curcuixia aromatica, Salisb.^ Sqit^mine.^.
Dye ;
Hal<di-g^ch, Ben^,, Coscinium fex^stratu^p, Colebr,, MjBNis^ERM.A.pEiB.
Dye ;
Haldi, Ja&gli, Hind.^ N.-W. P,, Curcumjii ^omatica^ S<;^li^b,f ^ciTAMiNEiC.
Dye ;
Hat&eia, Dec, Lepidium sativum) Linn*, Crucifer^.
Oil ;
Haleo, Hind,, Cornus maiS^oph^Il^, Wall,, jCornace^
Oil ;
Had, Dec, Terminalia Cbebqla, Beiji., Combrbtace^,
Gum ; Dye ; ; Tan ; Oil ;
Halu, Pb,, Impatiens Ed^wp^thii; ^ook.f GsRANiApEiE,
Oil ;
Halud, Beng,, Curcuma Ipn^, Hp^ht Scitaminb.^.,
Dye ;
Halud, Ban; Beng.^ Curcumq. ^omatica, Salisb,, Scitimjhej^
Dye ; '
Hamra, Gu^*, Prosopis ^pici^era, Linn.f LBGyMii!io;sA.
Gum ; Tan ;
Hanjal, Uriya, Terminalia Arj,una, Bfdd., Combrbtac^^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Har, Hind,, Nyctantbes A^bor-tristis^ Linn.f Oueap^m.
Dye ;
Har, Hind,, Terminalia Chebula, Bet3,, .Qomb^etacb^
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ' Oil j
Harabar&y Mahr,, Cicer arientinum, Linn.. I^souMiNOSiE.
Dye ;
Harara; Hind,, Termii^^ia Chebula, Rett,, ([Iombr^tacb^,
Xjrum ; Dye ; Taii j OH ';
Hardwaripeori,P^., p.Qori Dye*
Dye ;
Hfu;s:liark|i, (roQ| oQ Mo):in.dia /:itrifolia, (4nn.f Ru^iACSiS,
Dye ;
48 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Had, P6., Prunus anneniaca, Linn,^ Rosacea.
Gum ; Oil ;
Haridri, Sixim., Curcuma longa, Roxh^ Scitam iNEiK.
Dye
Haridra, Ban, Sant,, Curcuma aromatica, SalUh,, SciTAMiNBiC.
Dye ;
Harin hana, Hind,, Amoora Rohituka, W. & A., MsLiACEiE.
Oil ;
Harin khaiia, Hind., Amoora Rohituka, W, &. A., MELiAcSiS.
Oil ;
Haritald, J?eii^., Terminalia Chebula, XetM., Combretacbjl
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil 5
Haritaki, Seng., Terminalia citrina, Hoxb., CoMBRBTAcsiE.
Dye ;
Harku, Pb,, Rhus Wallichii, Hook,/., Anacardiacbjb.
Oil ;
Harla, Dec, Terminalia Chebula, RetM,, CoMBRETACBiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
HamauU, Salt Range^ Ricinus communis, Ltnit., Euphorbiacb^e.
Mordant ; Oil ;
Harra, Hind,, Terminalia Chebula, Reia,, Combrbtacbjs.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Harrari, Nepal, Acacia ln\s\ai,Willd,, Leguminosjb.
Dye ;
Harri, Hind,, Murraya Koenigii, Spr., Rutace^c
Oil ;
Harro, Gond, Terminalia Chebula, Reig., Com bretacb;e«
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Harwh^r, Hind,, Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis, Linn., Oleace^.
Oil ;
Hanringahar, Hind,, Seng,, Bom,, Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis, Linn,
Oleacea. Dve ; Oil ;
Harvinghar, Hind,, hfyctanthes Arbor-tristis, Linn,, Oleacb^e.
Oil ;
Harwar, Tel,, Acacia leucophloea, Willd,, LEGUMiNoSiS.
Dye ;
Hathikhatyan, Dec, Adansonia digitata, Linn,, Malvaceae.
Fibre ;
Hatian, Hind,, Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC., Malvaceae.
Gum ;
Hawar, Oudh, Dolichandrone falcata, Seem,, Bignoniacb^e.
Fibre
Hayamarak, Sans,, Wrightia tinctoria, R, Br,, A^oc\nace^.
Dye ;
Hazel Nut (Indian), Eng., Corylus Colurna, Limn., CupuLiPBRiS.
Oil ;
Hebalau, Mahr., Kan,, Artocarpus hirsuta, Lamk., Urticacba.
Gum ;
Heboo, Burm,, Carthamus tinctorius, Linn,, CoMPOSiTiE.
Dye ;
Heela, Burghers^ Garcinia Cambogia, Desrouss., Guttipera.
Gum ; Dye ^ ;
Hemlock spruce (Indian), Eng,, Abies dumosa, Loudon, Conipbrji.
Gum ;
Hemp, Eng,, Cannabis sativa, Linn,, Urticacea.
Fibre ;
Hemp, Bow-string, (fibre of) Calotropis gigantea, R, Br,, Asclbpiadbae*
Fibre ;
Hemp, Bow-string, Eng,, Sanseviera zeylanica, Willd,, Liliacea.
Fibre ;
Hemp, Sun, Indian., Brown, Bombay, Jubbulpore, Eng,, Crotalaria
junc^, Linn., Leguminosa. Fibre ;
the Economic ^Products of India. 49
Hemp, Deccani, Eng,^ Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn.^ Malvacba.
Fibre ;
Hemp, Manilla, Eng,, Musa textilis, Louis.^ Nees., Musacea.
Fibre ;
Hendl, ^4^^., Barringtonia acutangula, Gaertn , MvRTACEiE.
Tan ;
Hengra, Bomb.^ Ferula Narthex, Boiss., Umbbllifera.
Gum ;
Hernia, Eng,, Hind,, Lawsonia alba, Lam., LvTHRACBiG.
Dye ; Oil ;
Herbadoce, Portuguese^ Pimpinella Anisum, Linn., UMBELLiFERiS.
Oil ;
Herpa, Hind., Girardinia heterophylla, Decaisne., URTiCACEiE.
Fibre ;
Heni, Pb,, Quercus Ilex, Linn., Cupulifera.
Tan ;
Hesswa, Kan., Artocarpus hirsuta, Lamk., URTiCACEiE
Gum ;
He'war, Mahr., Acacia leucophloea , Willd., Leguminosa.
Dye ;
Hibiscus, Edible, Eng., Hibiscus esculentus, Linn., Malvace^.
Fibre ;
Hibiscus, Hemp-leaved, Eng., Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn., Malvacea.
Fibre ;
Hibiscus, Changeable, Eng., Hibiscus mutabilis, Roxb., MALVACEii!.
Fibre ;
Hijal, Beng., Barringtonia acutangula, Gaertn., MvRTACEiE
Tan ;
Hijili badam, Beng., Bom.t Anacardium occidentale, Linn.,
Anacaroiace^. Gum ; Tan ;
Hijuli, Beng., Anacardium occidentale, Linn , ANACARDiACEiE.
Oil ;
Hilika, Ass., Terminalia citrina, Roxb., Combretacea.
Dye ;
Hilikha, Ass , Terminalia Chebula, Reta., CoMBRETACEiE.
Gun ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Hims, Arab., Cicer arietenum., Linn., Leguminos^.
Dye ;
Hing, Bomb, Hind., Ferulai aWmceai, Boiss., UMBELLiFBRiE.
Gum ;
Hing, Beng., Hind., Ferula Narthex, Boiss., Umbellifer«.
Oil ;
Hingan, Mahr., Balanites Roxburghii, Planch., SiMARUBEiE.
Oils ;
Hingol, Hind., Balanitus Roxburghii, Planch., Simarubea.
Oils ; .
Hingota, Hind.^ Balanites Roxburghii, Planch., Simarubba.
Oil ;
Hing^i Sans 9 Ferula alliacea, Boiss., Umbelliferje.
Gum ;
Hingu, Hind , Balanites Roxburghii, Planch., Simarube^e.
Oil ;
Hingu, Sans., Ferula Narthex, Boiss., UMBELLiFERiE.
Oil ;
Hintal, Beng., Phoenix paludosa, Roxb., Palm^e.
Fibre ;
Hippe, Kan., Bassia longifolia, Willd., Sapotacea.
Gum ;
Hirabol, Hind., Balsamodendron Myrrha, Nees., BursbracewE ,
Gum ;
Hinula, Mahr., Terminalia Chebula, Retz., CoMBRETACEiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
50 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Hiradakhana, Makr.f Calamus Dracoi Willd.f Palma.
Gum ;
Hirada khum, Hind^ Calamus Draco, Willd.j Palm ji.
Gum ;
Hirakosh, ffind,t Beng., Proto-Sulphate of Iron.
Dye ;
Hirandodi, Mahr.^ Dregea volubilis, Benth.^ Asclepiade^.
Fibre ;
Hltal, Beng.f Phoenix paludosa, Hoxb.f Palma.
Fibre ;
Hlo-sa-klot-kunj, Lepcha, Prunus Padus, Linn,t Rosaceji.
Gum ;
Hlosiri, Lepchay Quercus pachyphilla, Kutm., Cupulipera.
Dye ; Tan ;
Hman, Burm.f Feronia Elephantum, Corr,, Rutacea.
Gum ; Oil ;
Hmya-sdk, Burm.f Antiaris toxicariai Leech.j Urticace^.
Gum ;
Hnan, Burm.y Sesamum indicum, Linn,^ PEDALiNBiE.
Oil ;
Hnanlongyaingfy Burm., Acacia Farnesiana, Willd.f Lbguminosa.
Tan ;
Hog^ Beng., Typha Elephantina, Roxb,, Typhacea.
Fibre ;
Hog^ Plum, Eftg,, Spondias mangifera, Pers., Anacardi-
ACEM. Gum ;
Hog, Sea, See Dugottc; Oil.
Oil
Holly-hock, ^n^., Althoea rosea, Linn.y Malvace^.
Dye
Holly-leaved Oak, Eng,^ Quercus Ilex, Lintu^ Cupuliper^.
Tan ;
Holm Oak, Eng,y Quercus Ilex, Linn,y CuPULiFERiE.
Tan ;
Horn, Phekial, Strobilanthes flaccidifolius, Nees.^ Acanthace.^
Dye ;
Honge, Kan,, Bassia latifolia, Roxb., Sapotacba.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Honi, Bom., Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxb,, LEGUMiNOSiG.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Hooniy Bom., Saccopetalum tomentosum, Hook, f., Pi^onACKM,
Gum ;
Hor&, Ctngh,, Dipterocarpus zeylanicus, Thwaiies, Dipterocar?e^.
Oil
Horse-radish Tree, Eng.t Moringa pterygosperma, Gaertn , Moringb^.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Hortaki, Cachar, Terminalia citrina, Roxb., CoMBRETACEiE.
Dye ;
Hom-surat, Ass., Girardinia heterophylla, Decaisne, Urticac&£.
Fibre ;
Hotaiy Solami, Balsamodendron Playfairii, Hook.f., Burserace^.
Gum ;
Hpalan, ^Mrm.y Bauhinia racemosa, £am., LEGUMiNOSiB.
Gum ;
Hpet-woona, Burm., Berrya Ammonilla., Roxb., Tiliacb^.
Fibre ;
Hub-ul-mnshk, Arab., Hibiscus Abelmoschus., Linn, Malvacba.
Fibre ;
Hnile-de-Castor, Pr., Ricinus communis, Linn., Euphorbiacea.
Oil
Huile-de-Sesame, Pr., Sesamum indicum, Linn., Pedalinba.
Oil
the Economic Products of India, 51
Hujed, Arab., Adansonia digitata, Linn.j Malvacea
Fibre ;
Hukmchily Phc&niz sylvestris, Roxb,t Palmjs.
Gum ;
Holashing:, Pb,, Rhus semialata, Murray, Anacardiacba.
Oil ;
Hiildi kung^, Hind., Beng,, Morinda citrifolia, Linn., var. bracteata,
RuBiACEA. Dye ;
Hvldi kung, Lepcha, Morinda persicsefolia, Ham., Rubiacba.
Dye ;
Hnl-knusa, Bira., Beng., Leucus cephulotes, Spreng, Labiate.
Dye ; Oil ;
Htdluch, Ass,, Terminalia belerica, Roxb,, Combrbtacba.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Hungfai, Hind,, Abutilon asiaticum, G, Don,, Malvacba.
Fibre ;
Huragaluy Mysore, Chloroxylon Swietenia, DC, Meliacba.
Gum ;
Hurdi, Hind., Beng,, Morinda citrifolia, Linn., var. bracteata, Rub iace/t.
Dye ;
Hnrhuria, Beng., Cleome viscosa, Linn., Capparide^.
Oil ;
Hunnala, Bom,, Piganum Harmala, Linn., Rutacea«
Dye ;
I
Ichal, Kan., Phoenix farinefera, WUld., Palma.
Fibre ;
Ichal, Kan., Phoenix sylvestris, Roxb., Vklux,
Fibre
Ij&l, Hind., Barringtonia acutangula, Gaertn., MYRTACEiC.
Tan ;
Il&chi, Beng., Hind., Amomum subulatum, Roxb., Scitamine^.
Ilang-ilang, Eng., Mai., Cananga odorata, H.f. & T., Anonacba.
Oil ;
lUavam, Tam., Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC, Malvacea.
Oil ;
niavam, Tam,, Bombax malabaricum, DC, Malvacea.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ; Oil , ;
Illipi butter, see Bassia latifolia, Roxb., SAPOTAcSiE.
Oil ;
Illupi, 7am., Bassia latifolia, Roxb., Sapotacea.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Imbul, Cingh., Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC, Malvacea.
Oil ;
Imborel, Tam., Oldenlandia umbellata, Linn., RuBiACEiE.
Dye ;
Imliy Hind., Tamarindus indica, Linn., Leguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ; Mordant ; Oil ;
In, Burm., Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, Roxb., Dipterocarpe.«.
Gum ; G c b q o o
Ind, Hind., Ricinus communis, Linn., Euphorbiacb^.
Mordant ;
Inderjau, Hind., Holarrhena antidysenterica, Wall., Apocynackji.
Oil ;
India-rabber, Eng., Ficus elastica, Bl., Urticacbjs.
Gum ;
Indigo, Eng., Indigofem tinctoria, Linn., Lbguminosa.
Dye ; Oil ;
52 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Indigfo, Ceylon, £»^., Tephrosia tinctoria, Pers.^ LeguminoSiE.
Dye ; Oil
Indraphal, Mahr.^ Citrullus co\ocyni\i\s,Schrad.^ Cucurbitacea.
Oil ;
Indrawan, Dec»^ Citrullus Colocynthis, Sckrad,, CucuRBiTACEiE.
Oil
Indrayan, Hind.t Mahr., Citrullus Colocynthis, Schrad,^ Cucurbitacb^.
Oil
In^^, Hind-i Balanites Roxburghii, Planch.t SiMARUBEiE.
Oil ;
In^va, Tel., Ferula narthex, Boiss., UMBSLLiFERiE.
Oil ;
Ing^yin, Burnt., Shorea Siamensis, Miq., DiPTEROCARPEiS.
Gum ;
Ippa, Tel., Mimusops manilkara, Don., SAPOTACEiE.
Gum ;
Ippi, Tel., Bassia longifolia, Willd., Sapotace^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Irak, Arab., Salvadora persica, Linn., Salvadoracb^E.
Oil
Irapu, 7am., Cynometra ramiflora, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiE.
Dye ; Oil ;
Iripa, Mai., Cynometra cauliflora, Linn., Leguminos^e.
Oil ;
Iris, Eng., Iris florentina, Linn., Iridace^.
Oil ;
Iron --wood Tree, Eng., Xylia dulabriformis, Benth., LEGUMiNOSis.
Gum ; Oil ;
Iroopoo, Kan., Cynometra ramiflora, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiE.
Dye ; Oil ;
Irrip, Gond., Bassia latifolia, Roxb., Sapotace^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Irul, 7am., Xylia dolabriformis, Benth., Lbguminos^B.
Gum ; Oil ;
Irdp, Gond, Bassia latifolia, Roxb., Sapotace^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Isband Lahouri, Pb., (seeds of) Peganum Harmala, Linn,, Rutacea.
Dye ; Oil ;
Iser, Kashmir, Prunus armeniaca, Linn., Rosacea.
Oil ;
Iskabena, Pers. , Sagabenum.
Gum ;
IspanaJ, Arab., Spinacia oleracea, Mill., Che no pod i ace jb.
Oil ;
Ispanda, Bom., Peganum Harmala, Linn., Rutacea.
Dye ;
Itah, Godavari, Helicteres Isora, Linn., STERCULiACEiB.
Fibre :
Jack-fruit Tree, ETtg.^ Artocarpus integrifolia, Linn., Urticace-B.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Jack Tree, Wild, Eng., Artocarpus hirsuta, Lamk., URTlCACEiE.
Gum ;
Jadi, Kan., Tectona grandis, Linn., Verbenacbje:.
Gum ; Dye ;
Jadical, 7am., Myristica moschata, Willd., Myristicba.
Oil ;
Jaephal, Hind., Myristica moschata, Willd., Myristicba.
Oil ;
the Economic Products of India. 53
Jafran, Beng.^ Crocus sativus, Linn., Iridacbji.
Dye ;
JsLggaiVTah, C. P., Cassia Fistula, Linn., Legominos*.
Gum ; Tan ' ;
Jahi, Kumaun, Jasminum grandiflorum, Linn., Olbace£.
Oil J
Jai, Pb., Jasminum humile, Linn., Oleacba.
Dye ;
Jaia-pnula, Beng., Myristica moschata, Willd., Myristicea.
Oil ;
Jaida nuni, Hind., Calamus Draco, Willd , Palma.
Gum ;
Jaipal (Nutmeg). Hind., Myristica moschata, Willd., MYRiSTiCEii^
Oil ;
Jaipatri, Bom., Myristica moschata, Willd., Myristice^.
Oil ;
Jaiphal-jari, Garhwal, Memorialis pentandra, Wedd., URTiCACBiB.
Fibre ;
Jait, Hind., Sesbania aegyptica, Pers., Lbguminosa.
Fibre ;
Jajikaia, Tel., Myristica moschata, Wall,, MYRiSTiCBiB.
Oil ;
Jal, Pb„ Salvadora Oleoides, Linn., Salvadoracea.
Dye ; Oil ;
Jalghoza, A/g., Pinus Gerardiana, WcUl., Conifer/t,
Oil ;
Jail, Kan., Acacia Farnesiana, Willd., Leguminosjs.
Gum ;
Jallaur, Hind., Bauhinia Vahlii, W, & A., Leguminosa.
Fibre ;
Jallur, Hind., Bauhinia Vablii, W. & A., LEGUMiNOSiB.
Gum ;
Jam, Beng., Eugenia Jambolana, Lam , Myrtace^e.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Jama, Tel., Psidium Guava, Raddi, Myrtace^e.
Dye ; Tan ;
Jamalagota, Mahr., Croton Tiglium, Linn,, Euphorbiacea.
Oil ;
Jamalgota, Hind., Croton Tiglium, Linn., Euphorbiacb^.
Oil
J^unan, Hind., Eugenia Jambolana, Lam., MYRTACEiB.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Jamba, Mahr., Xylia dolabriformis, Bentk., LEGUMiNOSiE.
Oil ;
Jambe, Kan., Xylia dolabriformis, Benth , LEGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ;
Jambira, Sans., Citrus medica, Linn., var. acida, Rutacea.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Jambu, Hind., Xylia dolabriformis, Benth., LEGUMiNOSiK.
Gum ; Oil ;
Jamne-munda, Nepal., Berberis nepalensis, Spreng., BERBERiDEiE.
Dye ;
Jamoon, Hind., Eugenia Jambolana, Lam., Myrtace^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Jamu, Ass., Eugenia Jambolana, Lam., Myrtacea.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Jan, Pb., Girardinia heterophylla, Decaisne, UrticacEwE.
Fibre ;
Jangama, Bom., Flacourtia Cataphracta, Roxb., Bixinea.
911 ;
Jangi, Him. name, Corylus Colurna, Linn,, CuPULiFERiE.
Oil :
54 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Jangali-|Uianas/^<>m., Agave americana, Linn., AMARYLLiDiE.
Fibre ;
Jangalibadam, Mahr., Sterculia foetida, Linn., STERCULiACEiC.
Oil ;
Jangla badam, Hind., Canarium commune, Linn., Burbbracejb.
Gum ;
Jaog'Heranda, Bom., Jatropha glandulifera, Roxb., Euphorbiacba.
Dye ;
Jangli hulvul, Dec, Cleome viscosa, Linn , Capparidea.
Oil ;
Janjhan, Hind., Sesbania aegyptica, Pers., Leguminos^.
Fibre ;
Janiim, Hind., Sponia politoria, Planch., Urticacb^.
Fibre ;
Janwa, Pb., Elsodendron glaucum, P^r^., Celastrinejs.
Gum ;
Japhala, Mahr., Aleurites moluccana, Willd., EuPHORBiACEiG.
Oil ;
Jarg^, TeU, Woodfordia iloribunda, Salisb., LvTHRACEiC.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Jariya, Hind., Brassica campestris, Linn., Crucifer^.
Oil ;
Jaild-huldl, Dec, Hind., Coscinium fenestratum, Colebr., Menispermacba.
Dye ;
Jarul, Beng., Lagerstrcejnia Flos-Reginae, Ret»., LvTHRACEiE.
Gum ;
Jasavanda, Bom,, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Linn., MALVACEiC.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Jashtimadhu, Beng., Bom., Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linn., LEGUMiNoSiE.
Dye ;
Jasmine, Arabian, Eng, Jasminum Sambac, Aiton., Oleace^.
Oil ;
Jasmine, Spanish, Eng., Jasminum grandiflorum, Linn*, Olilkckm,
Oil ;
Jasum, Dec, Hind., Hibiscus rosa«sinensis, Linn., Malvace^.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Jasut, Dec, Hind., Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Linn., MALVACEiG.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Jatamansi, Beng., Nardostachys Jatamansi, DC, VALERiANACEiC.
Oil ;
Jati, Mai., Tectona grandis, Linn., Vbrbenace^.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Jati, Hind., Beng., Sans., Jasminum grandiflorum, Linn,, Oleacb^>
Oil ;
Jati, Hind,, Myristica moschata, Willd,, Myristice^.
Oil ;
Jatiko, Uriya, Woodfordia iloribunda, Salisb., LvTHRACEiC.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Jatili) Ass., Altingia excelsa, Nofonha, Hamalidea.
Gum ;
Jatiphala, Sans., Myristica moschata, Willd., MYRiSTiCEiC.
Oil ;
Jatipullum, Cingh , Myristica moschata, Willd:, MYRiSTiCBiE.
Oil ;
Jau, Hind, Beng., Tamarix dioica, Roxb., TamariscinEwE.
Gum ;
Jau, Hind., Beng., Casuarina equisetifolia, Forst, CasuarinacbwE.
Gum ; Tan ;
Jauntari (Mace), Hind., Myristica moschata, Willd:, Myristicea.
Oil ;
Java-pushpamu, Tel., Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Linn,, MALVACBiB.
Dye ; Fibre ;
the Economic Products of India. 55
Javasft, Bom»i Linum usitatissimum, Linn., Linba.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Jawashir, Pers^ Ferula Galbaniflua, Boiss, UMBBLLiFERyS.
Gum ;
Jayanti. Beng., Sesbania xgyptica, Pers., Leguminosa.
Fibre ;
Jayapdla, Sans., Croton Tif lium> Linn., Euphorbiacb^.
Oil ;
Jaypal, Beng., Croton Tiglium, Linn., EuPHORBiACBiE.
• Oil ;
Jelladii, Tel., Calatropis procera, R. Br., AscLBPiADBiC.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Jemudu, Tel., Euphorbia Tirucalli, Linn., Euphorbiacb/E.
Mordant ;
Jenapa-nara, Tel , Crotalaria juncea, Linn, Lbgumino&s.
Fibre ;
Jenappa-nar, 7am., Crotalaria juncea, Linn., Legumino&a.
Fibre ;
Jethi-madh, Hind., Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linn., Legumino&a.
Dye ;
Jhadinaladi, Dec, Coscinium fenestratum, Colebrooke, MiNisPBRMACBiS.
Dye ;
Jhal, Hind., Salvadora oleoides, Linn., SALVADORACBiC.
Dye ; Oil ;
Jhal, Raj.f Salvadora persica, Linn., Salvadoracb^.
Oil ;
Jhampi, Hind., Abutilon asiaticum, G. Don., Malvac&s.
Fibre ;
Jhand, Pb., Prosopis spicigera, Linn., Lbguminosjb.
Gum ; Tan j
Jhar, Sind., Salvadora oleoides, Linn., Salvadoracb^.
Dye i Oil
Thar, Ph., Salvadora persica, Linn., Salvadorace^.
Oil ;
Jhiu'iUmbi, Mahr., Garcinia Xanthochymus, Hook.f., GuttipeRwE.
Gum ;
Jharan, (root of) Morinda citrifolia, Linn., Rubiacks.
Dye ;
Jhau, Hind., Sind., Beng., Tamarix articulata, VahL, T. dioca, Roxh., and
T. gallica, Linn , TamariscinewE. Dye ; Tan ;
Jhaura, Hind., Lagerstrcemia parviflora, Roxb., Lithracejb.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Jhinga, Beng., Luffa acutangula^ Roxb., CucuRBiTACEiE.
Oil ;
Jhingan, Hind., Odina Wodier, Roxb., Anacardiacbje.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Jhinja, Ajmere, Bauhinia racemosa. Lam., Legumino&a.
Gum ;
Jhinjan, Hind,, Sesbania aegyptica, Pers., Leguminosa.
Fibre
Jiaputa, Hind., Putranjiva, Roxburghii, Wall., EuphorbiacEwK.
Oil ;
Jiban, N.-W. P., Odinia Wodier, Roxb., Anacardiacr*.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Jidi, Td., Semecarpus Anacardium> Linn.,/. Anacardiace^.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Jidi mamidi, Tel,, Anacardium occidentale, Linn., ANACARDiACBiE,
Gum ; Tan j Oils ;
Jilledu-chettu, Tel., Caiotropis gigantea, R. Br., AscLBPiADBiC.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Jinga, Hind , Beng., Luffa acutangula, Roxb., Cucurbitac&£.
Oil :
56 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Jinti, Chenabf Prinsepia utilis, Royle, Rosacea.
Oil ;
Jira, Beng., Carum Carui, Linn , Umbellifbra.
Oil ;
Jira, Beng,, Cuminum Cyminum, Linn., UMBBLLiFERiS.
Oil ;
Jiraka, Sans., Tel., Cuminum Cyminum, Linn., UMBELLiFBRiC.
Oil J
Jiriy Tel., Semicarpus Anacardium. Linn , Anacardiacba.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Jiyal, Beng., Odina Wodier, Foxh.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Jotia, Beng., Sans., Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Linn., Malvacba.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Jonkaphal. Hind., Helicteres Isora , Linn., STBRCULiACBiE.
Fibre ;
Jooreejur, Sind., Casuarina equisetifolia, Forster., CAsuARiNACEiS.
Gum ;
Joti-Juti, Hind,, Putranjiva Roxbiirghii, Wall., EuPHORBiACEiS.
Oil ;
Jovi, Tel., Fiscus Tsiela, Roxb,, URTiCACBiE.
Fibre ;
Jowa, Beng., Bambusa Tulda, Roxb., GRAMiNEiC.
Fibre ;
Jowan, Beng,, Carum copticum, Benih,, UMBBLLiFERiE.
Oil ;
Juari, Pb., Jasminum humile, Xtww., OLEACEiB.
Dye ;
Juephal, Hind., Myristica moschata, Willd , MYRiSTiCEiE.
Oil ;
Jiik, Pb., Impatlens Balsamina, Linn,, GERANiACEiC.
Dye ;
Juk, Pb., Impatiens Edgeworthii, Hook,, Geraniacea.
Oil ;
Jiun, Beng., Garuga pinnata, Roxb., BuRSERACEiC.
Gum ; Tan j
Jungli badam-ka-tel, Hind., Neeradimootoo oil.
Oil ;
Jupong^, Ass., Sponia orientalis, Planch.^ Urticacejb.
Gum ;
Jurijnr, Sind,, Casuarina equisetifolia, Forst., Casuarinaceje.
Gum ; Tan ;
Jute, Eng,, Corchorus olitorius, Linn., and C. capsularis, Linn., TiLiACBi«
Fibre
Jute, American, Eng., Alentilon avecennae, Gaertn., Malvace^
Fibre ;
Juwa, Beng., Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Linn., Malvace-^:.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Jy-chee, Beng , Euphorbia dracunculoides, Lam., Euphorbiacea
Oil :
K.
Kaat-amunck, Tam., Jatropha Curcas, EuPHORriACEJB.
Gum ;
Kabab-chini) Beng., Guz., Piper Cubeba, Linn., PiPERACEiE.
Gum ; Oil ;
Kabaing^, Burnt., Ceriops Roxburghiana, i4rno//., Rhizophore-«.
Tan ;
Kabal, Cingh., Albizzia stipulata, Boivin, Leguminosje.
Gum ;
the Economic Products of India, 57
Kabaungf, Burm.^ Strychnos Nux-vomica, Linn.t Lbguminosx.
Dye ; Oil ;
Kabbw, Sind., Salvadora oleoides, Linn., SALVADORACEiC.
Dye ; Oil ;
Kabbar, Sind., Salvadora persica, Linn,, SALVADOKACSiB.
Oil ;
Kabeng;, Burnt., Cynometra ramiflora, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiC.
Dye ; Oil ;
Kachal, Kashmir, Abies Smithiana, Forbes, Coniferjz.
Gum ;
Kachara, Bom,, Cyperus rotundus, Linn., CvpsRACEiC.
D^e ;
Kachein, Sutlej., Melia Azedarach, Linn., IAelikckx.
Oil ;
Kachir, Hind., Cornus macrophylla, Wall., CoRNACEiE.
Oil ;
Kachnal, Hind., Bauhinia racemosa, Lam.^ LEGUMiNOSiB.
Gum ;
Kachnar, Hind., Bauhinia variegata, Linn., Leguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Kachnar, Hind., Bauhinia tomentosa, Linn., Leguminosje.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Kachnar, Hind., Bauhinia acuminata, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiE.
Oil ;
Kachora, Bom., Curcuma aromatica, Salisb., SciTAMiNEiE.
Dye ;
Kachora, Bom., Curcuma zerumbet, Roscoe., (non Roxh.), SciTAMiNEiB.
Dye ;
Kachu, Kan.f Acacia Catechu, Willd., LEGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Kachiir, Hind., Cornus macrophylla, Wall,, CornacEwE.
Oil ;
Kachur4, Hind., Curcuma zedoaria, Roscoe, (non-Ruxb.), Scitamine^.
D^e ;
Kachor-Kachu, Pb., Hedychium spicatum, Ham., Scitamine^e.
Dye ;
Kadagho, 7am., Brassica nigra, Koch., Crucifer^e.
Oil ;
Kadakai, Tam., Terminalia Chebula, Retz., Combretacbjb.
Gum ; Dye, Tan ; Oil ;
Kadalay, Oicer arietinum, Linn., Leguminos^e.
Dye ;
Kadah, Tam., Lagerstroemia Flos-Reginae, Relg., Lythracejs,
Gum ;
Kadali, Sans., Musa paradisiaca, & M. sapientum, Linn., Scitamine^.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Kadam, Nepal., Jatropha Curcas, Linn., EuPHORBiACEiE.
Gum ; Oil ;
Kada-ma, Tam., Cerberaodallam, Gaertn., ApocYNEiE.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Kadami, Tel., Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC, Malvaceje
Oil ;
Kadapgnam, Burm., Cananga odorata, Hook.f. & T., ANONACEiE.
Oil ;
Kadar, Arab., Pandanus odoratissimus, Willd., PANDANEiE
Fibre ;
Kaddu, Hind., Pb., Lagenaria vulgaris, DC, CucuRBiTACEiE.
Oil ;
Kaddu, Safed, Beng., Hind., Cucurbita Pepo, DC, Cucurbitace.e
Oil J
Kadet, Burm., Crataeva religiosa, Forst., CAPPARiDEiE,
Dye ;
58 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Kadi, Pers.^ Pandanus odoratissimus, Willd., PANDANEiC.
Fibre ;
Kadfmah, Beng.^ Hind., Cucurbita Pepo, DC, CucurbitacewE.
Oil ;
Kadmero, Nepal.^ Tetranthera monopetala, Roxb., Laurine^.
Oil ;
Kadol, Cingh., Rhizophora mucronata, Lamk., RHizoPHOREiC.
Tan ;
Kadot-kadet, Burm., Connarus speciosus, McLell., CoNNARACEiC.
Oil ;
Kadrajuvi, Tel., Putranjiva Roxburghii, Wall,, Euphorbiace^.
Oil ;
Kadu, Hind., Cucurbita maxima, Duchesne, Cucurbitacea.
Oil ;
Kadu, Nepal, Gynocardia odorata, R. Br., Bixinjs.
Oil
Kadukar, Tel., Terminalia Chebula, Retg., Combretace^.
Oil ;
Kafur, Hind., Pets., Camphor.
Oil ;
Kag^ara, Hind., Mahr,, Saccharum spontaneum, Linn., Gbaminea.
Fibre ;
Kaghuti, Nepal, Edgeworthia Gardneri, Meisn.^ THYMELiEACE^.
Fibre ;
Kas^huti, Nepal, Daphne papyracea, Wall., Thyme LiSACEiS.
Ffbre ;
Kagiii, Khasia, Ficus elastica, Bl., Urticacejb.
Gum ;
Kag^hi, Kumaun., Villebrunea frutescens> Blume, URTiCACEiC.
Fibre ;
Kahenyok, Lepcha, (in Gamble's list) Hedyotis capitellata. Wall,
RuBiACEiE. Dye ;
Kahi, Pb. Sdccharum spontaneum, Linn., GraminewE.
Fibre ;
Kahu, Hind., Lagenaria vulgaris, DC. Composit;e.
Oil ;
Kahu, Sind,, Sdccharum spontaneum, Linn., Graminea.
Fibre ;
Kahua. Hind., Terminalia Arjuna, Bedd», CombretacEwE.
Gum ; Dye, Tan ;
Kaida, Mai., Pandanus odoratissimus, Willd., Panda NEiE.
^ Fibre ;
Kai-day, Mechi., Symplocos racemosa, Roxb., Styrace^.
Dye ; Tan ; Mordant ;
Kaikar, Hind., CI*. Garuga pinnata, Roxb., Burseracb^.
Gum ; Tan ;
Kaikra, Gond, Odina Wodier, Roxb., Anacardicba^.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Kail, Hind., Pinus excelsa, Wall, Conifers.
Gum ;
Kaimal, Hind., Odina Wodier, Roxb., ANACARDiACEiB.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Kain, Pb., Ulmus Wallichiana, Planch., UrticaceuE.
Fibre ;
Kaiphal, N.-W. P., Myrica sapida, Wall., MyRiCACEiE.
Tan ;
Kaisho, Ass., Briedelia montana, Willd., EuPHORBiACEiE.
Tan ;
Kaist, Tarn., Feronia Elephantum, Corr., Rutacea.
Oil ;
Kait, Hind., Feronia Elephantum, Corr., Rutacea.
Oil :
the Economic Products of India, 59
Kaita-dU| And.^ Artocarpus Chaplasha, Roxh.^ URTicACEiB.
Gum ;
Kajra, Hind., Mahr., Strychnos Nux-vomica, Linn., Loganiace^.
Dye ; Oil
Kaju, Mahr.y /fmc?., ^^m., Anacardium occidentale, Lttt n., Anacardiace^.
Gum ; Tan ; Dye ; Oil ;
Kaka, Pb., Pistacia integerrima, J. L, Siemariy Anacardiacba.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
BUikadasiiigf, Bom., (Galls of) Rhus succedanea, Linn., Anacardiacf^.
Oil :
K4kadi, Bom., Cucumis Melo, L., utilissimus (sp. Roxb), Cucurbitaceje.
Oil ;
K^lkadi, Bom.^ Cucumis sativus, L., CucuRBiTACEiG.
Oil ^ ;
K^kamari, Sans., Ananurta coculus, PT. & A., Menispermace^.
Oils ;
Kakari-kai, Tam., Cucumis Melo, L., momordica {sp, Roxb.) Cucurbi-
TACEfi. Oil ;
Kaki, Tarn., Cassia Fistula, Linn., Leguminosjs.
Gum ;
Kaki-ch^mpa, Tel., Anamirta Coculus, W.^ A., MENispERMACEiC.
Oils ;
Kakkar, Pb., Pistacia integerrima, J, L. Stewart, Anacardiace^,
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
K&kmari, Hind., Dec, Anamirta Coculus, W. & A., Menispermaceje.
Oils
IQUcola, Mahr., Piper Cubeba, Linn.f., PiPERACEiE.
Oil ;
Kakrai Beng., Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Lam., Rhizophore^.
Tan ;
Kakrasinghi, Beng., Pistacia integerrima, J. L, Stewart, Anacardiacejb.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Kakrezi, Furukhabad, Iron Sulphate.
Dye ;
Kakri, -ff^n^., Cucumis Melo, L., utilissimus (5^. ^<7;rd.) CucuRBiTACEiE
Oil ;
Kakri, Pb., Rhus semialata, Murray, ANACARDiACEiE.
Oil ;
Kaksh, Hind., Cornus macrophylla, Wall., CoRNACE-ffi.
Oil ;
Kala, Beng., Musa paradisica, and M. sapientum, Linn., Scitamine^e.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Kala, Hind., Beng., Tel., Ocimum sanctum, var, sanctum, LAsiATiC.
Oil ;
Kala-buntha, Tam., Aloe vera, LiLiACEiE.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Kala dammar, Hind., Beng., Gub., Canarium strictum, Roxb., Burserace-B.
Gum ;
Kala-goru, Tel., Stereospermum suaveolens, DC, Bignoniace-E.
Gum ;
Kalaka, Tam., Carissa Carandas, Linn., APOCYNACEiE.
Dye ; Tan ;
Kilakadd, Bom., Mahr., Hymenodictyon excelsum, Wall., RuBiACEiE.
Tan ;
Kalakadu, Mahr., Hind., Wrightia tinctoria, R. Br., APOCYNACEiE,
Dye ;
Kala-kasturi, Beng., Hibiscus Abelmoschus, Linn,, Malvaceae.
Fibre ;
Kalakaty Pb., Prunus Padus, Linn., Rosacea.
Gum ;
Kalarukh^ Mahr., Dalbergia latifolia, Roxb., Lbguminosje.
Oil :
6o Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Kalasunda, Mahr,^ Barleria prionitis, Linn.^ AcANTHACSiK.
Gum ;
Kala-til, Hind., Guizotia abssyinica, Cass., Composite
Oil ;
Kala tltmaliya, Kumaun, Viburnum coriaceum, Bl.^ Capri folliacba.
Oil ;
Kal-t>aghi, Kan., Albizzia stipulata, Boivin, Leguminos^.
Gum ;
Kal-baghi, Kan.^ Albizzia Lebbek, Bentk., Leguminosjb.
Gum ;
Kalein, Burnt., Caesalpinia Bonducella, Roxb., Leguminos^.
Oil ;
Kalejai, (color produced from) Ca&salpinia Sappan, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiC.
Dye ;
Kalejai, Allahabad, see Iron Sulphate.
Dye ;
Kalejira, Bom., Hind., Nigella sativa, Linn., Ranunculacb^.
Oil ;
Kaliendya, Burm., Caesalpinia Bonducella, Roxb.,'LKG\3VLmosx..
Oil ;
Kaliezeorie, Hind., Vemonia anthelmintica, Willd., CoMPOSiTiC.
Oil ;
Kalilara, Nepal., Marsdenia tinctoria, R. Br., AsCLEPiADBiS.
Fibre ; Dye ;
Kalingada, Mahr., Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad., CucuRBiTACEi£.
Oil \
Kallu, Salt Range, Chama&rops Ritchieana, Griff., PALMiC.
Fibre
Kalium, Salt Range, Chama&rops Ritchieana, Griff., Valvlm.
Fibre ;
Kalivikaya, Tel., Carissa Carandas, Linn., Apocynace^.
Dye ; Tan ;
Kali-zeerie, Dec, Vemonia anthelmintica., Willd., Composite.
Oil
Kalldlingfi, Nilqiris, Cedrela Toona, Roxb., Maliaceje.
Gum ; Dye ;
KaUa-kasturi, Hind., Hibiscus Abelmoschus, Linn., MALVACEiG.
Fibre ;
Kally Chemuda, Tel., Euphorbia Tinicalli, Linn., EuPHORBiACEiS.
Mordant ;
Kalongpi, Bom., Hind., Nigella sativa, Linn., RANUNCULACEiK.
Oil
Kalru, Ajmir, Sterculia urens, Roxb., Sterculiaceje.
Gum ;
KalsiS) Hind., Abbizzia Lehhek, Benth., LEGUMiNOSiB.
Gum ; Tan ; Oils ;
Kalwa, Burm., Cerbera Odollam., Gaertn., ApocYNACEiE.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Kalyana-murukkU) 7am., Erythrina indica. Lam., Leguminos.£.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Kamal, Mysore, Tamarindus indica, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiC.
Gum ; Dye ; Mordant ; Oil ;
Kamal, Pb., Hind., Mallotus philippinensis, MUll. Arg., Euphorbiace^.
Dve ;
Kamala, Sind., Nelumbium speciosum., Willd., NYMPH^GACEiG.
Fibre ;
Kamalakadi, Sind., Nelumbium speciosum, Willd., NYMPHiEACEiS.
Fibre ;
Kamalg^uri) i9^»^., Mallotus philippinensis, Afw//. i4r^.,-EuPH0RBiACBA.
Dye ; Oil ;
Kamalottara, Sans., Carthamus tinctoria, Linn., Composite.
Dye ; Oil ;
the Economic Products of India, 6i
Kamanji, Tam.^ Briedelia retusa» Spreng., EuPHORBiACEiC.
Tan ;
Kamarakas, N.-W. P. (Gum of) Butea frondosa, Roxb,^ LEGUMiNoSiE.
Gum ;
Kamarriy Hind.y Gug., Gardenia gummifera, Linn., RuBiACEiE.
Gum ;
Kambal, Pb., Rhus Wallichii, Hook./., ANACARDiACEi^s.
Oil ;
Kambiy Kan., Gardenia gummifera, Linn., Rubiace^.
Gum ;
KambUy Tam., Peniciilaria spicata, Willd., Gramine^.
Dye ;
Kamela) Pb., Hind., Mallotus philippinensis, MulL-Atg Gramine^.
Dye ; Oil ;
Kam kasturi, Kan., Ocimum Basilicum., Linn., LABiATEiE.
Fibre ;
Kamlai, Hind., Odina Wodier, Roxb., Anacardiace/E.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Kamli, Nepal., Bohmeria macrophylla, Don., URTiCACEiE,
Fibre ;
Kamini, Beng., Murraya exotica, Linn. (Murraya Koenigii, Spr.^ Rutace/e,
Oil ;
Kammareg^Ui Tel., Artocarpus Lakoocha, Roxb., Urticace^.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
KamOy Sind., Rhizophora mucronata, Lamk., RnizoPHOREiG.
Tan ;
Kampilla, Sans., Mallotus philippinensis, MUll.-Atg.^ EuPHORBiACEiS.
Oil ;
Kamra, Kan., Hardwickia binata, Roxb., Leguminosje.
Gum ;
Kamranga, Beng., Averrhoa Carambola, Linn., GERANiACEiC.
Kamwepila, Tam., Murraya Koenigii, Spr., RuTACEiE.
Oil ;
Kan, Tam., Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxb., LECUMiNOSiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Kana, Pb., Saccharum Munja, Roxb., Gramine^.
Fibre ;
Kanagi, Kan., Myristica malabarica^ Lam., MYRiSTicEiG.
Oil ;
Kana-goraka, Cingk., Garcinia Morella, Desr., Guttifer^e.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Kanalla, Hind., Bauhinia retusa, Ham., Leguminosa.
Gum ;
Kanaln, Dec, Albizzia procera, Benih., LEGUMiNOSiS.
Gum ;
Kanana erand, Sans., Jatropha Curcas, Linn., Euphorbiace^.
Gum ; Oil ;
Kanapa, Tel., Barringtonia acutangula, Gaertn., MvRTACEiE.
Tan ;
KsXiBzo, Burm., Baccaurea sapida, Mull.-Arg., EuPHORBiACEiE.
Dye ; Mordant ;
Kanchan, Mahr., Bauhinia, variegata, Linn., Leguminos^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Kanchan, Beng., Bauhiaia acuminata, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiE.
Oil ;
Kanchan, Tel., Bauhinia purpurea, Linn., Leguminos^.
Gum^ ; Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Kanchini, Tam., Bauhinia tomentosa., Linn., Leguminosje.
Fibre ; Oil
Kanchivalo-dOy Kan., Bauhinia variegata, Linn., Leguminosjb
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil j
62 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Kanchu, TV/., Acacia Catechu, Willd,^ Lbguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Kanda, Mahr.^ Allium Cepa, Linn., Liliacba.
Oil ;
Kandalj Bokhara, Dorema Ammoniacum, Don., Umbellifbiue.
Oil ;
Kandalanga, Tam., Carapa moluccensis, Lam. Mbliacejb.
Gum ; Oil ;
Kandan, Hind., Bauhinia variegata, Linn., Leguminosje.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Kandan, Hind., Bauhinia purpurea, Linn., Leguminos^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Kandi, Sind, Prosopis spicigera, Linn., Leguminosjb.
Gum ; Tan ;
Kandiara, Pb., Carthamus oxyacantha, Bieb., Composite.
Oil ;
Kandiari, Pb., Argemone mexicana, Linn., Papaveracea.
Gum ;
Kandira, Bom., Musa textilis, Louis., Nees., SciTAMiNEiC.
Fibre ;
Kandla, Hind., Bauhinia rctusa. Ham., Leguninos^.
Gum ;
Kandnla, Mahr., Stercu^ii urens, Roxb.^ Sterculiace^.
Fibre ;
Kaner, Hind., N.-W. P., Pb., Nerium odorum, Soland, ApocYNACEiK.
Oil ;
Kanga, Tel., Pongamia glabra. Vent., Leguminos^.
Gum ; C il ;
Kang^, /ftW .,^Abutilon asiaticum, G. Don., Malvaces.
Fibre ; "
Kangar, Pb., Pistacia integerrima, % L. Stewart, Anacardiacba.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Kangar, N,-W. P., Anthistiria anindinacse, Roxb,, Graminea.
Fibre ;
Kanghi, Hind., Abutilon asiaticum, G. Don., Malvacea.
Fibre
Kang^, Nepal., Wendlandia tinctoria, DC, Rubiacea.
Mordant ;
KanglUy Pb., Sponia politoria, Planch., URTiCACEiG.
Fibre ;
Kangoi, Dec, Abutilon asiaticum, G. Don., MalvacEuS.
Fibre ;
Kanguni, Bom.^ Celastrus paniculatus, Willd., Cblastrinea.
Oil ;
Kanhera, Bom., Nerium odorum, Soland., Apocynacba.
Oil :
Kanhil, Lepcha, Lagerstrcemia parviflora, Roxb., Lythracbjb.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Kanlar, Hind., Bauhinia variegata, Linn., Leguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Kaniar, Hind., Bauhinia purpurea, Linn., Lbguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Kanira, Kan. Pb., Nerium odorum, Soland., Apocynacea.
Oil ;
Kaniyiir, Hind., N.-W. P., Nerium odorum, Soland., Apocynace^.
Oil J
Kanj, Hind., Toddalia aculeata, Pers., RutacewE.
Dye ;
Kanja, Kumaun, Ulmus integrifolia, Roxb., Urticac^e.
Oil ;
Kanka, Tel,, Dendrocalamus Hamiltonii, Nees., Graminb^e.
Fibre :
the Economic Products of India, 63
Kanka, TV/., Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees.^ Graminea.
Fibre ;
Kankada, Bom., Garuga pinnata, Roxb,^ Burseracb^.
Gum ; Tan ;
Kaakola, Bom.^ Piper Chaba, Bl.^ Pipbracba.
Dye ;
Kankola, Mahr., Piper Cubeba, Linn.f Piperace^.
Gum ;
Kaakra, Beng., Bniguiera gymnorrhiza, Linn., Rhizophorbs.
Tan ;
Kankrei, Hind., Butea frondosa, Roxb., LsGUMiNOSiG.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Kankri, Hind., Cucumis Melo, £., utilissimus. (5^. Roxb.,) Cucur*
BITACEiE. Oil ;
KanlaSy Hind., Bauhinia retusa, Ham., Leguminosje.
Gum ;
Ka ntn a r , Hind., Sapindus Mukorossi, Roxb., Sapindacb^.
Gum ;
Kanmar^ Hind., Sapindus Mukorossi, Gaertn., SapindacEwE.
Oil
Kannucli, Mim. name, Pinus Gerardiana, Wall., Coniferje.
Gum ;
Kannu-palle, Tam., Mimusops indica, A, DC, SAPOXACEis.
Gum ; Oil ;
Kanom^ Lepcha, Terminalia belerica, Roxb., CoMBRETACEiB.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Kdns, Pb,, Saccharum spontaneum, Linn., GRAMiNEiS.
Fibre ;
Kins, Hind., Saccharum spontaneum, Linn., Gramine^.
Fibre ;
Kanseri, Meywar, Dolichandrons falcata, Seem., Bignoniace^.
Fibre ;
Kanta, N.-W. P., Zizyphus nummularia, W.&A., Rhamne^.
Gum ;
Kantala, Sans., Agave vivipara, Linn., Amaryllideje.
Fibre ;
Kantan, Hind., Eriodendron aufractuosum, DC, Malvace/e.
Gum ;
Kanta-nate, Beng., Amarantus spinosus, Willd., AMARANTACEiE,
Dye ;
Kinta-natia, Beng,, Amarantus spinosus, IVilld., Amarantaceje.
Dye ;
KaxAela, N.-W. P., Argemone mexicana, Zt»»., Papa ver ace JE.
Gum ;
Kante-mat, Dec, Amarantus spinosus, Willd., Amarantace^e
Dye ;
Kante-matha,|5<7w., Amarantus spinosus, Willd., AMARANXACEiE
Dye ;
Kanthal, Beng., Artocarpus integrifolia, Linn., Urticacejb
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Kaotiari, Pb., Carthamus oxyacantha, Bieb., CoMPOsixiE
Oil ;
Kanwal, Hind., Nelumbium speciosum., Willd., NvMPHiEACBiE
Fibre ;
Kanya, Sans., Aloe vera, Linn., Liliace-e.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Kanyin, Burm., Dipterocarpus alatus, Roxb., Dipxerocarpe^
Gum ;
Kan^-ni, Burm., Dipterocarpus laevis, Ham., Dipxerocarpe^
Gum J Oil ;
^^^^^iT' ^"'^'"" Oif^'''-''^'^"^ turbinatus, Gaertn.f., Dipxerocarpejb.
64 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Kanyoungf, Magh.^ Dlpterocarpus turbinatus, Gaertn.f.^ DiPTEROCARPEiS.
Gum ; Oil ;
Kanzatii Burm.^ Bassia longifolia, Willd., SAPOTACEiS.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Kao, Pb., Olea ferruginea, Royle, Oleace^e.
Oil ;
Kaoung-wa, Magh., Metocanna bambusoides, Trim.f Gramine^.
Fibre ;
Kapas, Beng., Dec, Gossypium herbaceum, Linn., MALVACEiG.
Fibre ;
Kapasi, Him. name, Corylus Colurna, Linn., Cupulifbrs.
Oil ;
Kapasi, Hind., Helicteres Isora, Linn., STERCULiACEiE.
Fibre ;
Kapasiya, N.-W. P., Hibiscus ficulneus, Linn., Malvace/e.
Fibre ;
Kaphal, N.-W. P., Myrica sapida, Wall., MvRiCACEiE.
Tan ;
Kapila, Bom., Tam., Mallotus philippinensis, Milll.-Arg., Euphorbiacbje.
Dye ; Oil ;
Kapli, Tam., Mallotus philippinensis, Milll.-Arg., Euphorbiace^e.
Dye ; Oil ;
Kapur kachri, see Curcuma aromatica, Salisb., SciTAMiNEiE.
Dye ;
Kapur kachri, Pb., Hedychium spicatum, Ham., SciTAMiNEiE.
Dye ;
Karabi, Beng., Nerium odorum, Soland., Apocynace^.
Oil ;
Karachu, C. P., Cassia Fistula, Linn., Leguminosje.
Gum ; Tan ;
Karai-gond, Bom., Sterculia urens, Roxb., SrERCULiACEiE.
Gum ; Fibre ;
Karail) Beng., Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees., Gramine^g.
Fibre ;
Karail, Beng., Dendrocalamus Hamiltonii, Nees., GRAMiNCiE.
Fibre ;
Karaka, Tel., Terminalia Chebula, RetB.t CoMBRBTACEiS:
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Karakana, Bom , Gre»via tiliaefolia, Vahl., LEGUMiNOSiG.
Fibre ;
Karako, Tel., Sterculia colorata, Roxb., STERCULiACEiE*
Fibre ;
KarallUy Bom., Albizzia procera, Bentk., Leguminos^.
Gum ;
Karamara, Bom., Averrhoa Carambola, Linn., GERANiACEiG.
Dye ;
Kara marda, Tam., Terminalia tomentosa, W, <f* A, CoMBRETACBiS.
Gum • ; Dye ; Tan ;
Karamcha, Beng., Canssa Carandas, Linn., Apocynacea.
Dye ; Tan ;
Kuram kanda, Nepal, Oraxylum indicum, Bentk., Bignoniacba.
Dye ; Tan ;
Karanga, Hind.y Prinsepia utilis, Royle, Rosacea.
Oil ;
Karangal, Pb., Cassia Fistula, Linn., Leguminos^.
Gum ; Tan ;
KarangalH, Tam., Acacia Catechu, Willd., LEGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Karatigi, Mysore, Tamarindus indica, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiB.
Gum ; Dye ; Mordant ; Oil ;
Karanj) Hind., Bom., Pongamia glabra, Vent., Leguminosa.
Gum ; Oil ;
the Economic Products of India. 65
Kamnja, Beng.t Pongamia glabra, Veni.^ Leguminosjs.
Gum ; Oil ;
Kanmji, Hind.^ Ulmus integrifolia, Roxb.^ Urticacea.
Oil ;
Karapn dammar, Tam.^ Canarium strictum, Roxh.^ Burseracbjb.
Gum ;
Karapu kongiliam, Tarn., Canarium strictum, Roxb.^ Burseracb Jc.
Gum ;
l^Mikty Pb., Baubinia purpurea, Linn., Lbgumino&s.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Karaunday Hind , Carrissa Carandas, Linn., APOCYNACEiC.
Dye ; Tan ;
KantTanda, Mahr., Carissa Carandas, Linn., Apocynacea.
D;^e ; Tan ;
Karavira^ Sans., Nerium odonim, Soland., Apocynacba.
Oil ;
Karbuz, N.-W. P., Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad., CucuRBiTACEiB.
Oil ;
Kardai, Sind., (seeds of) Carthamus tinctorius, Linn., Composite.
Dye ;
Kare, Kan., Randia dumetorum, Lam., RuBtACEiB.
Dye ;
Karedna, Uriya, Terminalia Chebula, Retg., CoMBRBTACEiC.
Oil ;
Karepak, Tel., Murraya Kcenigu, Spr., Rutacb^g.
Oil ;
Kareta, Beng,, Hind., Sida carpinifolia, Linn., Malvace^.
Fibre ;
Karhi-flimby Mahr,, Murraya Kcenigii, Spreng., Rutacea.
Oil ;
Karhar, Hind., Randia dumetorum, Lam., RuBiACEiE.
Dye ;
Kargnalia, Hind., Briedelia montana, Willd., EupHORBiACEiC.
Tan ;
Kali, Hind., Fbyllanthus nepalensis, Mull-Afg., EuPHORBiACSiB.
Tan ;
Karijali mara, Kan., Acacia arabica, Willd , LBGUMiNOSiE.
Fibre ;
Karinga, Tel., Gardenia lucida, Roxb., Rubiacbjb.
Gum ;
Karingi, Nepal, Wrightia tomentosa, Rdm & Scheult,, ApocYNACEiC
Dye ;
Karir, Hind., Acacia leucophlcea, Willd., LEouMiNOSiB.
Dye ;
Kaiivepa, Tel., Murraya Koenigii, Spr., Rutacea.
Oil J
Kariya-polam, Tam., Aloe vera, Linn , Liliace^.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Karka, Gond., Terminalia Chebula, Relg., CoMBRETACEiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Karka, Beng., Arundo Karka, Roxb., Gramine^.
Fibre ;
Karkanna, Afg., Ziziphus nummularia, W. & A., Rhamnejb.
Gum ;
Karkapiily, Tam., Pithecolobium dulce, Benth., LBGUMiNoSiC.
Oil ;
Karkath, Hind., Oroxylum indicum, Benth., BiGNONiACEiC.
Dye ; Tan ;
Kaikava, 7am., Elaeodendron glaucum, Pers., Celastrine^.
Gum ;
Karkaya, Hyderabad, Terminalia tomentosa, W. & A., CoMBRBTACBiC.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
66 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
BUirla. Ph.^ Girardinia heterophylla, Decaisne^ Urticace^.
Fibre ;
Kannai, Beng.^ Bauhinia xnalabarica, Willd,^ LsGUMiNosiB.
Gum ;
Kanaal, P6., Peganum Harmala, Linn,^ Rutace^.
Dye ; Oil ;
KariBal, Hind.^ Averrhoa Carambola, Linn., Geranice^.
Dye ;
Karmnrada, Sans., Carissa Carandas, Linn., Apocynacea.
Dye ; Tan ;
Karo, Hind., Albizzia procera, Benth., LsGUMiNOSiB.
Gum ; Tan ;
Karoh, Oudh, Shorea robusta, Gaertn., Dipterocarpejz.
Gum ;
Karomanga, Tel., Averrhoa Carambola, Linn., Geraniacea.
Dye ;
Kirpas, Sans,, Gossypium herbaceum Linn., Malvacbjk.
Fibre ; Oil ;
K&tp&Sy Sans , Gossypium arboreum, Linn,, Malvacea.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Karpur, Beng., Camphor.
Oil ;
Kaipura, Sans., Camphor.
Oil ;
Karpuram, Tel., Camphor.
Oil ;
Kaipuva-arishi, Tam„ Psoralia corylifolia, Linn., Leguminos^.
Oil
Karra marda, 7am., Terminalia tomentosa, W. & A., Combretace^e.
Gum ;
Karre Tembu, 7am., Garuga pinnata, Roxb., Burserace^.
Gum ; Tan ;
Karri, Hind., Saccopetalum tomentosum, Hook., Anonacejb.
Gum ;
Karrona, Hind., Carissa Carandas, Linn., Apocynacejs.
Dye ; Tan ;
Kamiwa, Tam., Cinnamonum zeylanicum, Breyn.^ LAURACEiB.
Dye ; Oil ;
Kara, Tel., Psorelea corylifolia, Linn., Leguminos^.
Oil ;
Karunda, fiind.^ Carissa Carandas, Linn., Apocynace^,
Dye ; Tan ;
Karapiale, Tam., Putranjiva Roxburghii, Wall,, EuPHORBiACSiE.
Oil ;
Karuppuram, Tam., Camphor.
Oil ;
Karuvaya, Tam., Albizzia odoratissima, Benth., Leguminosx.
Gum ;
Kanivelum, Tam., Acacia arabica, Willd., LEGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ; Dye ;
Kas4, Sana., Saccharum spontaneum, Linn., GRAMiNBiE.
Fibre ;
Kash, Beng., Saccharum spontaneum, Linn., GRAMiNEiE.
Fibre ;
Kashappu, 7am., Prunus amygdalus, Boill., RosACEiE.
Gum ; Oil ;
Kashfa, Boswellia floribunda, Endl., Burserace^e.
Gum ;
Kashi, Garo., Briedelia retusa, Spreng., Euphorbiacea.
Tan ;
Kashmaly Hind., Berberis Lycium, ^(7y/^.,BxRBERiDEiB.
Gum ; Oil ;
the Economic Products of India, 67
Kashmal, Hind,^ Berberis aristata, DC,^ Bbrbsridea.
Dye ; Tan ;
Kashti, Him, name^ Ravi.^ Pinus Gerardiaaa, PTo//., Conifbra.
Gum ; Oil ;
Kashu, Tarn., Acacia Catechu, WiUd.y Lbguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Kashukattiy Tam,, Acacia Catechu, WiUd,^ Lbguminosjb.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Kashufflba, Jam., Carthamus tinctorius, Linn,^ CoMPOSiTiS*
Dye ; Oil ;
Kasir, Hind., Coraus macrophylla, Wall., Cornacea.
Oil ;
Kasis, Hind., Beng., Protosulphate of Iron.
Dye ;
itastaal, Simla, Berberis Lycium, Royle, Berber idbjb.
Gum ; Oil ;
Kasmal, Ph., Berberis aristata, DC, BsRBBRiDEiS.
Dye ; Tan ;
Kasrike, Mysore, Casuarina equisetifolia, Forster, Casuarinbib.
Gum ; Tan ;
Kassi, Hind., Briedelia retusa, Spreng., Euphorbiacba.
Tan ;
Kasturi, Hind., Bom., Hibiscus Abelmoschus, Linn., MALVACBiE.
Fibre ;
Kasfcara-benda, Tam., Hibiscus Abelmoschus, Linn., Malvacba.
Fibre ;
Kasturi-bendavittulu, Tel., Hibiscus Abelmoschus, Linn., MALVACEiB.
Fibre ;
Kasturi-manja]. Tam., Curcuma aromatica, Salisb., Scitaminb^e.
Dye ;
Kastuxipapusa, Tel., Curcuma aromatica, Salisb., Scitamine/B.
Dye ;
Kasul, Gondi, Grewia tilisefolia, Vahl,, Lbguminosa.
Fibre
Katan, Hind., Eriodendrou anfractuosum, DC., MALVACBiE.
Oil ;
Katarali, 7am., Cerbera Odollam, Gartn,, ApocYNACBiS.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Katat, Burm., Crataeva religiosa, Forst, CAPPARiDBiE
Dye ;
Kat-bel, Hind., Feronia Elephantum, Corr., Rutacbjz.
Gum ; Oil ;
Kat-ber, Zizyphus xylopyra, Willd., RnAMNEiB.
Gum ; Tan ;
Katbhilawa, Garhwal, Buchanania latifolia, Roxb., Anacardiacb;e.
Gum ; Tan ;
Katele, Pb., Argemone mezicana, Linn., Pup aver Ac ea.
Gum ;
Ka^^fili, N.-W. P., Salix Wallichiana, And,, SAUciNBiB.
Fibre ;
Kath, Hind., Uncaria Gambier, Hunter, Rubiacbje.
Tan ;
Kath, Nepal., Adhatoda Vasica, Nees, AcANTHACBiC.
Dye ;
KalM, Hind., Dec, Bom., Beng., Pb., Acacia Catechu, Willd. Lbgu-
MiNOSJS. Gum ;
Kathe, Burm., Samadera indica, Gartn., Simarubb;e.
Oil^ ;
K athala i , Tam., Agave vivipara., Linn,^ Amaryllidba.
Fibre ;
Kathalya gond, Bomb., Cochlospermum Gossypium, DC,, Bixinb^e.
Gum ;
68 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
_ M I M II I I I ■! I I I _^^ -^ _^^^^— I jm^ •
Kath-bel, Beng,^ Feronia Blephantam, Corr.f RuTACSiB.
Gum J Oil ;
Kothe, Kashmir^ Indigofera atroporpurea, Ham^ Leguminos^.
Fibre ;
Kothekasturi, Tam., Hibiscus Abelmoschus, Linn., Malvacb^.
Fibre ;
KatiUiy Sterculia urens, Roxh.y Sterculiace^.
Gum ;
Katila, Hind., Astragalus hamosus, Linn., Lbquminos.a.
Dye ;
Kat illipi, 7am., Bassia latifolia, Roxh.^^ Sapotaceji.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Kat illupi, 7am., Bassia longifolia, Willd.f Sapotaceji.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Katira (The Gum), Sterculia urens, Roxb,, Stbrculiacea.
Gum ;
Katira, Pb.f Salix babylonica, Linn., Salicinba.
Fibre ;
Katkaranj, Hind., Caesalpinia Bonducella, Roxb., Leguminosa.
Oil ;
Kat-mady Tam,, Buchanania latifolia, Roxb,, Anacardiacejb.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Kat-ma4, Tam., Spondias mangifera, Pets., Anacardiacea.
Gum ;
Katmowa, Garwhal, Phyllanthus nepalensis, MUll, Arg., Euphorbiacea.
Tan ;
Katori, Sind., Feronia Elephantum, Corr,, Rutace.s.
Gum ; Oil ;
Katpoon, Kan., Calophyllum Wightianum, Wall., GuTTiFERiK.
Oil ;
Katrar, Kumaun, Acacia Intsia, Willd., Legumino&£.
Dye ;
Katsiraa, Oudh, Dalbergia paniculata, Roxb., Lbguminosjb.
Gum ;
Katta-kambu, Tam., Acacia Catechu, Willd., LEGUMiNOSiC.
Gun ; Dye ; Tan ;
Kattale, 7am., Aloe vera, Linn., Liliaceje.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Kattang^, Hind., Bambusa arundinacea, Retg., GraminEwE.
Fibre ;
Katti, Tarn., Acacia Catechu, Willd., LEGUMiNOSiS.
Gum J Dye ; Tan j
Katti mundu, 7?/., Euphorbia Cattimandoo, i?//to^, RuTACSiB.
Gum ;
Katnim, Hind., Murraya Ko&nigii, Spr., Rutace^.
Oil ;
Kattra, Ass., Bauhinia malabarica, Roxb., LEOUMiNOSiE.
Gum ;
Kattu, 7am., Terminalia belerica, Roxb , CoMBRETACEiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Kat turangfi, Tam,, Albizzia stipulata, Boivin., Leguminosjs.
Gum ;
Kattus, Nepal., Quercus pachyphylla, Kurg., Cupulifer«.
Dye ; Tan j
Kattut-tumatti, Tam,, Cucumis trigonus, Roxb., CucuRBiTACEiS.
Oil ;
Katu-imbul, Cingh., Bombax malabaricum, DC, Malvacea.
Oil ;
Kat vaghe, Tam., Albizzia Lebbek, Benth., Leguminos^
Gum ; Tan ; Oils ;
Katyalu, Tam., Atalantia monophylla, Corr., RuTACEiE.
Oils :
the Economic Products of India. 69
Kau, SiHd., Pb.f Olea ferradnea Hoyle: Oleacba.
Oil ;
Kaunki, N,-W, P.^ Rhus WalHchii, /foo*,/., Anacardiacea.
Oil ;
Kaurijal, Pb., Salvadora persica, Linn.t Salvadorac&«.
Oil ;
Kauri-van, Pb., Salvadora persica, Linn., Salvadoracb^.
Oil ;
Kajra, Burm., Mimusops Elengi, Linn., Sapotacea.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Kavali, Mahr., Sterculia urens, Roxh., STERCULiACBiC.
Gum ; Fibre ;
Kavanchi, Tel., Helirteres Isora., Linn., Stbrculiac&s.
Fibre ;
Kavatha, Sind., Feronia Elephantum, Corr., Rutacba.
Gum ; Oil ;
Kawili, Tarn., Sterculia guttata., W, & A., STBRCULiACEiE.
Fibre
Kayan, Burm., Excaecaria Agallocha, Willd,, Euphorbiacea.
Gum ;
K&ya-phala (mace) Bom., Myristica malabarica, Lam., Myristice^
Oil ;
Kiyaphala, Bom., Myrica sapida, Wall., Myricace^.
Tan ;
Kayu-puti, Eng., Matricaria Chamomila, Linn., Composite.
Oil ;
Kazhirah, Pers., Carthamus tinctorius, Linn., Composite.
Dye ;
Kazn, Lepcha, Girardinia heterophylla, Decaisne., Urticace^.
Fibre ;
Kchai-tun, Phekial, Morinda angustifolia, Roxb., RuBiACEiG.
Dye ;
Kea, Beng,, Pandanus odoratissimus, Willd., PANDANEiG.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Keenatil, Ceylon, See Calophyllum tomentosum, Wight., GuTTiFERiS.
Oil ;
Keharsu, Pb., Quercus Ilex, Linn,, Cupulifer^.
Tan ;
Kekuna, See Aleurites moluccana, Willd,, EuPHORBiACEiG.
Oils 5
Kela, Hind., Bom., Musa paradisiaca, and M. sapientum, Linn.,
SciTAMiNE^. Dye ; Fibre ;
Kelu, Him, name, Cedrus Deodara, Loudon, Meliacea.
Gum ;
Kempu gem, Kan., Anacardium occidentale, Linn., Anacardiace^s.
Gum ; Tan ;
Kemuka, Bom., Sans., Costus speciosus, Sm., Scitamine^.
Oil ;
Kenbun, Burm., Acacia concinna, DC, Leguminos^.
Dye ; Tan ;
Kend, Beng., Diospyros melanoxylon, Roxb., Ebenacea.
Gum ;
Kendu, Ass,, Diospyros Embryopteris, Pers; Ebenace^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Kendu, Hind., Diospyros melanoxylon, Roxb,, EBENACEiE.
Gum ;
Kao-khin, Burm., Alum.
Dye ;
Keol, Hind., Ficus infectoria, Willd., Urticacejb.
Gum ;
Keoli, Him. name, Cedrus Deodara, Loudon, Cqnifbrjs.
Gum :
70 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Keor, P3., Wrightia tomentosa, Roem. and Scheultf Apocynace^.
Dye ;
Keori, Beng., Pandanus odoratissimus, Willd., PANDANEiE.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Keram, Bom.f Guizotia abyssynica, Cass., Composite.
Oil ;
Kerasya, Arab., Pranus Cerasus, Linn,, Rosacea.
Gum ;
Keri, Pb., Girardinia heterophylla, Decaisne., Urticace^.
Fibre ;
Kering, Garo, Oroxylum indicum, Benth., BiGNONiACEiE.
Dye ; Tan ;
Kesar, Hind., Crocus sativus, Linn., Iridace^.
Dye ;
K^sara, zafran. Hind., Crocus sativus, Linn., iRiDACEiS.
Dye ;
Kesaraja, Beng., Wedelia calendulacea, Less., CoMPOSiXiG.
Dye ;
Keshwii, Beng., Eclipta alba., Hassk., Composite.
Dye ;
Kesuti, Beng., Eclipta alba, Hassk., Cokposita.
Dye ;
Ketmi de Cochin Chine, Fr, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Linn., Malvace^.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Ketold, Beng,, Pandanus odoratissimus, Willd., PANDANBiE.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Keii, Beng., Hind., Costus speciosus, Sm., Scitaminea.
Oil ;
Keura, Hind., Pandanus odoratissimus, Willd., PANDANEiE.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Kevana, Bom., Helicteres Isora., Linn., SxERCULiACEiE.
Fibre ;
Kewan, Bom., Helicteres Isora, Linn., STBRCULiACSiE.
Fibre ;
Keysuria, Beng., Eclipta alba., Hassk., Composite.
Dye ;
Khadira, Sans., Acacia Catechu, Willd., Lbguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Khaify Hind., Dec, Acacia Catechu, Willd,, Leguminosji.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Khairwal, Hind., Bauhinia variegata, Linn., LsGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Khaja, Hind , Briedelia retusa, Spreng, Euphorbiace^.
Tan J
Khaja, Hind., Briedilia montana, Willd., Euphorbiaceje.
Tan ;
Khajiy Hind,, Phcenix sylvestris, Roxb,, Palma.
Gum ; Fibre ;
Khiyur, Hind., Phcenix sylvestris, Roxb,, Palmjs.
Gum ; Fibre ;
Khakhan, Mahr,, Salvadora oleoides, Linn,, SALVADORACEiE.
Oil ;
Khakhan, Mahr,, Salvadora persica, Linn,, SALVADORACEiE.
Oil
Khaki, Allahabad, See Iron Sulphate.
Dye ;
Khamrak, Dec, Averrhoa Carambola, Linn,, Geraniacea.
Dye ;
Khanuraka, Bom,, Averrhoa Carambola, Linn., Gbraniacea.
Dye ;
Khan, Sind., Saccharum spontaneum, Linn^ Gramine/e.
Fibre :
the Economic Products of India. 71
Khanddra, N,-W, P.y Anthistiria arundinacaD, Roxb.^ Graminb^,
Fibre ;
Khankhina, Bom.f Salvadora Oleoides, Linn,, Salvadoracb^,
Dye ;
Kh4oi, Nepal.j Sponia politoria, Planch,, Ubticacb/e:.
Fibre ;
Khar, Pb., Prosopis spiclgera, Linn., LsGUMiNOSiB.
Gum ; Tan ;
Kharabuja, Bom., Cucumis Melo, L., CucuRBiTACSiB.
Oil ;
Khar&i, Pb., Celastms senegalensis, Lam,, Cblastrine.¥.
Oii^ ;
Kharanl, Nepal., Symplocos thexfolia, Ham., STYRACEiB.
Dye ;
Kharbuja, Hind., Cucumis Melo^ L., Cucurbitacb^.
Oil ;
Kharboj, Cucurbita moschata, Duchesne, Cucurbitacea.
Oil 5
Khare-vazhum, Pers., Achyranthes aspera, Linn,, Amarantacea.
Dye ;
Khareza, Pb., Carthamus oxyacantha, Bieb., Composite.
Oil
Kharidjar, Sind., Salvadora persica, Linn., Salvadorace^.
Kharmuj, Beng., Cucumis Melo, L., CucuRBiTACEiS.
Oil ;
Kharpatf Beng., Pb., Garuga pinnata, Roxb., Bursbracea.
Gum ; Tan ;
Kharua, Hind., see Morinda citrifolia, Linn., RuBiACE^fi.
Dye ;
Kharwala, Afg., Debregeasia bicolar, Wedd,, URXiCACEiE,
Fibre ;
Kharzahca, Pers., Nerium odorum, Soland., ApoCYNACSiS.
Oil ;
Rhas, Hind., Andropogon muricatus, Rets., GRAMiNEiE.
Fibre ; Oils ;
Khasaroa, Hind., Sponia politoria, Planch., URTiCACEiK.
Fibre ;
Khas-khas, Beng., Andropogon muricatus, Reie., GRAMiNBiE.
Fibre ; Oils ;
Khas-khas-ka-post, Dec, Papaver somniferum, Linn., PAPAVERACEiE
Oil ;
Khassachy Pers., Ferula galbaniflua, Boiss., Umbbllifbrs.
Grum ;
Khau, Sind., Olea ferrugineaj Royle, Olbacbje.
Oil J
Khayer, Beng,, Acacia Catechu, Willd., LEGUMiNosiE.
Gum ;
Kheiltijiind,'/ira;£'Aan., Indigofera atropurpurea, Ham,, LEGUMiNOSiB.
Fibre ;
Kheri-nun, Sulphate of Soda. See Salt.
Khesla, Gond., Grewia tiliaefolia, Vafd,, LEOUMiirosiE.
Fibre
Kheu, Manipur, Melanorrhoea usitata, Wall,, Anacardiacejb.
Gum ;
Khewoan, Hind., Ficus Cunia., Buck,, URXiCACBiB.
/ibre ;
Khijfa, Raj„ Prosopis spicigera, Linn., Lbguminosjb.
Gum ; Tan ;
Khili, Gdro, Albizzia procera> Benih,, Lb3umino3^.
Gum ; Tan ;
Khin^ Kumaun, Acacia lenticularis, Ham., Leguminosje,
Gum :
72 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
u
Khtp, Delhif Orthanthera viminea., Wight., Asclbpiadacea.
Fibre ;
Khir, Hind,, Mimnsops indica. A, DC,, Sapotacba.
Gum ; Oil ;
Khira, Hind., Bom,, Cucumis sativus, Linn., Cucurbitacea.
Oil ;
Khirdal, Arab., Brassica nifipra, Koch., CRUciFERiE.
Oil ;
Khirai, Hind., Mahr,, Mimusops indica, A. DC., SAPOTACEiB.
Gum ; Oil ;
Khirni, Meynar, Wrightia tinctoria, R, Br,, k^oc^nKZ^x.,
Dye ;
Khoausi, Mahr.^ Sterculia colorata, Roxh», STERCULiACEiB.
Fibre ;
Khoira, Ass., Acacia Catechu, Willd., Lbguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Khoobani, Hind., Prunus armeniaca, Linn., Rosacea.
Oil ;
Khor, Sind., Acacia Senegal, Willd,, Leguminosac.
Gum ;
Khori, Beng., Saccharum semidecumbens, Roxh., GRAMiNEiC.
Fibre ;
Khour, Nepaly Acacia ferruginea, DC, Leguminosje.
Gum ;
Khubani, Hind., Prunus armeniaca, Linn., RosACEiB.
Gum ;
Khulen, Ph., Ulmus integrifolia, Roxh,, Urticaca.
Oil
Khum, Manipur^ Strobilanthes flaccidifolius, Nees., Acanthace.c
Dye ;
Khuma, Manipur, Strobilanthes flaccidifolius, Nees,, AcANTHACEiB.
Dye ;
Khmnbi, Hind,^ Careya arborea, Roxh,, Myrtacejs.
Gum ;
Khax1>uj, Hind., Cucumis Melo, L,, Cucurbitacba.
Oil ;
Khurhur, Hind,, Ficus Cunia, Buch., Urticacba«
Fibre ;
Khiiri, Ph., Sponia politoria, Planch., Urticace^
Fibre
Khwan, Trans-Indus^ Olea ferruginea, Royle^ Oleacea.
Khy^a, Burnt,, Argemone mexicana, Linn. , PAPAVERACEiE.
Gum ; Oil ;
Khyar, Pers., Cucumis sativus, Linn., Cucurbitacea.
Oil ;
Kiamil, Hind,, Odina Wodier, Roxh., ANACARDiACBiB.
Gum ;
Kiar, Pb.^ Cassia Fistula, Linn., Leguminosjb.
Gum ; Tan ;
Kich-chilik-kizhangu, Tarn., Curcuma Zedoaria, Roscoe (non-Roxh.), Scita-
MI NBA. Dye ;
Kichlie-gaddalu, Tel., Curcuma Zedoaria, Roscoe {non-Roxh.), SciTAMiNEiS.
Dye ;
Kiditsai, Chinese, Brassica nigra, Koch., Crucifera.
Oil ;
Kikajon, Hehrew, Ricinus communis, Linn., Euphorbiacba.
Oil ;
Kikar, Hind., Bom., Ph., Dee., Acacia arabica> Willd., Lbguminosejb.
Gum 5 Dye ;
Kiki, Jewish, Ricinus communis, Linn., Euphorbiacea.
Oil ;
the Economic Products of India. 73
Kilar, Him, name^ Cedrus Deodara, Loudon^ Coniferje.
Gum ;
KiMr, P6., Parrotia Jacquemontiana Decaisne^ Hamamelidb^.
Fibre ; .
Kilawa, Ph.^ Wrightia tomentosa, Roem and SckeulU^ ApocYNACEiE.
Dye ;
Kill, Bom.y Albizza procera, Benih,j Lbguminos^.
Gum ; Tan ;
Kalik, N.'W J^.f Saccharum fuscum, Roxb.y Gramine^.
Fibre ;
Kilmlra, Pb., Garuga pinnata, Roxb,,BuRSERACEM.
Gum ; Tan ;
Kilu, Salt Range^ Chamaerops Ritchieana, Griffs pALMifi.
Fibre
Kimul, ffind.f Odina Wodier, Roxh.^ Anacardiace£«
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Kinai, Mahr.j Albizzia procera, Benih.^ Leguminos^.
Gum ; Tan ;
Kindal, Makr., Terminalia paniculata, W. & A.^ CoMBRETACEiE.
Dye ; Tan ;
Kingi, Pb,, Girardinia heterophylla., DecaisnCy URTiCACEiE.
Fibre ;
Kingma, Chinesey Abutilon Avicence, Gaertn., MALVACEiE.
Fibre ;
Kini, Bom.j Albizzia procera, Benth,^ Lbguminos^.
Gum ; Tan ;
Kinjal, Makr., Terminalia paniculata, W, & A.^ CoMBRBTACEiE,
Dye ; Tan ;
Kinneh, Pers.f Ferula Galbaniflora, Boiss.y Umbellifer^.
Gum ;
KinOi Eng.y Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxb., Leguminos^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Kino, Bengal, Eng,, Butea frondosa, Roxb,^ Leguminosji.
Gum ;
Kip, Sind.j Orthanthera viminea , Wight^ AsCLEPiADEiE.
Fibre ;
Kiramber, Tam-^ Caryophyllus aromaticus, Linn.j MvRTACEiE.
Oil ;
Kiri, Sind.t Ceriops CandoUeana, Arnoi,, Rhizophore^.
Tan ;
Kiri, Kashmir f Jasmmum officinale, Linn.y Olbacb^.
Oil ;
Kirldria, Hind.f Cinnamomum Tamala, Nees.., Leguminos^.
Kirma, Nepal.^ Yillebrunea frutescens, Blume.y URTiCACEiS.
Fibre ;
Kima Hind.i Saccopetalum tomentosum, Hook., ANONACEiB.
Gum ;
Kirrari, Sind., Ceriops Candolleana, Arnot., Rhizophore^.
Tan ;
Kimi, Pb., Parrotia Jacquemontiana, Decaisne, Hamam elided.
Fibre ;
Kishur, Beng., Mallotus philippinensis, Milll, Arg., Euphorbiace^.
Dye ; Oil ;
Kishur Kundur, Boswellia floribunda, Endl., Burserace^.
Gum ;
Kitchli, Tam.f Citrus Aurantium, Linn., Rutaceje.
Gum ;
Kitoli, 1^,'W, P., Cassia Fistula, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiB.
Gum 5 Tan ;
Kittali, Tel., Citrus Aurantium, Linn,, Rutaceje.
Gum :
74 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
•
Kittul, Gary Ota urens, Linn, Pal ma.
Fibre
KitwaUy N, W, P., Cassia Fistula, Linn., Leguminosjb.
Gum ; Tan ;
Ko, Pb., Olea ferruginea, Royle, Oleacea.
Oil ;
Koamil, Pb., Phyllanthus nepalensis, Mail. Arg., Euphorbiacea.
Tan ;
Koan, Pd., Tamarix articulata, Vahl, T. dioca, Roxb., and T. gallica,
Linn., TAMARisciNfiiE. Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Koat amnnak, 7am., Jatropha Curcas, Linn., EuPHORBiACEiE.
Gum ; Oil ;
Kobiisi, Nepal, Myrica sapida, Wall., MvRiCACEiE.
Tan ;
Kochi, Hind., Acacia concinna, DC, Leguminosa.
Dye ; Tan ;
Koddga-pala, Tel., Holarrhena antidysenterica. Wall., APOCYNACEiS.
Oil ;
Kodu, Beng., Lagenaria vulgaris, DC, Cucurbitacea.
Oil ;
Kohi, Pb., AInus nepalensis, D Don, CupuLiFERiE.
Dye ; Tan ; Oils ;
Kohola, Mahr., Benincasa, cerifera, Savi., CucuRBiTACEi£.
Oil ;
Kohu, Sind,, Olea ferruginea, Royle, Olbacb/e.
Oil ;
Kohumba, Gua., Melia Azadirachta, Linn., MELiACSJi.
Gum ;
Kohundan rang^l, C P., Celastrus paniculatus, Willd., CBLASTRiNBiC.
Oil ;
Koila-mukri, TeU, Wrightia tomentosa, Roem. & Scheult., Apocynacea.
Dye ;
Koir, Ass,, Acacia Catechu, Willd., Leguminosa
Dye ; Tan ;
Koirai, Beng., Pb., Bauhinia purpurea, Linn., LBGUMiNOSiC.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Kokama, Bom., Garcinia indica, Chois., Guttifbra.
Mordant ; Oil ;
Koki, Tarn., Cassia Fistula, Linn., Legumimo&s.
Gum ; Tan ;
Kokko, Burm., Albizzia Lebbek, Benth., Leguminosa.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Koku, Tarn., Salvadora oleoides, £/«ft.,SALVADORACBA.
Dye ; Oil ;
Kokum, Bom,, (Oil of) Garcinia indica, Chois., Guttifera.
Mordant ; Oil ;
Kokum, Butter, Eng., Garcinia indica, Chois., GuTTiFERiC.
Mordant ; Oil ;
Kola bogoti, Nepal, Baccaurea sapida, Mall, Arg., EuPHORBiACEiE.
Dye ; Mordant ;
Kola mavai Tam., Anacardium occidentale, Linn., Anacardiace;e.
Oils ;
Kolan, Gurhwal & Kumaun., Pinus longifolia, Roxb., Conifers.
Gum ; Tan ;
Kolavu, Tinnevelly, Hardwickia pinnata, Roxb., LEGUMiNOSiB.
Gum ;
Koli, ICan,, Bsecaurea sapida, Mali. Arg., Eupho RBiACBiS.
Dye ; Mordant ;
Koliar, Hind., Bauhinia purpurea, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiB.
Gum ; Dye ; . Tan ; Fibre ;
Koliar, Hind., Bauhinia variegata, Linn., Leguminosjb.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
the Economic Products of India, 75
Kollu, 7am., Dolichos biflorus, Linn,, Leguminos^.
Oil ;
Konda, Tel., Xylia dolabriformis, ^6n^^., Leguminos^.
Oil
Konda-amadum, Tel,, Ballospermum montanuixi) Mull. Arg,, Euphor-
BIACE^. Oils ;
Konda-kashmda, Tel,, Toddalia aculiata, Pers., Rutacba.
Dye ;
Kond tangedu, Tel., Xylia dolabriformis, Benth., Leguminosa.
Gum ;
Konda yaghe, Tam., Albizzia procera, Benth,, Lbguminosjb.
Gum ; Tan ;
Khondha, Hind., Benincasa cerifera, Saiji., Cucurbitacb^.
Oil ;
Kone, Tam., Cassia Fistula, Linn., LBGUMiNOSiB.
Gum ; Tan ;
Kong, Tel., Cochlospermum Gossypium, DC., Bixinb^.
Oil ;
Kong^Uam, Tam., Cochlospermum Gossypium, DC, Bixine^.
Oil ;
Kongkiy Lepcha, Prunus Puddum, Roxh., RosACSiE.
Gum ;
Kongld, Lepcha., Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn.f., Anacardiace^.
Oil ;
Konkadd, Tel., Sapindus trifoliatus, Linn., Sapindace^.
Oil J
Kooail, Nepal, Sponia orientalis. Planch., Urticacea.
Koor4k, Bom., Garuga pinnata, Roxh., Burserace^.
Gum ;
Koosum, i^mtf., Schleichera trijuga, Willd.,SKV\ii-DA.C'E.M.
Gum ;
Kopar, Hind., Dendrocalamus Hamilltonii, Nees., GRAMiNEiE.
Fibre ;
Kopar, Hind., Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees., GRAMiNEiC.
Fibre
Kopasia, Uryia, Kydia calycina, Roxb., Malvace^.
Fibre ;
Korala, Mahr., Bauhinia malabarica, Roxh., Leguminos>e,
Gum ;
Kora-mau, Tel., Breedeliaretusa, Spreng., Euphorb^e.
Tan ;
Koranju, Uryia, Pongamia glabra, Vent., Leguminos^e.
Oil ;
Koray, Tam., Cyperus rotunda, Linn., CyperaceuE.
Dye ; Oil ;
Kor-ke-jh£r, Dec, Cyperus rotundus, Linn., CYPBRACEiC.
Dye ; Oil ;
Korinta, Tel., Acacia Intsia, Willd., Leguminosa.
Dye ;
Koriti, Tel., Plecospermum spinosum, Trecul, Urticacb^e.
Dye ;
Koma nebUy Beng:, Citrus medica, Linn., RuTACEiB.
Gum ; Tan ;
Koroh, Oudh, Shoria robusta, Gaertn., Diptbrocarpe/E.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Koroi, Beng, Albizzia procera, Benth., LEGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ;
Kosa, Hind., Saccharum spontaneum, Linn., Gramine^e.
Fibre ;
Kosum, Hind., Schleichera trijuga, Willd,, SAPiNDACEiE.
Oil :
76 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
-*«-
Kosundra, Ph^ Bauhinta racemosa, Lam.^ Lbgvminosa.
Gum ;
Kotamalli, Tam,^ Coriandrum sativum, Linn,., Umbbllipbr^,
Oil ;
Kothaminiy Mahr,, Coriandrum sativum, Linn,, Umbbllifera.
Oil ;
Kottai-pakka, 7am., Areca Catechu, Linn.^ Palm A.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Kovaryia, Bom.^ Cassia Tora, Linn.y Lbguminos^.
Dye ;
Koal, Lepchuy Ainus nepalensis, D. Z)^n,CupULiPER^.
Dye ; Tan ; Oils ;
Kowal, Lepcha, Juglans regia, Ltnn.j Juglandba.
Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Kowti, Mar,y Hydnocarpus Wightiana, Blunter BixiNBiE.
Oil ;
Krim. Lepcha, Tabernaemontana coronaria, Willd,^ ApocvNACBiC,
Dye ;
Krishnatulsi, ffind.f Beng.y Tel.t Ocimum sanctum, var, sanctum,
Labiate. Oil ;
Kubinde, Nepali Eydia calycina, Roxb.t Malvacba.
Fibre ;
Kuchandana, Sans.t Pterocarpus sactalinus, Linn.f.y LsGUMiNOSiS.
Dye ;
Kuchila, Beng.i Strychnos Nux-vomica, Linn.t Loganiace^.
Dye ; Oil ;
Kuchla, Hind , Strychnos Nux-vomica, Linn., Loganiacb^.
Dye ; Oil ;
Kuda, Kala, Mahr^ Wrightia tinctoria, B, Br,, Apocynacels.
Gum ;
Kudaka, Bom., Cedrela Toona, Roxb, Meliacb^.
Gum ; Dye ;
Kudoly, Kan., Cicer arientinum, Linn., Lbguminos.£.
Dye ;
Kuja, Vb., Jasminum humile, Linn., Oleace^.
Dye ;
Kukar, C, P., Garuga pinnata, Roxb., Burserace^.
Gum ; Tan ;
Kukha-avalu, Tel., Cleome viscosa, Linn., CAPPARiDEiE.
Oil
Kdlanjun, Beng., Alpinia Galanga, Sue., Scitamine^.
Dye ;
Kuki, Kan., Baccaurea sapida, Mull., EpHORBiACEiE.
Dye ; Mordant ;
Kukto-pooi, Beng., Basella cordifolia, Lam., Chenopodiace^.
Dye ;
Kukurchita, Beng., Tetranthera laurifnlia, ^acg., Laurace^.
Oil ;
Kul, Hind. Beng., Zizyphus Jujuba, Lamk., Rhamnejb.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Kulanjan, Beng., Alpinia Galanga, Sum., Scitamine^g.
Dye ;
KuUnjan, Hind., Alpinia Galanga, Sust.^ Scitamine^.
Dye ;
Kulinjana, Bom., Alpina Galanga, Sus., SciTAMiNSiE.
Dye ;
Kuhtba gas^Up, Sind., Dolichos biflorus, Linn., LBGUMiNosiE.
Oil ;
Kull-poime, Kan., Calophyllum Wightianum, Wall, GuTTiFERiE.
Oil ;
Kulthi gahat, Hind., Dolichos biflorus, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiE.
Oil :
the Economic Products of India. 77
Kulu, Hind., Sterculia urens, Roxhm, Sterculiacejz.
Gum ;
Kiimara, Konda, Beng., Hind., Cucurbita Pepo., Z)C, CucuRBiTACSiE.
Oil ;
Kumbi, Tarn., Gardenia lucida, Roxb,, Rubiacbjz.
Gum ;
Kufflbi, Hind., Cochlospermum Gossypium, DC.f Bixinbs.
Gum ; Oil ;
Kumbiy Hind., Careya arborea, Roxb., Bursbracejs.
Gum ;
Kumbiik, Cingh., Terminalia tomentosa, W,& A., Combrbtacbje.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Kumbmli, Tarn., Benincasa cerifera, Savi., Cucurbitacb^s.
Oil ;
Kumhra, Kumaun, Benincasa ceriferai Savi., Cucurbitacba.
Oil ;
Kumila, Hind., Ph., Mallotus philippinensis, Mull, Arg,^ EuPHORBiACBiE.
Oil :
Knm-Jameva, Beng^t Styrax serrulatum, Roxb., Styracbjs.
Gum ;
Kumknma, Slan^., Crocus sativus, £mn., Iridacba.
Dye ;
Kumkuma, Tel., Mallotus philippinensis, MulL Arg., EuPHORBiACBiE.
Oil ;
Kamla nebu, Beng., Citrus Aurantium, Linn., RUTAcsiB.
Gum ;
Kumra, Beng., Benincasa cerifera, Savi., Cucurbitacba.
Oil ;
Kmmra, Beng., Hind., Cucurbita Pepo, DC., Cucurbitacba.
Oil ;
KtUBta, Raj, Acacia Senegal, Willd., LBGUMiNOSis.
Gum ;
Kufflveru, Tel., Andropogon muricatus, Retz., GraminbwE.
Ffbre ; Oils :
Kun, Burnt., Areca Catechu, Linn,, Palms.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Kundanuga, Tel., Lagenaria vulgaris, DC., Cucurbitacb^.
Oil ;
Kiindi, Sind., Prosopis spicigera, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ;
Kimdash, P3., Alnus nitida, Endl., BETULACBiE.
Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Kunduf, Arab., Hind.y Boswellia floribunda, Endl., BuRSERACEiE.
Gum ;
Kunduru, Sans., Boswellia floribunda, Endl.^ BuRSERACEiE.
Gum ;
Kundur Madharaj, Boswellia floribunda, Endl.f BuRSERACEic.
Gum ;
Kunduru, Sans., Boswellia floribunda, Endl., Burserace^«
Gum ;
Kundur Unsa, Boswellia, floribunda, Endl., BuRSERACEiC.
Gum ;
Kundur Zakxa, Bobwellia floribunda, Endl., Burserace>e.
Gum ; .
Kungi, Bura, Hind., Beng,, Abutilon graveolens, W. & A. Malvacb^k*
Fibre ;
Kungli, Tarn., Boswellia serrata, Colebr.^ BVRSERACEJi.
Gum ;
Kungnunapu, Tam., Crocus sativus, Linn, Iridacb^.
Dye ;
Kunhya, Nepal, Ficus Cunia, Buck, URTiCACEiS.
Fibre
78 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Kimi Gum, Eng.^ Odina Wodier, Roxh,, Anacardiacba,
Gum ;
Kunia, Kunuiun, Ficus Cunia, Buchj Vbticacrm.
Fibre ;
Kiinj, Hind.t Ulmus integrifolia, Roxb.^ Urticacba.
Oil ;
Kiinjia, Beng., Urena sinuata, Linn.t Malvacb^.
Fibre ;
Kuiikhoorai Ass.^ Bohmeria nivea., H, & A.^ Urticacbac.
Fibre
Kuntheebiii) Burm., Areca Catechu, Linn., Palmje.
. Dye ;
Kurag^uinangjal, Tam,, Bixa Orellana, Linn., Bixinea.
Dye ;
Kurajy Hind., Bauhinia variegata, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiB.
Gum ;
Kural, Ph.f Bauhinia retusa, Ham., LegVminosjz.
Grum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Kurang, Simla, Mardenia Roylei, Wight., Asclbpiade^.
Fibre ;
Kuri, Pb.t Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis, Linn., Oleacba.
Dye ; Oil ;
Kurku, 7am., Ficus infectoria, Willd., Urticacejb.
Fibre ;
Kurku coningariaaji, Kan., Mallotas philippinensis. Mall. Arg., Euphor-
biacb^. Oil ;
Kurkur kat, Hind., Hymenodictyon ezcelsum, Wall., Rubiace^.
Tan ;
Kurp^ Tel., Barringtonia acutangula, Gaertn., Myrtacb^.
Tan ;
Kuzpa, Bom., Memecylon edale, Roxb., Melastomacea.
Dye ;
Kurpoora maram, Tam., Mahr., Eucalyptus globulus, Lam., Myrtacbj!.
Gum ; Oil ;
Kurtam USSul, Arab., GossyPium herbaceum, Linn., MALVACEiE.
Kurti-kaLai, Beng., Dolichos biflorus, Linn., Lbguminos^.
Oil
K&^ka, Bomb., Garuga pinnata, Roxb., Burserace^.
Gum ; Tan ;
Kurumia, Beng.^ Carisa Carandas, Linn., ApocYNACEiB.
Dye ; Tan ;
Kurwe-bddam, Hind., Bom., Prunus amygdalus, Boill., Rosace^e.
Gum ; Oil ;
Kus, Hind., Saccharum spontaneum, Linn., Graminea.
Fibre ;
Kush, Pb., Prunus armeniaca, Linn., RosACEiB.
Gum ;
Kushaeta, Kan., Diospyros Embiyopteris, Pets., EBBNACEiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Kushxnml, N.-W. P., Berberis Lycium, Royle, Berberide^.
Gum ;
Kushumt>&, Tam., Carthamus tinctoria, Linn., Composite.
Dye ;
Kusi, Hind., Briedelia montana, Willd., EuPHORBiACEiE.
Tan ;
Kusimb, Bomb., Schleichera trijuga, Willd., Sapindace^.
Oil ;
K6st, Beng., Hind., Costus Speciosus, Sm., SciTAMiNBiE.
Oil ;
KuStui, Tel., Acacia Farnesiana, Willd., Leguminosa.
Gum :
the Economic Products of India. 79
Kusum, Beng, & Hind,^ Schleichera trijuga, Willd., Sapindacejs.
Gum ;
Kusum, Hind., Beng., Dec.f Carthamus tinctoriusj Linn., Composites.
Dye ; Oil ;
KusiiiBby Hind., Schleichera trijuga, Willd^ Sapindaceje.
Gum ;
Kusumba, Bom., Carthamus tinctoria., Linn., Composite.
Dye ;
Kutaki, Tel., Pandanus odoratissimus, Willd., Pandanea.
Fibre ;
Kuth, Beng., Acacia Catechu, Willd., Lbguminos^.
Dye ; Tan ;
Kutha, Hind., Uncaria Gambier, Hunter, Rubiace^.
Tan ;
Kutki, Gond., Eriolsena Hookeriana, W, & A., SterculiAce^.
Fibre ;
KuUd, Gond.i'EtxolsRTidLS^ectshiWs., Planch,, Sterculiace^.
Fibre ;
Kutlaaimbu, Hind., Citrus medica, Linn., Rutacb^.
Gum ; Tan ;
Kwam-thee-bengy Burm,, Areca Catechu, Linn., PALMiE.
Gum ;
Kutri, Pb., Achyranthes aspera, Linn., Amarantace^.
Dye ;
Kwaytanyeng, Burm., Pithecolobium dulce, Benih., Leguminos^.
Oil ;
Kwer, Chenah, Jasminum officinale, Linn., OLEACEiE.
Oil ;
Kyabaing, Burm., Ceriops Roxburghiana, Arnott., Rhizophore^e.
Pye ;
Kyaitna, Burm., Barringtonia acutangula, Gaertn., Myrtace^.
Tan ;
Kyakatwa, Burm., Bambusa arundinacea, Rets., Gramine^e.
Fibre ;
Kyam, Tam., Ferula alliacea, Boiss., Umbellifer^.
Gum ;
Kyat-thon-beg^y Burm., Allium sativxim, Linn., LiLiACEiS.
Oil
Kyaukchin, Burm,, Alum.
Mordant.
Kyauk-pa-yon, Burm,, Benincasa cerifera, Savi., CucuRBiT>vcEiE.
Oil ;
Kyellowa, Burm., Bambusa Brandisii, Munro, Gramine^e.
Fibre
Kyeni, Burm , Barringtonia acutangula, Gaertn., Myrtace^e.
Tan ;
Kyetpaung, Burm,, Wiceola elastica, Roxb., Apocynace^e.
Gum ;
Kyetsu, Burm., Ricimus communis, Linn., Euphorbiace/E.
Oil ;
Kyetsu, Burm., Ricinus communis, Linn., Euphorbiace^e.
Mordant ;
Kyetthwun-ni, Burm., Allium cepa, Linn., LiLiACEiE.
Oil ;
Kyetthwunbyu, Burm., Allium sativum, Linn,, Liliace^.
Oil ;
Kyinghi, Lepcha, Ponzalzia viminea, Wedd., Urticace^e.
Fibre ;
Kyiiiki, Lepcha, Maoutia puaja, Wedd, URTiCACEiE.
Fibre ;
Kyu, Burm., Terminalia citrina, Roxb., Combretace^,
Dye ;
8o Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Kyaungbaii, Burm,, Vitez trifolia, Linn., Vbrbbnaceje.
Oil
Kyoungha, Burm., Oroxylum indicum, Benth., BiGNONiACBiB.
Dye ; Tan ;
Kynn, Burm., Tectona grandis, Linn,, Vbrbbnacejz.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Laber, Hind., Desmodium tiliaefolium, G. Don,, LBGUMiNoSiS.
Fibre ;
Laburnum, Indian, Eng,, Cassia Fistula, Linn., LBGUMiNoSiE.
Gum ; Tan ;
Lac, Eng., Coccus Lacca.
Dye ;
Ladun, Pb,, Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis, Linn,, Olbacba.
Dye ;
Lahan, Eaj\, Toddalia aculeata, Pers., Rutacea.
Dye ;
Lahiuiabodara, Bom,, Lagerstrcemia parviflora, Poxb,, Lythracb^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Lahokiing^, Lepcha, Butea frondosa, Roxb,, Lbguminosjs.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Lai, Hind, Sind., Tamarix articulata, Vahl,, T. dioca, Roxb., and T. gal-
lica, Linn , Tamariscine<«, Gum ; Dye ; Tan j
Laila, N.-IV. P., Saliz tetrasperma, Roxb,, Salicinb^s.
Tan ;
Laj, Pb., Symplocos crataegoides. Ham,, Styracea.
Oil ;
Lakhar, Pb., Rhus succedanea, Linn., Anacardiace^s.
Oil ;
Lakuch, Hind., Artocarpus Lakoocha, Roxb., URTiCACBiC.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Lakucha, Sans,, Artocarpus Lakoocha, Roxb., Urticacea.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Lala ambadi, Sind., Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Linn., Malvace^.
Fibre
Lal-ambari, Dec, Hind., Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Linn., MALVACBiE.
Fibre ;
Lalachandana, ^<>m., M'ni;^., Pterocarpus santalinus,£t itn./., Leguminos^e.
Dye ;
Lal-Bnopala, ^om., Cucurbita maxima, Duchesne, CucuRBiTACEi£.
Oil ;
Lal-bherendia, Beng,, Jatropha glandulifera, Roxb., Euphorbiace^.
Dye ; Oil ;
Lalchandan, Hind., Beng., Symplocos phyllocalyx, Gierke, SxYRACEiB.
Dye ;
Lal-dudiya, Bom,, Cucurbita marjima Duchesne, CucuRBiTACEiE.
Oil ;
Lai jhau, Beng,, Tamarix dioica, Roxb,, Tamariscinba.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Lallei, Dec, Albizzia amara, Boivin, Lbguminosjs.
Gum ;
Lai malata, Nepal, Macaranga indica, Wight, Euphorbiacba.
Gum ;
Lal-mugm, Beng., Celosia cristata, Linn., Chenopodiaceje.
Fibre ;
Lancbar, Trans-Indus, Orthanthera viminea, Wight, Asclepiade^.
Fibre ;
Landar, Pb., Symplocos crataegoides, Ham., STYRACEiB.
Oil :
the Economic Products of India, 8i
Lang^hur, Hivu name^ Juniperus communis, Linn., Coniperjs.
Gum ;
Lang^ra, Bhutiat Corylus Colurna, Linn.^ Cupulifbra.
Oil
Lanka, -ff^n^., Hind,, Cucurbita Pepo, DC, Cucurbitacb-«.
Oil ;
Lanka-Sij, Beng., Euphorbia Tirucalli, Linn., Euphorbiac&s.
Mordant ;
Lard.
Oil ;
Lardkiin61, ffind., Thevetia neriifolia, ^uss,, APOCYNACEiK.
Oil ;
Lari (root), Morinda citrifolia, Linn., Rubiacea.
Lasan, Hind., Allium sativum, Linn., LiLiACEiE.
Oils :
Lasora, Hind., Cordia Myxa, Linn., BoRAGiNSie.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Lasuna, Sans., Mahr., Allium sativum, Linn., Liliacea.
Oils ;
Laswara, Pb., Cordia Myxa, Linn., Boragine^.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Laikan, Hind., Beng., Bixa Orellana, Linn., Bixine^c.
Dve ;
Latechu, Ass., Baccaurea sapida, Mull. Arg,, Euphorbiace^.
Dye ; Mordant ;
Latikat, Nep., Phyllanthus nepalensis, Mull. Arg., Euphorbiacea.
Tan ;
Latjira, Hind., Achyranthes aspera, Linn., Amarantaceje.
Dye ;
Lau, Beng., Lasrenaria vulgaris, DC, Cucurbitacea.
Oil ;
Lauki, Pb., Lagenaria vulgaris, DC, CucuRBiTACEiE.
Oil :
Laurel, Alexandrian, Eng., Calophyllum |inophyllum, Linn., Guttifera
Gum ;
Layang^, Beng., Caryophyllus aromaticus, Linn., Myrtacea.
Oil ;
Lavang^a, Tel., Caryophyllus aromaticus, Linn., Myrtace^s.
Oil ;
Laynuag, Manipur. See Khaki.
Dye ;
Lebu, Beng., Citrus medica, Linn., Rutacejb.
Gum ; Tan ;
Lei, Pb., Tamarix dioica, Roxb,, Tamariscinejs.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Leinyu, Pb., Tamarix articulata, Vahl., T., dioca, Roxb., and T, gallica^
Linn», TAMARisciNEiE. Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Lemon, Eng., Citrus medica, Linn., var. Limonum, RuTACBiC.
Gum ; Tan 5 Oil ;
Lesu, Nepal, Ficus elastica, Bl., Urticacejs.
Gum ;
Lesuri, Sind., Cordia Myxa, Linn., Boragine^.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Letkop, Burnt., Sterculia fcetida, Linn., STERCULiACEiE.
Oil ;
Letpan, Burnt., Bombax malabaricum, DC, Malvacejs.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ; Oil ;
Lettopg;yi, Burnt., Holarrhena antidysenterica. Wall., Apocynace^e
Oil ;
Lettop-thein, Burnt., Wrightia tomentosa, Roem. & Scheult, ApocYNACBiB.
Dye ;
w
82 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Lettuce, CoouBon, Eng,^ Lactuca Scariola, Linn,^ Composite.
Oil ;
Liar, Sindy Cordia Rothii, Roem, & Sch., Boraginace;b.
Gum ;
Libidibi, Bom.f Caesalpinia coriaria, Willd.j Lbguminosje.
Tan ;
Libu, Beng.y Ifind,, Citrus medica, Linn,j var. acida, RuTACEiE.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Lichen, Rose, Eng.y Parmelia kamtschadalis, Esch,, Lichenes.
Dye ;
Ligemotku, Tel,, Butea superba, Xoxjk,, Lbguminosa.
Fibre ;
Lilac, Persiaii, Eng,, Melia Azedarach, Linn., Meliacejs.
Gum ; Oil ;
Liad>olee, , Murraya Kcenigii, Spr., Rutace^.
Oil :
Limbu, ffind., Citrus medica, Linn., var. acida, RuTACEiB.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil *,
Lime Tree of Europe, Eng,, Tilia europsea, Linn., Tiliacb/QT.
Fibre :
Lime, Sour, Eng., Citrus medica, Linn., var. acida, Rutace^.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Lime, Sweet, Eng., Citrus medica, Linn., var. Limetta, Rutace^.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Lime, VlUd, Eng., Atalantia monophylla, Corr., Rutace^.
Oils :
Limone, //., Citrus medica, Linn., var. Limonum, Rutace^e*
Gum ; Tan ; Oil :
Limonier, Fr., Citrus medica, Linn., var. Limonum, Rutaceje,
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Limoun, Arab., Citrus medica, Linn,, var. acida, Rutace^.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Limu, Hind., Arab., Pers., Citrus medica, Linn., var. acida, RuTACEis.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Linhe, Burnt., Acorus Calamus, Linn., Aroide^.
Oils
Lipiah, Nepal, Villebrunea appendiculata, Wedd., URTiCACSiE.
Fibre ;
Lipic, Nepal, Villebrunea appendiculata, Wedd., Urticace^.
Fibre ;
Liquorice, Eng., Glycyrhiza glabra, Linn,, Leguminos^.
Dye ;
Litboik, Hind., Litscea zeylanica, Nees, Laurine^e.
Oil
Litchi, Eng., Nephelium Latchii, Camb,, Sapindaceje.
Gum ;
Lodh, Kumaun, Symplocos crataegoides, Ham., Styracrs.
Dye ; Oil ;
Lodh, Hind., Beng., Symplocos racemosa, Roxb., SxYRACE-ffi.
Dye ; Tan ; Mordant ;
Lodh, Hind., Symplocos spicata, Roxb., Styrace^.
Dye ;
Logwood, Eng., Ha&matoxylon Campechianum, Linn., Leguminos^
Dye ;
Lobar bhadi, Beng,, Odina Wodier, Roxb,^ Anacardiacejb.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Loja, Suilej, Symplocos cratsegoides. Ham., Styrace^e.
Dye ; Oil ;
Lokandi, Bom., Ventilago madraspatana, Gaertn., Rhamnejb.
Gum ; Dye j Fibre ;
Lonepho^ Burm., Buchanania latifolia, Roxb^ AnacardiacBmS.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
the Ecokomic Products of India. 8^
Lonfi^, Hind,^ Caryophyllas aromaticus, Linn.j Myrtacb^.
Oil ; .
Losh, Pb.f Symplocos cratsegoides, Ham,f Styracba.
Dye ; Oil ;
Lotus, Eng,f Nelumbium speciosum, WiUd,^ Nymphaacba.
Fibre ;
Louz-ul-miUTy Ardb.f Prtfnns amygdalus, BoUl.^ RosacevA.
Gum ; Oil ;
Lovage, Eng.^ Camm copticum, Benih.^ Umbsllipeiue.
Oil ;
Lovi, Dec.i Artocarpns Lakoocha, Xoxb., Urttcacb^.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Lowi, Dec, Artocarpus Lakooclia> Roxb.^ Urticacbjb.
Gum ;
Ln, Pb.f Symplocos crsetagoides, Ham,^ Styracbas.
Dye ; Oil ;
Luban, ^rai., Hind.f Boswellia floribunda, £n<f/., Burserace^b.
Gum ;
Luban, Beng,, Boswellia serrata, Colebr.i Burserackb.
Gum ;^
Luban meyeti, Arab., Boswellia Frereana, Birdw., Bursbracb^b.
Grum ;
Luir, Htm, name, Juniperus excelsa, M. Bieb,y Coniperjl
Gum ;
Lukrabo-oil, Siantf Gynocardia odorata, R. ^r«, Bixinb^.
Oil ;
Luling3^Wy Burm.f Cinnamomum zeyiantcara> Breyn.^ Laurinea.
Dye ; Oil ?
Luliai, Dec, Albizzia amara, Boivin., Leguminosa.
Gum ;
Ln-landar, Pb,, Symplocos cratsegoides, Ham^ Styracb^.
Dye ;
Lunbo, Butfn.y Buchanania latifolia, Roxb,, Anacardiace^.
Tan ;
Lust, N.'W, P,, Taxus baccata, Linn,, Conipbr^.
Gum ; Dye j
Lutco, Hind., Baccaurea sapida, MulL Arg,, Euphorbiacb;e.
Dye ; Mordant ;
Lut-ter, Nepal, Artocarpus Chaplasha, Rdxb,, Urticacejb.
Gum ;
M
MalL, 7am. Burm, Magnifera indica, Linn,, Anacardiacea.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Mace, Eng,, Myristica moschata, Willd,, Myristicb^.
Oil ;
Machi-patri, Tel,, Artemisia vulgaris, Linn., CoMPdsiTiE.
Oils ;
Machi-pattiii, Tam.-, Artemisia vulgaris, Linn., Composite.
Oils ;
Machugan, Garo, Mallotus philippinensis, MUll. Arg., EuPHORSiACBiG.
Oil ;
Mada, Tel,, Avicinnia officinalis, Linn., VERBBNACEiB.
Tan ;
Mada, And., Ceriops Candolleana, Arnoii, RHizoPHORSiB.
Tan ;
Madas:ari yembu, Tel., Chickrassia tabularis, Adr, Juss., Meluce«.
Gum ; Dye ;
M adalaich-chedi, Tam., Punica Granatum, Linn., Lythrack^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
84 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
iyfadar. Hind., Calotropis gigantea, R. Br,, Asclbpiadba.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Madar, Cachar, Erythrina indica, Lam., Lbguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Madat, Mahr., Terminalift tomentosa, W. & A,, Combrbtacba.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Madder, European, Etig., Rubia tinctorium, Linn,, Rubiace^.
Dye ;
Madder, Indian, Eng., Rubia cordifolia, Linn,, Rubiacb^.
Dye ;
Maddi, Tel., Terminalia tomentosa, W, & A., Combretacbjb.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Maddi, Mysore, Terminalia Arjuna, Bedd., Combrbtacbjs.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Madhuka, Sans., Bassia latifolia, Roxb., Sapotaceji.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oils ;
Madhuka Sara, (oil) Sans., Bassia latifolia, Roxb.^ Sapotacbje.
Oils ;
Madhurika, Sans., Foeniculum vulgare> Gaerin., UMBBLLiPBRiS.
Oil ;
Madu-karray, Tam., Randia dumetorum, Lam.y Rubiacb^a.
Dye ;
Maestapat, Beng., Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn,, Malvacba.
Oil ;
Magfadam, Tam., Mimusops Elengi» Linn., Sapotacba.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Magsher, Pb., Salix tetrasperma, Roxb., Salicinba.
Tan ;
Magfyf, Burm., Tamarindus indica, Linn., Lbguminosjb.
Gum ; Dye ; Mordant ; Oil ;
Mahahlegabyu, Burm.; Bauhinia acuminata, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiE.
Oil ;
Mahahleganf, Burm,, Bauhinia purpurea, Linn,, Lbguminosa,
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Mahalimbo, C. P., Melia Azedarach, Linn., Mbliacba.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Maha limbu,- Uriya, Cedrela Toona, Roxb., Meliacba.
Gum ; Dye ;
Mahalang^, Bom., Citrus medica, Linn., Rutacba.
Gum ; Tan ;
Maha niebu, Citrus decumana, Willd., Rutacba.
Gum ;
Mahanim, Hind., Cedrela Toona, Roxb., MsLiACBiB.
Gum ; Dye ;
Mahanimba, Sans., Melia Azedarach, Linn,, Meliacea.
Oil ;
Maha rukh, Hind,, Mahr., Ailanthus excelsa, Roxb,, Simarubea
Gum ;
Mahanshada, Sans., Allium sativum, Linn., LiLiACEiE.
Oils ;
Mahlbans, Nepal,, Bambusa nutans, Wall,, Gramine/E.
Fibre ;
Mahlu, Lepcha., Bambusa nutans, Wall., GRAMiNBiE.
Fibre ;
Mahogany tree, Indian, Eng., Cedrela Toona, Roxb,, MBLiACBiE.
Gum ; Dye ;
Mahiia, Hind,, Bom,, Bassia latifolia, Roxb,, Sapotacba.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oils ;
Mahui, Hind,, Orthanthera viminia, Wight,, AscLBPiADBiE.
Fibre ;
Mahula, Beng,, Bassia latifolia^ Roxb,, SAPOTACBiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oils j
the Economic Products of India. 85
Mahwa, Beng.^ Hind,, Bassia latifolia, Roxh., SAPOTACBis.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Maida, Pd., Tetranthera laurifolia, ^acq., LaurineA.
Oil J
Maidal, Nepal,^ Randia dumetorum, Lam.j Rubiace^.
Dye ;
Maidal-lara, Nepal, Plecospermum spinosum, Trecul, URTiCACBiE«
Dye ^ ;
Maiden-hair, Ettg., Adiantum Cappilus- Veneris, Linn,, Filicbs.
Oil ;
Mainakat lara, Nepal, Plecospermum spinosum, Trectd, URTicACEiS.
Dye ;
Mainphal, Hind,, Randia dumetoram, Lam,, Rubiacba.
Dye
Maize, Eng,, Zea Mays, Linn., Gramine^.
Fibre ;
Majndn, Pb., Salix babylonica, Linn,, Salicina.
Fibre ;
Majtaii, Hind., Artemisia vulgaris, Linn., Composite.
Oil ;
Majuphala, Bom,, Quercus infectoria, Oliver, Cupuliferac.
Dye ;
Makanim, TeL, Melia Azedarach, Linn,, Mbliacba.
Oil ;
Makara-rai, Hind., Brassica nigra, Kock,, Crucifera.
Oil ^ ;
Makar-limbu, Mahr., Atalantia monophylla, Corr., Rutace^b.
Oil^ ;
Makha-jowari, Dec, Zea, Mays, Linn., GRAMiNEiG.
Fibre ;
Makhal, Beng., Citrullus Colocynthis, Schrad., CucuRBiTACBiS.
Oil ;
Makhmah, Bom., Tagetes patula, Linn., CoMPOSiTiB.
Dye ;
Makhur, Makr., Atalantia monophylla, Corr,, Rutacba.
Oil ;
Makka, Hind., Zea Mays, Linn,, Gramine.«.
Fibre :
Makka cholam, 7am., Zea Mays, Linn,, GRAMiNEiG.
Fibre ;
Makka-zonalu, Tel,, Zea Mays, Linn,, GRAMiNBiS.
Fibre ;
Makkal, Ph., Populus balsamifera, Linn., Salicines.
Gum ;
Makki, Tam., Garcinia Morella, Desrouss,, Guttiferjb.
Gum ; Tan ;
Makkiina, Hind., Bauhinia racemosa, Lam , Leguminosjb.
Gum ;
Makulu, Cingh., Hydnocarpus Wightiana, Blume, BixiNE-ffi.
Oil ;
Makurkendi, Beng., Hind., Diospyros Embryopteris, Pers,, EBBNACBiC.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Mala, Hind,, Spatholobus Roxburghii, Bth., Leguminosa.
Gum ;
Malabar,
Oil ;
Malagiri, N-W, P,, See Hedychium spicatum, Ham,, Sen amines.
D/e ;
Ma-lamgf, Burm,, Broussonetia papyrifera, Vent., URTiCACEiK.
Fibre ;
Malai-veppaa, Tam., Melia Azedarach, Linn,, MBLtACSiS.
Oil J
86 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
MakWli Burnht Psidium Guava, Raddij MYRTACSiS.
Dye ; Tan ;
Male, Burtn.f Jasminum Sambac, Aiton , OLEACEiE.
Oil ;
Malampongn, TinneveUy, Garcinia travancorica, Beddome, Guttifbrj|.
Gum ;
Blalgrhan, Hind., Bauhinia Vahlii, W. & A,, Lbguminosjs.
Gum }
AUUi, Mahr., Pogostemon Patchoolv, PoUet., Labiate.
Oil
Blaljan, ffind., Bauhinia Vahlii, FT. 6* A, Lbguminosjs.
Gum ;
Mftlkaknl, Oudhf Kumaunt Celastrus paniculatus, Willd., CELASTRiNSiB.
Oil ;
Malkangni, Pb, ( seeds of ) Celastrus paniculatus, Willd,, Cel astrinewE.
Oil :
M&lkangooi, Bom., Celastrus senegalensis, Lam,, CsLASTRiNEiS.
Oil ;
MallaniiB, C. P., Melia Azedarach, Linn,^ Meliackm.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Bffallai, Salem, Sansevieria zeylanica, Willd,, H^modqracea.
Fibre f
Mallai veiBbu, Tam,, Melia Azedarach, Linn,, Meliacbjs.
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
BAallow, Country, Eng., Abutilon asiaticum, G, Don, Malvacbje*
Fibre ;
Mallow, Indiaa, Eng., Abutilon avicennae, Gaertn,, Malvacea.
Fibre ;
BAallow-Musk, Eng,, Hibiscus Abelmoschus, Linn,, MALVACEiB.
Fibre ;
Blalu, Hind., Bauhinia Vahlii, W, & A., Lbguminosjs.
Gum ;
Mataadi, Tel,, Mangifera indica, Linn,y ANACARDiAcsiB.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Mamech, Polygonum bistorta, Linn., Polyoonace^.
Oil ;
Bflamid, Tel,, Mangifera indica, Linn^f Anacardiace^.
Oil :
Manaloo oU.
Oil s
Manche, Tel., Euphorbia TirucalU, Linn., Euphorbiacb^.
Mordant ;
Manchi-n^e noovooloo, Tel,, Sesamum indicum, Linn., Pbdalines.
Oil ;
anda, Tel., Randia dumetorum, Lam., Rubiacrs.
Dye ;
ItfflnHa. dhup, Kan., Canarium slrictum, Roxb,, Bursbracb^.
Gum ;
M&ndAf&, Bom., Calotropis gigantea, R. Br,, AsCLEPiADEiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
f&&ndiiT&, Bom,, Calotropis procera, R. Br., Asclepiade/e.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan j Fibre ;
Mandgay, ^0m.,Bambusa arundinacea, Retg., GRAMiNEiG.
Fibre ;
Mandkolla, Pb., Randia dumetorum, Lam,, Rubiace^.
Dye ;
Mang^, Lam,, Mangifera indica, Linn., ANACARDiACEiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
ManghatI, Uriya, Lawsonia alba, Lam., LythracewE.
Dve ; Oil ;
Mangil, Tam,, Bambusa arundianacese, Reta,, Gramine^.
Fibre ;
the Economic Products of IndiU^ 8^7
M angi, SaUm,^ Sanseviria zeylanica, WiUd^ HxtnoDOtLACRX,
Fibre ;
Mangfo, Eitg.t Mangifera indica, Linn^ AnacaroiacbA.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Mangosteen, Eng^ Garcinia Mangbstana, Linnet GurriFBRa.
Gum i Tan ; Oil ;
Mangrove, Eng.t Rhizophora mucronafa, Lamk.t RhizopRor&x.
Tan ;
Mangrove Bark, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Lam, RhizopHorba.
Tan ;
Mangrove, White, Efig,^ Avicentiia officinalis, Linn.^ VbrbBnacbx.
Tan ;
Manipussupu, TeL^ Coscinium fenestratam, CoUbf.^ Mbnispibrmacea.
Dye ;
Manjadi, Kan.y Adenanthera pavonina, Linn,, Lbgumi^OsA.
Gum ;
Manjal, Tam.y Curcuma longa, Roxb,, SciTAkciNEift.
Dye ;
Manja-pa, Tam., Nyctanthes Arbor-fristis, Linn.-, OlbacB^.
Dye ; Oil ;
Manjati, Mai,, Adenanthera pavonina, Linn,, LBGusfiNOSiG.
Oils ;
Manjistha, Beng,, Rubia cordifolia, Li»n>, Rubiacb^J
Dye ;
Manjit, Hind,, Rubia cordifolia, Linn,, Rubiace^e.
Dye ;
Manjitti, Tam,, Rubia cordifolia, Linn,, Rubiacb^.
Dye 5
Manjushta, Kan,, Rubia cordifolia, Linn,, RuBiACSiE.
Dye ;
Manneli, Mai,, Indigofera aspalathoides, Vahl,, Leguminosa.
Oil ;
Mannoa, s€€ Gossypium herliaceiim, L,, var. herbaceum, MalvacBA.
Fibre^ ;
Mansa so}, Beng., Euphorbia neriifolia, Linn., Euphorbiacb^.
Manu, Pb,, Rhus Cotinus, Linn., ANACARDiACEiE.
Dye ; Tan ;
Manyul, Hind,, Randia dumetorum, £am., Rubiace^.
D^e ;
Maralmgam, 7am., Cratseva religlosa, Forst,, Capparide^.
Dye ;
Maramunjil, Tam,, Coscinium fenestratum, Colebr., MENiSPERMACSifl.
Dye ;
Marari, Pb., Ulmus Wallichiana, Planch,, Urticacb.^.
Fibre ;
Maravetti, 7am., Hydnocarpus Wightiana, Blutne, Bixinba.
Oil ;
Marda, Hind,, Tetranthera monopetala, Roxb,, LAURiNEiC.
Oil
Maredu, Tel,, JS.g\e Marmelos, Corr,, RuTACBid.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Maildng-nut, Semecarpus Anacardium, Linn., Anacardiacb^.
Margosa Tree, Eng., Melia Azadirachta, Linn., Meliace^.
Gum ; Oil ;
Marich Kala, Beng., Hind., Piper nigrum, Linn., Piperacea.
Oil ;
Marigold, Eng., Tagetes patula, Linn., CoMPOSiTiG.
Dye ;
Marithondl, Tam., Lawsonia alba, Lam., Lythracba*
Dye ; Oil ;
Mark, Pb,, Briedelia retusa, Spreng., Euphorbiacbjs.
Tan ;
88 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
BAarlumulta, Tam., Xanthium stramarmmi Zrtnn., Compositjb.
Oil ;
lyUuni, Hind.^ Sponia politoria, Planch.^ Urticacea.
Fibre ;
BAaror-phal, Hind,, Helicteres Isora, Linn., SxERCULiACBiE.
Fibre ;
Martan, Hind,, Desxnodium tiliacfoliuxn, G. Don., Leguminos^e.
Fibre ;
Marti, Sutlej, Jasminuxn humile, Linn., Oleacb^.
Dye ;
BAanil, Tarn,, Sansevieria zeylanica, Willd., Hjruouokkczm,
Fibre
Maruim, Sans,, Sansevieria zeylanica, Willd,, H^MODORACBiS.
Fibre ;
BAarvil, Hind,, Bauhinia racemosa, Lam,, LsGUMiNOSiB.
Fibre ;
Maseni, Beng,, Linum usitatissimum, Linn., Linea.
Fibre ; Oil 5
Masina, Beng., Linum usitatissimum, Linn., Linba.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Maslum, Pb,, Polygonum bistorta, Linn., PoLYGONACEiB.
Oil ;
BAassi, Garhwal, Nardostachys Jatamansi, DC, Valerianacb.*.
Oil ;
Mastaki, Pistacia Cabulica, Stocks., PiPERACEiG.
Gum ;
Mastaru, Beng., Artemisia vulgaris, Linn,, Compos itje.
Oils i
Matau, Burm., Garcinia Xanthochymus, /To^it./., Guttiperjs.
Gum ;
Matayen, Travancore, Hardwickia pinnata, Roxb,, Leguminos^e,
Gum ;
lHatela, Beng,, Bambusa Tulda Roxb., GRAMiNEiE.
Fibre ;
Mati-phal, Tarn., Ailanthus malabarica, DC, Simarubba.
Gum :
MiLt-kaUd, Beng,, Arachis hypogoea, Linn,, LBGUMiNOSiG.
Oils ;
Mdti, Huldi— or Kai—Beng., Ochre.
Matti, Beas, Orthanthera viminea, Wight, Asclbpiadb;e.
Fibre ;
Maul, Beng., Spatholobus Roxburghii, Bth., Leguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Maul, C P., Bauhinia Vahlii, W, & A,, Leguminous.
Fibre ;
Maul, Beng,, Bassia latifolia, Roxb,, Sapotacea.
Gum ; Dye 5 Tan 5 Oils ;
Maulser, Hind., Mimusops Elengi, Linn., Sapotacejs.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Maurain, Hind,, Bauhinia Vahlii, W, & A., Lbguminosjb.
Gum ;
Mauri, Beng,, Foeniculum vulgare, Gaerin., Umbbllifbrs.
Oil ;
MaufW, Cingh., Laportea crenalata, Gandich,, URTiCACEiS.
Fibre ;
Mawtda, And., Heritiera littoralis, Dryand., Sterculiacea
Oil ;
May, TeL, Schleichera trijuga, Willd., SAPiNDACEiG.
Oil J
MiLyi, Sind,, Quercus infectoria, Oliver, CupuLiFEBiS.
Dye ;
the Economic Products of India, 89
Mayo-bengf, Burnt. ^ Calotropis gigantea, /?. Br„ AscLBPiADEiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Mazri, Trans-Indian, Chamaerops Ritchecana, Griff., Palm^.
Fibre ;
Mealum-ma, Lepcka, Laportea crenulata, Gandich,, Urticacea.
Fibre 5
Meda, Ph., Tetranthera laurlfolia, Jacq,, LAURiNEiG.
Oil ;
Meda, Hind,, Tetranthera monopetala, Roxb., LAURiNEiE.
Oil ;
Mee, Cingh., Bassia longifolia, Willd,^ SapotaceJB.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Meena-harma, Bom., Balsamodendron playfairii, Hook,/., Burseraceje.
Gum ;
Mehndi, Ph., Elsholtzia polystachya, Benth,, Labiat^b.
Dye ; Oil ;
Mehndi, Hind., Lawsonia alba, Lam., LvTHRACEiE.
Dye ; Oil ;
Meinkara, Nepal^ Toddalia aculeata, Pers., RuTACEiE.
Dye ;
Melon, Musk, Eng., Cucurbita moschata, Duchesne, CucuRBjTACEiE.
Oil ;
Melon, Sweet, Eng,, Cucumis Melo, Z., Cucurbitace^.
Oil ;
Melon, White, Eng,, Benincasa cerifera, Savi , Cucurbitace^.
Oil
Menda, Hind., Tetranthera laurifolia^ Jacq., Laurine^.
Oil ;
Mendah> Gond., Tetranthera monopetala, Roxb., Laurinea,
Oil ;
Mendi, Bom., Beng., Lawsonia alba, Lanu, Lythracea.
Dye ; Oil ;
Menglit, Burm., Garcinia Mangostana, Linn., GuTTiFERiE.
Tan ;
Mentulu, Tel,, Trigonella Foenum-graecum, Linn., Leguminos^.
Dil ;
Mesquit, Eng., Prosopis glandulosa, Torr., Leguminosa.
Gum ;
Mesta, Beng., Hibiscus sabdarifa, Linn., Malvacea.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Mest^-pdt, Beng., Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn,, Malvacba.
Fibre ;
Mestapaut, Beng., Hibiscus Cannabinus^ Linn., MALVACEiE.
Oil ;
Methi, Hind., Beng., Trigonella Foenum-graecum, Linn., LBGUMiNOSiE.
Dye ; Oil ;
Metiing^ Beng,, Meocanna bambusoides, Trim., Graminea.
Fibre ;
Mhendi, Hind., Lawsonia alba, Lam,, LvTHRACEiE.
Dye ; Oil :
Miah-saydah, Arab., Liquidamber orientalis, Miller., Hamamblide;e.
Gum ;
Milagfa, Tarn., Piper nigrum, Linn., Piperace^.
Oils :
Mil-karanai, Tarn., Toddalia aculeata, Pers., Rutacea.
Dye ;
Milkisse, Nepal, Berberis nepalensis, 5/r^n^., BERBEkiDEA.
Dye ;
Bdinbo, Burm, Caryota urens, Linn , Falmm.
Fibre ;
Minbu, Burm, Garcinia mangostana, Linn., GuTTiFERiB.
Gum ;.
go Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Mentulu, Tel,^ Trigonella Foenam-graecum, Linn,t Leguminos^.
Dye ;
Mindla, Pb., Randia dumetorum, Lam,, Rubiace^.
Mmgfat, Makr.f Euphorbia neriifolia, Linn., Euphorbiace^.
Gum ;
Mini, Tam.f Sponia orientalis, Planck., Urticacejs.
Gum ;
Mi-ou-louke, Burnt,, Artocarpus Lakoocha, Roxb., Urticace^e.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Mipitmuk, Lepcha, Flemingia congesta, Roxb,, LEGuiMiNOSi£.
Dye ;
Miianau, Pb,, Ekeodendron glaucum, P^f.jCELASTRiNRiE.
Gum ;
Miriya, N,-W, P,, Andropogon laniger, Desf,, Gramine^.
Miriyalu, Tel., Piper nigrum, Linn,, PiPERACEiE.
Oil ;
Mini, Ckenab., Pinus Gerardiana, Wall,, CoNiFERiE.
Oil ;
Mishmist, Pets, Prunus armeniaca, Linn,, RosACEiE.
Oil ;
Mithivan, Pb,, Salvadora oleoides, Linn,, Salvadorace^.
Dye ; Oil ;
Mocha, Sans., Bombax malabaricum, DC, MALVACEiE.
Tan ;
Mochras, Gum, Bombax malabaricum, Sw,, Meliacejb. .
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Modala, ^4^^., Macaranga indica, Wight, Euphorbiacejs.
Ghim ;
Modhuriam, Ass,t Psidium Guava, Raddi, Myrtac^.
Dye ; Tan ;
Modvgfa, Tel,, Erythrina indica^ Lam., LEOiTMiNOSiie.
Gum ;
Modugfa, Tel., Butea frondosa, Roxb., Legttminos^.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Mogalleranda, Bom, Jatropha Curcas, Linn., Euphorbiace^.
Gum ; Oil ;
Mogfra, Bom., Jasminum Sambac, Aiton, Oleace^.
Oil ; ^
Mohanimba, Sans., Melia Azedarach, Linn,, Meliace^e.
Gum ; Dye ;
Mohi, Uriya, Garuga pinnata, Roxb,, Burserace^.
Gum ; Tan ;
Mohin, Hind., Odina Wodier, Roxb,, Anacardiace^e.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Moho, Mahr., Bassia latifolia, Roxb,, Sapotace^e.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Mok, Burnu, Aloe vera, Linn., Li LI ace A.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Momchina, Beng,, Excaecaria sebifera, Mtdl, Arg., Euphorbi.\ce-«.
Dye ; Oil ;
Mo-ma-kha, Burm,, Salix tetrasperma, Roxb,, Salic ine^e.
Tan ;
Monkey-bread tree of Africa, Eng,, Adansonia digitata, Linn,, Mal-
VACE-ffi. Fibre ;
Moula, Burm., Raphanus sativus, Linn., CrucifeRvE.
Oil ;
Mooda Hoora. See Dugong oil.
Oil
Moola, Beng,, Sterculia colorata> Roxb., SterculiacewE.
Fibre ;
the Economic Products of India. 91
Moorg^ manL) 7am., Garcinia indica, CAois,f Guttipbiub.
Mordant ; Oil ;
Mooroogana.
Oil ;
Mootoo, Tam,t Neeradimootoo Oil.
Oil ;
M ora, Afahr.f Bassia latifolia, Soxb.t Sapotacejs.
Oil
Moradu, Tatn.j Boswellia serrata, Colebr.t Burseracejb.
Guin ;
Mored, Hind,t Ulmus Wallichiana, Planch^ Urticacea.
Fibre
Moling^, Nepal, Laportea crenulata, Gandich, Urticace^.
Fibre ;
Morli, Tel., Buchanania latifolia, Roxb.^ Anacardiaces.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Moninga, Tam,, Moringa pterygosperma, Gaerin., Moringejs.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ; Oil ;
Motha, Hind., Desmodium tiliaefolium, G. Don,,, Leguminos^.
Fibre ;
Mova, Bom., Bassiailatifolia, Roxb., Sabotaged.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Mowa, M'n<^.,B3-ssia latifolia, Roxb., Sapotacea.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oils ;
Mowa, Trans-Indus, Orthanthera viminea, Wight, Asclbpiade^.
Fibre ;
Mowa, ffind.f Phyllanthus nepalensis, Miill. Arg., Euphorbiace^.
Tan ;
Mowen, Hind., Odina Wodier, Roxb., Anacardiacea.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Moya, Bom,, Mahr., Odina Wodier, Roxb., Anacardiace^.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Mucherus, (tan of) Bombax malabaricum, Malvace^b.
Tan ;
Muda-kaiyeya, Cingh., Pandanus odoratissimus, Willd., Pandaneje.
Fibre ;
Mudarktai, Beng., Cyperus tegetum, Roxb., Gvlkvliskm.
Fibre ;
Mududady Tam., Chloroxylon Swietenia, DC, Meliaces.
Gum ;
Muduga. See Butea Yvondxis^ Roxb,, Leguminosa.
Oil :
Mngali, Kan., Mimusops Elengi^ Linn., SAPOTACEiE*
Gum ;
Mugalik, Tel., Pandanus odoratissimus, Willd., PandanbjEw
Fibre ;
Mugfra, Hind., Beng,, Jasminum Sambac, Aiton, Oleacb;e.
Oil ;
Mugrela, Beng., Nigella sativa, Linn., RANUNCULACEiB.
Molsari, Hind., Mimusops Elengi, Ltnn., Sapotacea.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Mujjum, Bom,, Casuarina equisetifolia, Forsi., Casuarinace^e.
Gum ; Tan ;
Mukki, Tarn., Garcinia Morella, Decsr., GuTTiFERiE.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Mokta-jali, Hind., Drosera peltata, Sm., DROSERACEiC.
Dye ;
Mukta-maya, UHya, Sapindus trifoliatus, Linn., Sapindacejb.
Oil ;
Mukta-pati, Beng,, Maranta dichotoma, Wall,, MARANTACEiE.
Fibre ;
92 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Muknl, Hind.^ Balsamodendron Mukul, Hook.y Burseracejb.
Gum ;
Mmla, Beng,t Raphanus sativis, Linn,, Crucifbils.
Oil ;
MnUumpandu, Tel.t Cucumis Melo, L», Cucurbitace^.
Oil ;
Mulathi, Hind., Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linn,, Leguminosa.
Dye ;
Molbmy, Eng., Moras indica, Linn., Urticacbje.
Gum :
Muli, Beng., Melocanna bambusoides, Trim., Gramine^.
Fibre ;
Muli, Hind., Rephanus sativis, Linn., Crucifer^.
Oil ;
Mulin, Pb., Oroxylum indicum, Benik., Bignoniace^.
Dye ; Tan ;
Mullak-kerai, Tam., Amarantus spinosus, Willd., Amarantacb^.
Dye ;
Mulsari, Hind., Mimusops Elengi, Linn., Safotacea.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Mula,< Hind., 'Spatholobus Roxburghii, Benth., LEGUMiNOSi«.
Gum ;
Muluvelari, Tam., Cucumis sativus, Linn., Cucurbitace^.
Oil ;
Muluveng^y, Tam,, Briedelia retusa, Spreng., Euphorbiace^.
Tan ;
Mundiri kottai, Tam., Anacardium occidentale, Linn,, Anacardiacejs.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Munghphali, Hind , Arachis hypogoea, Linn., Legumikos^.
Oils ;
Mimj, Eng., Saccharum Munja, Roxb., GRAMiNEiE.
Fibre ;
Munja, Pb., Saccharum Munja, Roxb,, GRAMiNEiE.
Fibre ;
Minja pavattary, Tam., Morinda citrifolia, Linn., var citrefolia, Rasi-
ACR£. Dye J
Munj-sar-kanda, Pb,, Saccharum Munja, Roxb., Graminea.
Fibre ;
Munnoah. See Gossypium herbaceum, L., var. herbaceum, Malvacea.
Fibre ;
Murahara, Beng,, Sansevieria zeylanica, Willd., HcEMADORACE-ffi.
Fibre ;
Murba, Beng., Sansevieria zeylanica, Willd., HcEMADORACEiC.
Fibre ;
Murgali, Dec, Sansevieria zeylanica, Willd,, HcEMADORACEiE.
Fibre ;
Murgfli, Beng,, Sansevieria zeylanica, Willd., Hcemadoracejg.
Fibre ;
Muri4, Garhwal, Buchanania latifolia, Roxb,, Leguminosa..
Gum ; Tan ;
Murkula, Hind., Marsdenia Roylei, Wight., AscLEPiADSiE.
Fibre ;
Murt, Hind., Desmodium tiliaefolium, G. Don., LsGUMiNOSiE.
Fibre ;
Murudasenga, Bom., (frait of) Helicteres Issora, Linn., STERCULiACBiE,
Fibre ;
Muruka, Tam., Erythrina indica, Lam., Leguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Murungana.
Oil ;
Murute, Cingh., Lagerstrsemia Flos-Reginse, Rett., Lythracbjb*
Gum ;
the Economic Products of India. 93
Murwa. See Gossypium Herbaceum, L,^ var. herbaceum, MALVACEiB.
Fibre ;
Musadi, Tel.y Strychnos Nax-vomica, Linn.y LoGANiACEiG.
Dye^ ; Oil ;
Musanbar, Dec , Aloe vera, Linn», Liliace^.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Mushambaram, TV/., Aloe vera Linn,^ Liliacea.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Mushk-bhendi-ke-binj, Dec.y Hibiscus Abelmoschus, Linn.^ Malvacb^.
Fibre. ;
Mushk-dana, Pers-^ Hibiscus Abelmoschus, Linn.^ MALVACEiG.
Fibre ;
Mushti, TV/., Strychnos Nux-vomica, Linn., Loganiace^.
Dye ; Oil ;
Musta, Sans., Bom., Cyperus rotundus, Linn., Cypbracea.
Dye ;
Mustard, Black or True, Eng., Brassica nigra, Koch., CRUCiFSRiB.
Oil 5 ^
Mustard, Indian, Eng,, Brassica juncea, H, F. & T, T., Crucifer^.
Oil ;
Mustard, White, Eng., Brassica alba, H.f, & T. T., Crucifer^.
Oil ;
Mustard, Wild, Eng., Cleome viscosa, Ltnn., CAPPARiDiS.
Oil ;
Mustic, Eng., Madura tinctoria, D. Don., URTiCACEiG.
Dye ;
Muta^, Kan., Butea frondosa, Roxb,, Leguminosa.
Gum ;
Mutha, Beng., Hind., Cyperus rotundus, Linn,, CYPBRACEiE.
Dye ; Oil ;
Mutha, N^g^, Beng., Cyperus pertenuis, Roxb., Cypekace^.
Dye ;
Muttava, Hind., Sida cordifolia, Linn., Malvacea.
Fibre ;
Muttug^, Kan., Butea frondosa, Roxb., Leguminos.£.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Myauk-si, Burm., Zizyphus rugosa, Lantk., RHAMNEiG.
Gum ;
Myatle, Burm., Jasminum grandiilorum, Linn., OLBACSiS.
Oil ;
Myauklot, Burm., Artocarpus Lakoocha, Roxb., URTiCACEiB.
Dye ;
Myeng, Burm., Cynomera ramiilora, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiG.
Dye ; Oil ;
Myenkapen, Burm., Cynometra ramiilora, Linn., Leguminos;e.
Dye ;
Myinwa, Burm., Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees, Gramine^b.
Fibre ;
Myinwa, Burm., Dendrocalamus Hamiltonii, Nees, GRAMiNBiG.
Fibre ;
Myjinka, Burm., Cynometra ramiilora, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiE.
Dye ;
Myoosay, Bhutia, Thamnocalamus spathiilorus, Munro, GRAMiNBiK
Fibre ;
Myouklouk, Burm., Artocarpus Lakoocha, Roxb., Urticace^.
Gum X
Myaukseit, Burm., Ulmus integrifolia, Roxb., URTiCACEiG.
Oil ;
Myepe, Burm., Arachis hypogaea, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiE.
Oil ;
Myrosyne, Eng. See Brassica nigra, Koch,, Crucifbra,
Oil ;
94 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Myrozdc add, Eng.^ Brasssica nigra, Koeh,^ CRuciFCEiE.
Oil ;
Mjrrh, Eng»^ Balsamodendron Myrrha, Nees^ Burseracejb.
Gum :
N
Nabitnlqimiiah, Arab, Cannabis sativa, Linn,^ UsTiCACEiE.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Nabe, Burm.j Odina Wodier, Roxh.t Anacardiace^e.
Dye ;
Nabhay, Burm., Odina Wodier, Roxb.^ ANACARDiACBiB.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Nag^em rik, Lepcha, Acacia Intsia, Willd., Leguminos^.
Dye ;
Naga, Tam.t Eugenia Jambolana, Lam., Myrtace^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Nagachamp&, Bom., Mesua ferrea, Linn., Guttifbr^.
Oil :
Nagadali, Tam., Opuntia Dillenii, How., Cacte^.
Fibre ;
N^gakesara, Tel., Mesua ferra, Linn., Guttifer^.
Oil :
Nig^akanda, Bom., Morinda citrifolia., Linn., var. bracteata, Rubiace.c
Dye I
Nigaramotha, Bom., Cyperus pertenuis, Roxb., Cvperace^e.
Dye ;
Nagesar, Hind., Beng., Mesua ferrea, Linn., Guttifer^.
Dye ; Oil ;
Nagpnana, Hind., Opuntia Dillenii, How., Ckctejb,.
Fibre
Nag^hansi, Hind., Opuntia Dillenii, Hon., CACTEiC.
Fibre ;
Nag^ut, Sylhet, Bauhinia anguina, Roxb,, Leguminos.e.
Fibre ;
Nagfraem rik, Lepcha, Acacia Intsia, Willd., Leguminose^e.
Dye ;
Naha, Cingh., Lasiosiphon ericephalus, Decne., Urticace>e.
Fibre :
Nahar, Ass., Mesua ferrea, Linn., Guttifera.
Dj^e ; Oil ;
Nairuri, Tel., Eugenia Jambolana, Lam., Myrtacba.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Naiwilli, Nepal, Bauhinia anguina, Roxb., Lbguminosje.
Fibre
Nai-yuror, Tam., Achyranthes aspera, Linn., Amarantaceje.
Dye ;
Nakhtar, Afg,, Cedrus Deodara, Loudon, Coniferjb.
Gum ; Oil ;
Nakhtar, Afg., Pinus longifolia, Roxb., CoNiFURiE.
Oil ;
Nal, Beng., Arundo Karka, Roxb., Gr amines.
Fibre ;
Nala-rojan, Tel., Canarium strictum, Roxb., BuRSERACEis.
Gum ; .
Nala Sandra, Tel., Acacia Sundra, DC, LEouMiNoSiC.
Gum ;
Nalkhud, Pers., Cicer arietinum, Linn., Leguminos-«.
Dye ;
Nalki, Beng., Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn., MALVACEiE
Fibre ;
the Economic Products of India, 95
Nalku, Beng,t Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn.^ MALVACEiE.
Oil ;
Nalla-mada, TV/., Avecinnia officinalis, Linn., Verbenace^.
Tan ;
Nalla-tig^a, Tel., Ichnocarpus frutescens, Br., Apocynace^.
Fibre ;
Nallareng^ TV/., Albizzia amara, Botvin, Leguminosje.
Gum ;
Nal lenney, 7am., Sesamum indicum, Linn., Pedaune^.
Oil ;
Nal valanga, Tam., Dalbergia lanceolaria, Linn., Leguminos^.
Oil 5
Nasnli, TV/., Ulmus integrifolia, Roxb., Urticaceje.
Oil ;
Namme, Tam., Anogeissus latifolia, Wall., CoMBRETACEiG.
Gum ; Dye ;
Nandi, TV/., Cedrela Toona, Roxb., Meliace^.
Gum ; Dye ;
Nangal, Tam., Mesua ferrea, Linn., Guttifer^e.
Dye ; Oil
Nanjuoda, Tam., Balanites Roxburghii, Planch., SiMARUSEiC.
Oils ;
Nanta-yop, Burnt., Altingia excelsa, Noronha, HamalidE/?.
Gum ;
Nan nan, Burm., Coriandmm sativum, Linn,, UMBELLiFERiS.
Oil J
Naxm-with, 5y/^^^,iGnetum scandens, Roxb., GNBTACEiE.
Fibre ;
Nar, Beng,, Arundo Kirka, Roxb., Gramine^.
Fibre ;
Narang^, Hind., Citrus Aurantium, Linn,, Rutacejs.
Gum ;
Nar-botku, Tel., Eriolsena Hookeriana, W. & A., Sterculiace^.
Fibre ;
Nar-botku, TV/., Eriolaena spectabilis, Planch., SxERCULiACEiE.
Fibre ;
Narial, Hind., Cocos nucifera, Linn., Palisje.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Nari kadam, Tel., Cocos nucifera, Linn., Valisje.
Fibre ; Oil
Narikel, Beng., Cocos nucifera, Linn., PALMiE.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Naringfi, Hind., Citrus Aurantium, Linn,, Rutace^.
Gum ;
Narlei, Pb,, Tamarix articulata, Vahl,, Tamariscineje.
Gum ;
Narockpa, Lepcha, Canarium bengalense, Roxb., BuRssRACEiB.
Gum ;
Nana alagi^ Tel., Tetranthera laurifolia, Jacq., LAURiNEiE.
Oil ;
Narvilli, Tarn., Co>rdia Rothii, Roem, & Sch., Boragine^.
Gum ;
NarutB-panel, Mai., Uvaria Narum, Wall., Anonace^e.
Oil ;
Nar yepi, TV/., Hardwickia binata, Roxb,, Legukinos^.
Gum ;
Nasedu, TV/., Eugenia Jambolana, Lam., MvRTACEiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Nasha, Burm,, Phyllanthus Emblicus, Linn., Eupborbiace^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Nata, Beng., Caesalpinia Bonducella, Roxb., Leguminos^.
Oil :
96 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Natiail, Hind,^ Eriodendron anfractuosum, Z)C., Malvacea.
Oil
Nattu-akrottu-kottai, Tam,^ Aleurites moluccaaa, Willd^ Euphorbiace^.
Gum ; Oils ;
Natu-akrotu-vittu, TV/., Aleurites moluccana, Willd., Euphorbiacea.
Gum ; Oils ;
Natu sengote, Tam.^ Semecarpus travancorica, Bedd.^ Anacardiaca.
Gum :
Natvadom, 2am., Terminalia Catappa, Linn,, CoMBRBTACEiE.
Dye ; Oil ;
Naug, Hind.^ Cornus macrophylla, Wall.y Cornace^
Oil ;
Nayal, Tam., Eugenia Jambolana, Lam.^ Myrtace^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Nay-kadughu, Tam., Cleome viscosa, Linn.f CAPPERiDEiB.
Oil ;
Nay-we, Burm., Flacourtia Cataphracta, Roxb.^ Bixinea.
Oil ;
Nebu, Reng,f Hind.y Citrus medica, Linn,^ var. acida, Rutacba.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Nebu, Koma, Beng.^ Citrus medica, Linn., var. Limonum, RuTACEiE.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Nebu, Mitha, Beng.^ Cetrus medica, Linn.y var. Limetta, RuTACEiE.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Neela-yayalie, TV/., Vernonia anthelmintica, Willd.y CoMPOSiTiB.
Oil
Neem Tree, Et^.^ Melia Azadirachta, Linn., Meliacejs.
Gum ;
Neeradimootoo.
Oil ;
Neernoochie, Tam,, Vernonia anthelmintica, Willd., Compos it^e.
Oil ;
Neesberry, Eng,, Mimusops manilkara, Don., SAPOTACE-ffl.
Gum ;
Neja, Him. name, Saccharum fuscum, Roxb., GRAMiNEiB.
Fibre ;
Nela-amida, TV/., Jatrophya glandulifera, Roxb., EuPHORBiACEiE.
Dye ; Oil ;
Nella-benda, Tam., Hibiscus ficulneus, Linn.^ MALVACEiG.
Fibre ;
Nella-jelledu, TV/., Calotropis gigantea, R. Br., Asclepiade je.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Nella-madu, TV/., Terminalia tomentosa, W. & A., Combretace^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Nella-tuma, TV/., Acacia arabica, Willd., LEGUMiNOSiG.
Gum ; Dye ;
Nellikai, Tam., Phyllanthus Emblica, Linn., EuPHORBiACEiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Ndli, Tam., Kan., Phyllanthus Emblica, Linn., EuPHORBiACEiE.
Gum^ ; Dye ; Tan ;
Nepala-vitua, TV/., Croton Tiglium, Linn., Euphorbiacea.
Oil
Nepalam, TV/., Jatropha Curcas, Linn., Euphorbiace.<e.
Gum ; Oil ; ^
Neri-arishippal, Tam., Liquidamber orientalis, Miller., Hamamelidejk.
Gum ;
Nerrelu, Cingh., Elaodendron glaucum, Pers,, Celasttinji.
Gum ;
Nervalam, Tam., Croton Tiglium, Linn., EuPHORBiACEiB.
Oil ;
Neroli. See Citrus.
Oil :
the Economic Products of India. 97
Nettle, Nilgiri, Et^.^ Girardinia heterophylla, Decaisne^ Urticace^.
Fibre ;
Nevadnnga, Mahr.^ Euphorbia neriifolia, Linn., EupHORBiACEiS.
Gum ;
Ng^etpyaw, Burm,^ Musa paradisiaca, Linn.^ SciTAMiNEiB.
Dye ;
Ngnsnwe, Burm., Cassia Fistula, Linn,, Leguminosa.
Tan ;
Niala, Pb.f Polygonum tortuosum, Don., PoLYGONACEiK.
Dye ;
Nialo, Pb., Polygonum tortuosum, Don., PoLYGONACEiB.
Dye ;
Niatoo, Malay, Dichopsis Gutta, Benih. & Hook.f., Sapotacb.c.
Oil ;
Nibari, Hind,, Nyctanthes Arbor -tristis, Linn., Olb.kckm.
Dye J Oil ;
Nig^l, Hind., Arundinaria falcata, Nees., GRAMiNEiB.
Fibre ;
Nigandbabri, Pb., Ocimum Basiiicum, Linn., var. 2nd anisatum, Benth.,
Labiates. Oil ;
Niger (seed and oil,) Eng., Guizotia abyssynica, Cass., CoMPOsiTiE.
Oil ;
Niggi, Pb., Daphne papyracea, Wall., Thymel^ace^.
Fibre ;
Nikumba, Sans., Tatropha glandulifera, JRoxb., Euphorbiace.£.
Dye ; Oil ;
Nil, Hind., Indigofera tinctoria, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiB.
Dye ; Oil ;
Nila gnila. Bom., Indigofera tinctoria, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiC.
Dye ; Oil ;
Nilam, Tam., Indigofera tinctoria, Linn., Lbguminos^.
Dye ; Oil ;
Nili-mandu, Tel., Indigofera tinctoria, Linn., Leguminos^e.
Dye ; Oil ;
Nilopnar, Sind., Nilumbium speciosum, Willd., Nymphceace^.
Fibre ;
Nim, Beng., Hind,, Melia Azadirachta, Linn., MELiACEiB.
Gum ; Oil ;
Nim tree, Eng., Melia Azadirachta, Linn., Meliace^e.
Oil ;
Nimat, Lepcka, Cordia Myxa, Linn., Boraginb^.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Nimba, Sans., Melia Azadirachta, Linn., Malvacb^.
Oil ;
Nimbu, Beng., Hind., Citrus medica, Linn., var. acida, Rutacb-«.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Nimbe hanu, Kan., Citrus medica, Linn., Rutacea.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Nimbu, Bara, Hind., Citrus medica, Linn., var. Limonum, Rutace^e.
Gum ; Tan ; Oil ;
Nimiri, Tel., Terminalia paniculata, W. & A., CoMBRBTACEiE.
Dye ; Tan ;
Nimma-pandu, Tel., Citrus medica, Linn., RuTACBiS.
Gum ; Tan ;
Nirang^, Kan., Poinciana elata, Linn'., Leguminosa.
Gum ;
NIrelli, Tel., Allium cepa, Linn., LiLiACEifi.
Oils ;
Nirgal, Hind., Arundinaria falcata, Nees., Gramine^.
Fibre ;
Ninja, Tel,, Elaeodendron glaucum, Pers., CELASTRiNb:ii;.
Gum ;
gS Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Nimoclil, Tam.y Vitex trifolia, Lifm.^ Vbrbbnacbjb.
Oil
Nirpft, Tel, & Gondif Bauhinia retusa, IIam.t Leguiiinos.s,
Gum ;
Nia&dal, Beng.^ Sal-ammoniac.
Dye ;
NishindO) Betig.y Vitex trifolia^ Linn.^ VBRBBNACBiS.
9il ;
Nishinda, Beng.f Vitex Nigundo, Linn,, VsRBBNACBiB.
Dye ;
Nona, Beng.t Anona reticulata, Linn.^ Anon acbjb.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Noonee-gatdia, Tel.j Caesalpinia digyna, Rol.^ Leguminosjk.
Oil ;
Nnch, Him, name, Joniperas communis^ Linn., Conifbr^s.
Gum ;
Nu danar, ffind.t Arundo Karka, Boxb.t Graminbjb.
Fibre ;
Nug^benda, Tel., Abutilon asiaticum, G. Doiu, Malvacka.
Fibre ;
Nullapgilakara, Tel., Nigella sativa, Linn., Ranunculacbje.
Oil J
NuiBiBa, 7am., Anogeissus acuminata, Wall., Combrbtacba.
Tan ;
Nundo-jangrOi Sind,, Zixyphus nummularia, W, & A,, Rhamne^e.
Gum ;
Nun, Ass», Moms indica, Linn., Urticacbjb.
Gum ;
Nuni-beerd, 7el., Luifa a^;yptiaca, ifiU. ex Hoohf., Cucurbitaceje.
Oil
Nnrku, Pb., Rhus succedanea, Linn., Anacardiacbjb.
Gum ;
Nunaah, see Gossypium arboreum, L., Malvacka.
Fibre ;
Nunnarbare, Gossypium arboreum, L., Malvacbjb.
Fibre ;
Nutmeg^, Eng., Myristica moschata, Willd., MYRrsTiCKA.
Oil ;
Nut, Pistachio, Eng., Pistacia vera, Linn., Anacari>iacbje£.
Oil ;
Nyaungfy Burm., Ficus laccifera, Roxb,, Urticacba.
Gum ;
Nyaung^bawm, Burm,, Ficus elastica, Blume., URTiCACEiS.
Gum ;
Nyaungfg^t, Burm,, Ficus obtusifolia, Roxb,, Urticace^.
Gum ;
Nyoungpchin, Burm.^ Ficus infectoria, Willd., URTiCACBiE.
Fibre ;
Ochro, West Indies, Hibiscus esculentus, Linn., MalvacbuE.
Fibre ;
Odla, Ass., Sterculia urens, Roxb., STERCULiACEJi.
Gum ;
Odul, Sarcostigma Kleinii, W, & A., Olacinea.
Oil ;
Oe, Ph., Albizzia stipulata, Boivin, Lbgu minds Je.
Gum ;
Oepata, Mai., Avicinnia officinalis, Lm»., VERBBNACBiE.
Tan ;
the Economic Products of India. 99
»i .11
CM, Pb,, Albbzia stipulata, Boivin, Lbguminosa.
Gum ;
Okshit, Burm., /Eg\e Marmelos, Corr.t Rutacbji.
Gum ; Dye j Tan ;
Om ch4h&, Bom.t Andropogon citratus, DC^ Graminb^.
Oil ;
Olchi, Pb. jPrunvL3 communis, Htuis.t Rosacbji.
Gum ; Oil ;
Olchi, Pb.j Prunus Cerasus, Linn.f Rosacejs.
Gum ;
Oleander, See Nerium odorum, Soland.^ ApocYNACEiC.
Oil ;
Oleander, Sweetiy Scented, Eng.^ Nerium odorum, Soland., Apocynacb^,
Oil ;
Olibanum, Eng.f Boswellia floribunda, EndLj Bursbracb^.
Gum ;
Olive, E9tg.f Olea europssa, Linn., Olbacea.
Oman, Tam., Carum copticum, Benth.^ Umbbllifer^.
Oil ;
Omanu, TV/., Carum copticum, Bentk., Umbbllifera.
Oil :
On, Burnhf Cocos nucifera, Linn., Falmm.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Ondon, Burnu, Tetranthera laurifolia, Jacq., Laurinea.
Oil ;
Ondon, Burm., Tetranthera monopetala, Roxb., Laurinea.
Oil ;
Onion, Eng., Allium cepa, Linn., Liliacea.
^ Oils ;
Opie, Tam., Salvadora persica, Linn., Salvadorace^.
Oil ;
Otrum, Dec, Daemia extensa, P. Br., Asclepiade^.
Fibre ;
Ora, Beng., Bambusa Brandisii, Munro, Graminea.
Fibre ;
Orangfe, Eng., Citrus Aurantium, Linn,, Rutacejs.
Gum ;
Orangfe-flower. See Citrus.
Oil :
Orer, Nepal, Ricinus communis, Linn., Euphorbiace^.
Mordant ; Oil ;
Oris Root, Eng., Iris florentina, Linn., iRiDACBiE.
Oil ;
Orris oil. See Iris.
Oil :
Oru, Beng., Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Linn., Malvaceae.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Osirka, Tel,, Phyllanthus Emblica, Linn., Euphorbiace^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Otroj, Arab, Citrus medica, Linn., var. medica, RuTACEiB.
Gum ; Tan . ; Oil ;
Ougf, Burm., Cocos nucifera, Linn., PALMiE.
Fibre ;
Ovali, Bom., Mimusops Elengi, Linn., Sapotacb^e.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Pa&Q, Pb.^ Rhus cotinus, Linn., Anacardiace^e.
Dye ; Tan ;
Pabha, Bom., Chickrassia tabularis, Adr, Juss,, Meliacf^e.
Gum ; Dye ;
lOO Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Paboiw, Hind., Ulmus Wallichiana, Planch., URTicACSiS.
Fibre ;
Pmchapat, Beng., Pogostemon Patchouly, Pelht, Labiat^e.
Oil ;
Pachati (root of) Morinda citrifolia, Linn., Rubiacb^e.
Pachi iB^a, Tel., Anogeissus acuminatai Wall., Combrbtacba.
Tan ;
Pachmer, (root of) Morinda citrifolia, Linn., Rubiace^.
Dye ;
Podal, /fsMi^., Stereospermumsuaveolens, Z>C., Bignoniacea.
Gum ;
Padala-mann, r^/., Acacia Catechu, Willd., LsGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
PadaiB, N. W. P., Juni perns ezcelsa, M.Bieb., Coniferjs.
Gum ;
PaddaiBy Hind., Prunus puddum, Roxb,, RosAcsiB.
Gum ;
Padenarayan, Tam., Poinciana elata, Linn,, Leguminosjs.
Gum ;
Padialn, Hind,, Stereospermum suaveolens, DC., Bignoniacea.
Gum ;
Padmarkaesta, Bom., Prumus Puddum, Roxb., RosACEiS.
Gum ;
Padnuii Beng., Nelumbium speciosum, Willd., Nymphceacba.
Fibre ;
Padii, Tam., Stereospermum suaveolens, DC, Myrtacbjb.
Gum ;
PadrUUi, Hind., Bauhinia variegata, Linn., LBGUMiNOSiS.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Pagiin, Hind., Beng., Bombaz malabaricum, Z)C., Malvacba.
Oil ;
PaiUe, Tam., Careya arborea, Roxb., Myrtacea.
Gum ;
Paint, Oudh., Buchanania latifolia, Roxb., Anacardiacea.
Gum ; Tan ;
Pakar, Beng., Ficus infectoria, Willd., Urticacba.
Gum ;
Pakara, Pb., Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis^ Linn,, OLEACEiS.
Oil ;
Pakhar, Hind., Ficus infectoria, Willd., Urticacb^e.
Gum ;
Pakituma, Tel., Acacia Latronum, Willd., LsGUMiNoSiS.
Fibre ;
Pakur, Hind,, Beng,, Ficus infectoria, Willd., URTiCACEiS.
Fibre ;
Pak6ra, Pb., Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis, Linn,, O leacba.
Dye ;
Pala, Tam., Wrightia tinctoria, B, Br., Apocynacejz.
Gum ; Dye ;
Pala, Burm., Amomum subulatum, Roxb., Scitamine^.
Oil ;
Pala-chettu, Tel., Holarrhena antidysenterica, Wall,, ApocYNBiS.
Oil ;
Pa]agurg;i, Tel., Holostemma rheedei. Wall., Asclbpiadace^.
Fibre ;
Palah-maram, Tel,, Artocarpus integrifolia, Linn., URTlCACEiB.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Palandu, Sans., Allium cepa, Linn., Liliacb^.
Oils ;
PaUs, Hind. & Beng., Butea frondosa, Roxb., Leguminosa.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ; Oil ;
the Economic Products of India, loi
PaliuNly Makr.f Butea frondosa, Eoxb., Leguminosa.
Fibre ;
P&]a-8amudra, TV/., Argyreia speciosa, Sweet. ^ Convolvulacba.
Oil ;
PalasaTeUli Bom^ Makr.^ Butea superba, Roxb^^ Lbguminosa.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Palash, Beng,, Butia frondosa> Rox6., Lbguminosa.
Fibre ;
Palasiy Nepal., Butea frondosa, Poxb., Lbguminosjs.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
PalasI, Bom.j Butea superba, Koxb,, LbguMinos^.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Palita mandar, Beng,, Erythrina indica, Lam.t Lbguminosjs.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Pal kurwan, Uriya, Wrightia tomentosa,/?0^m. and Scheldt. ^ APocYNACEiS.
Dye ;
Palla, 7am., Mimusops indica, A, DC, Sapotacbjs.
Gum ; Oil ;
Palla panda, TV/., Mimusops indica, A. DC, Sapotacba.
Oil ;
Palle panlo, Tel., Mimusops indica, A, DC, Sapotacba.
Gum ;
Pallu, Pb., Impatiens Edgeworthii, Hook,, Gbraniacbje.
Oil
Pallutilphiu'y Pb., Impatiens balsamina, Linn., GsRANiACEiE.
Dye ;
Palm, Palmynty Eng,, Borassus flabelliformis, Linn., Falum.
Fibre ;
Palm, Talipat, Eng., Corypha'umbraculifera, Linn., Palma.
Fibre ^ ;
PaliBa,Cliristi, Eng., Ricinus communis, Linn., EuPHORBiACEiB.
Mordant ; Oil ;
Palok, Lepcha, Ostodes paniculata, Blume, Euphorbiacea.
Gum ;
Palosa, Afg., Acacia modesta, Wall., Lbguminosjs.
Gum ;
Pal6, Cingh,f Mimusops indica, A, DC, Sapotacba.
Gum ; Oil ;
Palddafy Him, name, Abies Webbiana, Lindl,, Conifbrje.
Gum ;
Pal6dar, Haaara, Cedrus Deodara, Loudon, CoNiFBRiG.
Oil ;
Paluk, Hind., Spinacia oleracea. Mill., Chenopodiacba.
Oil ;
Palling^, Tarn., Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn, MALVACEiC.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Palyok, Lepcha, Symplocos racemosa, Roxb., STYRACEiC.
Dye ; Tan ; Mordant ;
Pataanift, TV/., Crozylum indicum, Benth., BiGNONiACEiE.
Dye ; Tan ;
Pambah, Pers., Gossypium herbaceum, Linn., MALVACEi>B.
Fibre j
Fambash, Pb., Afg., Rheum Emodi, Wall., PoLVGONACEiK.
Dye ;
Pampana, Tel., Oroxylum indicum, Benth., BiGNONiACBiS.
Dye ; Tan .;
P6a, See Areca Catechu, Linn., Palm^e.
Dye ;
Pan, Pb., Typha elephantina, Roxb., Typhaceje.
Fibre ;
Pan, Butm., Crotalaria juncea, Linn,^ LEGUMiNOSiB.
Fibre
102 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Pana, Tam., Oroxylum indicum, Benth., BiGNONiACSiB.
Dye ; Tan ;
Panam, Tam., Borassus flabelliformis, Linn,j Palmjs.
Gum ;
Panaiiy Oudh^ Pugeinia dalbergioides, Benth,^ Leguminosjb.
Gum ;
Panas, Hind.f Artocarpus integrifolia, Linn,, Urticace^.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Panasa, Sans., Artocarpus integrifolia, Linn., Urticace£.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Pan-babiyo, N.-WJ*., Eriophorum comosum, Wall., CYPBRACEiS.
Fibre ;
Panchi, Uriya, Anogeissus acuminata, Wall., CoMBRBTACEiE.
Tan ;
Panchonta, Kan., Dichopsis elliptica, Benth., Sapotacea.
Oil ;
Panchoti-paJa, Tam., Dichopsis elliptica, Benth., SAPOTACEiC.
Oil^ ;
Pindhri visesh, Bom.t Boswellia Frereana, Birdw., BuRSERACBiC.
Gum ;
Panda, Pb., Loranthus longriflorus, Dex., Loranthacejs.
Dye ;
PILndriika, Mahr., Sterculia urens, Roxb., STERCULiACEiS.
Gum ; Fibre ;
Panenuhorf, Beng, Fceniculum vulgare, Gaerin., UMBBLLiFERiC
Oil ;
Pangah, Burm., Terminalia Chebula, Ketg., CoMBRBTACSiV.
Gum ; Dye; Tan ; Oil ;
PSjlgitSi, Bom., Mahr., Erythrina indica, Lam., LEGUMiNOSiS.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Pangra, Nepal., Entada scandens, Benth., Leguminosa.
Oil
Pangra, Hind,, Erythrina indica, Lam,, Lbguminoss.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Paniala, Beng., Hind., Flacourtia Cataphracta, Roxb., Bixine^.
Oil ;
Panichika, Tam., Dyspyros Embryopteris, Pers., EBRNACEiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Pani jama, Beng., Salix tetrasperma, Roxb., Salicinb^.
Tan ;
Panizali, Beng., Flacourtia Cataphracta, Roxb., Bixine^k.
Oil ;
Panji, Lepcha, Randxa dumetorum, Lam., Rubiacba.
Dye ;
Panjira, Hind., Erythrina indica, Lam,, Lbguminosjs.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Pank, Burm., i^chynomene aspera, Linn., LEGUMiNOSiS.
Fibre ;
Pala, Burm., Elettaria Cardamomum, Maton., SciTAMiNSiS.
Oil ;
Panniarf, Hind,, Barringtonia acutangula, Gaertn., Myrtacba.
Tan ;
Pannie, Tam,, Borassus flabelliformis, Linn,, Falum,
Gum ;
Pansi, Tel., Anogeissus acuminata. Wall., Combretacejbl,
Tan ;
Panyaung, Burm., Ficus bengalensis, Linn., Urticace^.
Gum ;
Papanasa, Bom., Citrus decumana, Willd,, RuTACEiE.
Gum ;
Papar, Hind., Pongamia glabra, Vent., Leguminosjb.
Gum ; Oil ;
the Economic Produces of India^ 103
Papar, Katnaan, Ulmus integrifolia, Roxb.^ Urticacea.
Oil ;
Papashkali, Kan., Opuntia Dillenii, ffow., Cactba.
Fibre ;
Papliy Tam.y Ventilago madraspatana, Cartn., RhamneJb.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Papri, Fb.j Hind., Ulraus integrifolia, Roxb., Urticacba.
Oil ;
Paral, Hind,, Stereospermum suaveolens, DC., BignoniacB2B.
Gum ;
Parangi-shambirianl, Tarn,, Boswellia floribunda, Endl^ BuRSSRACSiB.
Gum ;
Paisaif Nepal., Stereospermum suaveolens, DC., Bignoniacbjs.
Gum ; Fibre ;
I, Mahr,, Butea frondosa, Roxb., LBGUMiNOSiB.
Gum ; Tam ;
), Pb., Prunus Padus, Linn., Rosacejs.
Gum ;
L, Tam., Butea frondosa, Roxb., Lbguminosa.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ; Oil ;
Parash, Beng^ Thespesia populnea, Corr., Malvacea.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ; Oil ;
Paresh-pipal, Beng., Thespesia populnea, Corr., Malvacejb.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ; Oil ;
Pariatjaka, Bom,, Nictanthes Arbor-tristis, Linn., Olbacejb.
Dye ;
Paritt, Tell,, Gossypium arboreum, Linn., MALVACBiB.
Fibre ; Oil ;
P^rUnda, Bom., Agave araericana, Linn,, AMARYLLiDBiS.
Fibre ;
Parokwpi, Ass., Croton oblongifolius, Roxb,, EuPHORBiACBiC.
Oil ;
Parosi, Bom., Luffa aegyptiaca. Mill., ex Hookf., Cucurbitace-«.
Oil ;
Paxpalli, Kan,, Zizyphvs nummularia, W, & A., Rhamnba.
Gum ;
Paishawarsha, Pb., Adiantum Cappilus Veneris, Linn., Filicbs.
Oils
Parsid, SingrowU, Hardwickia binata, Roxb,, Lbguminosjs.
Gum ;
Parsipn, Hind., Thespesia populnea, Corr., Malvacea.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ; Oil ;
Panil, Beng,, Stereospermum suaveolens, DC., Bignoniacba.
Gum ;
Parala, Mahr,, Trlchosanthes cucumerlna, Linn., CucuRBixACEiE,
Gum ;
Panipu-benda> Tam., Hibiscus ficulneus, Linn., MALVACE-ffi.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Parutti, Tam,, Gossypium arboreum, Linn., Malvace<«.
Fibre ; Oil ;
Paser, Pd., Parrotia Jacquemontiana, Decaisne., HAMAMEUDBiS.
Fibre j
Pashi, Tel., Anogeissus acuminata, Wall., CoMBRBTACSiS.
Tan ;
Pasi, Uriya^ Anogeissus acuminata.. Wall., CoMBRBXACEiK,
Tan ;
Pasi, Mahr,^ Dalbergia panicalata, Roxb,, LEGUMiNOSiO:.
Gum ;
Pastuwaane, Afg., Grewla oppositifolia, Roxb., Malva:.E-«,
Fibre ;
Pasnpa, Tel., Curcuma longa., Roxb,, SciTAMiNEiS.
Dye ;
104 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Pit, Eng.^ Beng.y Carchorus olitorius, Linn., and C. capsularis, Linn.
TiLiACEjE. Fibre ;
P4t-anga, 7am., Bom., Caesalpinia Sappan., Linn., Leguminos^s.
Dye ;
Patchaiai, Tarn., Dalbergia paniculata, Roxb.^ Lbguminosjs.
Gum;
Patchouli, Eng., Pogostemon Patchouly, Pellet., Labiates.
Oil ;
Patenga, TV/., Briedelia montana, Willd., EuPHORBiACEiG.
Tan ;
Pat-hoo, Nepal., Anindinaria racemosa, Munro., GRAMiNSiB.
Fibre
Pathor, Pb., Briedelia retasa, Spreng., EuPHORBiACEiE.
Tan ;
Pathor, Chenab., Marsdenia Roylei, Wight., Asclbpiade^.
Fibre ;
Pati, Beng., Maranta dichotoma, Wall., SciTAMiNBiS.
Fibre j
Pati-hori, Beng., Saccharum fuscum, Roxb., Gramine^.
Fibre ;
Pati-karam, Tam., Tel., Alum.
Mordant ' :
Pati-pati, Beng., Maranta dichotoma, "Wall., SciTAMiNSiK.
Fibre ;
Patir, TV/., JEgle Marmelos, Corr., Rutace-*.
Gum ; Dye ;
Pativa, Uriya, Randia dumetorum, Lam., Rubiace^b.
Dye ;
PatmOrO, Nepal,, Cornus macrophylla. Wall., Cornacea.
Oil ;
Pat-phauas, Mahr., Artocarpus hirsuta, Lamk., Urticacea.
Gum ;
Patsar, Dee., Hind., Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn., M/LVACEiP.
Fibre ;
Patu, Beng., Bauhinia racemosa, Lam., LEQUMiNOSiS.
Fibre ;
Patur, Hind., Hymenodictyon excelsum, Wall , Rubiacea:.
Tan ;
Patwa, Dec., Hind., Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Linn., Malvacb/E.
Fibre ;
Paunchoti pala, Tam., Dichopsis elliptica, Benth., Sapotace^e
Gum ;
Pauk, Burm.. Butea frondosa, Roxb., Leguminos£.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Pauknw^y ^Mrm.> Spatholobus Roxburghii, ^^nM., LeguminovS.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Paundai, Etah., See Iron sulphate.
Dye ;
Pauttiy TV/., Gossypium herbaceum, Linn., Malvace^.
Fibre ;
Pivi, Tam., Schleichera triguga. Willd., Sapindace^.
Oil ;
Payala, Gurhw., Buchania latifolia, Roxb., ANACARDiACEiC.
Gum ;Tan ;
Payaudesh, Kumaun., Alnus nitrda, Endl., CuPULiFERiC.
Dye ; Tan , Fibre ;
Payani, Mai., Valeria indica, Linn., DiPTEROCARPEiE.
Gum ; Oil ;
Payaungban, Burm., Thevetia neriifolia, Linn., ApocYNACEiE.
Oil ;
Paycoomuti, Tan., Citruleus Colocynthis, Schrad., Cucurbitacb-«.
Oil ;
the Economic Products of India, 105
Pay^, Burm.t Citruilus vulgaris, Schrad.y Cucurbitace^.
Oil ;
Payirrik, Lepcka^ Acacia Intsia, Willd., Leguminos^.
Dye ;
Pa-yok, Burm.t Camphor.
Peach, Eng,, Prunus persica, Benth., Rosacejb.
Gum ; Oil ;
Peacock-grease,
Oil ;
Pear, Avocado, Eng., Persea gratissima, Gaerin., LAURiNEiS.
Oil ;
Pear, Prickly, Eng., Opuntia Dillenii, How., CACXEiB.
Fibre ;
Pebengr, Burm., Corypha umbraculifera, Linn., Palma.
Fibre ;
Pedda, Tel., Ailanthus excelsa, Roxh,, Simarubeje.
Gum ;
Pedda, Tel., Phoenix sylvestris, Roxb., Palma.
Fibre ;
Pedda-are^ 7am., Bauhinia purpurea, Linn,, Leguminos£.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Pedda chintu, Tel., Celastrus senegalensis. Lam., CELASTRiNEiC.
Oil ;
Pedda dosray, Tel., Cucumis melo, L., forma Momordica (5^. Roxb)
CUCURBITACK^. Oil ;
Pedda duchirram, Tel., Albizzia Lebbek, Benth., LEcuMiNoSiC.
Gum ; Tan ; Oils ;
Pedda eita, Tel,, Phoenix sylvestris, Roxb., Palm£.
Gum ;
Peddag^, Tel., Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxb., LEGUMiNOS-ffi.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Pedda Jila-kurra, Tel., Faeniculum vulgare, Gaertn., Umbelliper^.
Oil ;
Pedda^kai, Tel., Cucumis Melo, L„ forma Momordica {Sp. Roxb) , CucuR-
BITACEA. Oil ;
Peddakunji, Tel., Kydia calycina, Roxb., Malvacea.
Fibre ;
Pedda-nowli-eragu, Tel., Ulmus integrifolia, Roxb., Vktickceje.
Oil ;
Pedda^patseru, Tel,, Albizzia procera, Benth., Leguminosj;.
Gram ;
Pedda sopara, Tel., Dalbergia lanceolaria, Linn., Legumino^^.
Oil ;
Peddi-joTl, Tel., Ficus Tsiela., Roxb, Urticace^.
Fibre ;
Pedega, Tel., Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxb., Legumincs<«.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Pedei, Tel., Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxb., LEGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Pedu, Tel., Ailanthus excelsa, Roxb., Simarube£.
Gum ;
Pee, Tam,y Ailanthus excelsa, Roxb., Simarubeje.
Gurti ;
Peechenggah, i/o/., Luffa acutangula, Roxb., Cucurbitacea.
Oil ;
Peekun-kai, Tarn., Luffa acutangula, Roxb., Cucurbitace^.
Oil ;
Peepul, Eng,, Ficus religiosa, Linn., Urticacejb.
Gum ; Tan ;
Peing^nal, Burm,, Artocarpus integrifolia, Linn,, Urticacea.
Gum ; Dye ; ribre ;
io6 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Pdnh, Oudh^ Buchanania latifulia, Roxh.^ An acardiacbjb.
Gum ;
Peka, Hind, Bambusa Tulda., Roxh,^ GRAMiNBiS.
Fibre ;
Pe-kankai., Tam., Tenninalia paniculata, WkA.^ CoMBRBTACSiS.
D^e ; Tan ;
Peneji, Lepcha, Bricdelia retusa, Spreng., EuPHORBiACEiB.
Tan ;
Pen-kottai, 7am., Anamirta Cocculus, W^ A.^ Menispbrmace^.
Oils ;
Penti tadi, TV/., Borassus flabelliformis, Linn,, Palm a.
Gum ;
Pepper, Blatk, Eng.f Piper nigrum, Zi «»., Pipbracba.
Oil ;
Pepre, Tam.t Picas infectoria., Willd,, URTiCACBiB.
Fibre ;
Perambu, Tarn., Calamus Rotang., Linn., Palma.
Fibre ;
PenuButi-pu, 7am., Pavonia odorata, Willd,^ Malvacba,
Fibre ;
Periaeetcham, 7am., Phoenix sylvestris, Roxb,^ Palmes,
Gum ; Fibre ;
Perrah, Oudh., Buchania latifolia, Roxb,f ANACARDiACBiE.
Gum ; Tan ;
PerU| 7am., Ailanthus ezcelsa, Roxb,f Simarubejs.
Gum ;
Peru, Bom., Psidium Guava, Raddi., MYRTACiB.
Dye ; Tan ;
Peru-maray 7am., Ailanthus malabarica DC, Simarubejs.
Gum ;
Perumbi, Tarn., Prosopis spicigera, Lt »n., Lbouminosji.
Gum ; Tan ;
Pemngayaniy 7am., Ferula alliacea, Boiss., UMBELLiFERiB.
Gum ;
Penmgayam. 7am., Felula Narthex, Boiss., Umbbllifbra.
Oil ;
Pemntutti, 7am., Abutilon asiaticum, G. Don., Malvacba.
Fibre ;
Peshora, Pb., Parrotia Jacquemontiana, Decaisne, HAMAMELiDEiB.
Fibre ;
Petari, Beng., Mahr., Abutilon asiaticum, G.Don., Malvacea.
Fibre ;
Petarkura, Beng.^ Gynocardia odorata, R.Bt., BIxinba.
Oil ;
Petha, Pb.i Benincasa cerifera, Savi., Cucurbitacea.
Oil ;
Petha-kalabantha, 7V/., Agave vivipara, Linn.- Amaryllidb^b.
Fibre
Pethra, Him, name, Juniperus communis, Ltnn., Conifbrjb.
Gum ;
Peyira, Beng., Psidium Guava, Raddi., Myrtacjg.
Dye ; Tan ;
Phalasc, Bom., Grewia asiatica, Linn,, MALVACBiB.
Fibre ;
Phaldu, Hind., Hymenedictyon excelsum. Wall., Rubiaceje.
Tan ;
Phlllsa, Hind., Sind., Pb., Grewia asiatica, Linn., Malvaceae.
Fibre ;
Phalshy Populus balsamifera, Linn., Salacinba.
Gum ;
Phalwara, Hind., Bassia butjrracea, Roxb., SAPOTACBiG.
Oils ;
the Economic Products of India. 107
Phanasa, Mahr.^ Artocarpus integrifolia, Linn.t Urticacea.
Gum ; Dye j Fibre ;
Pharat-singhali, Nepal, Quercus lamellosa, 8m., Cupulifbils.
Tan ;
Pharkath, Hind.j Oroxylum indicum, Benth., Bignoniacea.
Dye ; Tan ;
Pharoah, Hind., Sind.,.Pb., Grewia asiatica. Lnin., MALVACEiS.
Fibre ;
Phaira, Beluch, Chamasrops Ritchiena, Griff., Palma.
Fibre ;
Pharsa, Hind., Grewia tilisefolia, Vahl., Lbguminos^.
Fibre ;
Pharwa, Ph., Grewia oppositifolia., Roxb., Malvacea.
Fibre ;
Phas« Mahr., Anogeissus acuminata, Wall., CoMBRSTACEiE.
Tan ;
Phasi, Mahr.y Dalbergia paniculata, Roxb., Lbguminosa.
Gum ;
Phatldri, Beng., Alum.
Mordant ;
Phenila, Sans., Sapindus Mukorossi, Gaertn., Sapindacba.
Oil ;
Pheni-mansa, Beng., Opuntia Dillenii., How., CACTSiB.
Fibre ;
Phetya-kyee, Burnt., Laportea crenulata, Gandich., IJRTiCACB-fi.
Fibre ;
Phitkari, Hind., Alum.
Mordant ;
Phootee, See Gossypium herbaceum, L, var. herbaceum proper, Malvcab^.
Fibre ;
Phulahiy Pb,, Acacia modesta» Wall,, Lbguminosje.
Gum ;
Phulel. ICumaun.f Bassia butyracea, Roxb,, Sapotacbae..
Oil ;
Phulsatti, Makr,, Woodfordia floribunda, Salisb,, Lythrace JS.
Gum ;
Phulu, Pb,, Juniperus recurva. Ham., Conifbrjs.
Gum ;
Phulwara, Chenab, Prinsepia utilis, Boyle., Rosacbae.
Oil ;
Phunti, Beng., CucumisMelo, L., forma Momordica (Sp. Roxb^, Cucurbi-
TACEiE. Oil ;
Phut, Hind., Cucumis Melo, L., forma Momordica {Sp. Roxb.), CucuRBi-
TACBA. Oil ;
Phutiki, Tel., Grewia asiatica, Linn., Malvacb^.
Fibre ;
Physic Nut, Jatropha Curcus, Linn., Euphorbiacba.
Oil ;
Pial, Garhwal, Buchanania latifolia, Roxb., ANACARDiACEiB.
Gum ; Tan ;
Plar, Oudk, Buchanania latifolia, Roxb., Anacardiacba.
Gum ; Tan ;
Piasal, Beng., Terminalia tomentosa, W, & A., Combrbtacb^
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Pichle, Sylhet, Bambusa nutans, Wall.^ Gramineje.
Fibre ;
Piennei Burm., Artocarpus integrifolia, Linn,, URTiCACEiS.
Dye ;
Pilchiy Pb., Tamarix dioica, Roxb., Tamariscinbjl
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
PUita, And., Gnetum scandens, Roxb., Gnetacjb.
Fibre :
io8 Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Pillah, Tam,^ Artocarpus integrifolia, Linn.f URTicACEiB.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Pilu, Makr,f Salvadora olevides, Linn., SALVADORACSiC.
Dye ; Oil ;
Pilu, Stnd,t Mahr., Salvadora persica, Linn., Salvadoracba.
Oil ;
Pinari, 7am., Sterculia fcetida, Linn., Sterculiace^e.
Oil ;
Pincho, Suilej,, Debregeasia bicolar., Wedd, Urticace^e.
Fibre ;
Pindi-kai (seeds), Kan., Myristica malabarica. Lam., MYRisTiCEiS.
Oil ;
Pinejrfflftt'aTH, Tam,, Vateria indica, Linn., Dipterocarpe^.
Gum ; Oil ;
Piney Varnish^ Eng,, Vateria indica, Linn., Dipterocarpe^.
Gum ;
Ping, Cachar, Cynometra, sp. ? polyandra, Roxb., Leguminos^.
Oil ;
Pinle kanazOi Burnt., Heritiera littoralis, Dry and., STERCULiACEiC.
Oil ;
Pinlekathit, Burm., Erythrina indica, Lam.^ Leguminosea.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre.
Pinle-on, Burnt., Carapa moluccensis. Linn., Meliacea.
Gum ; Oil ;
Pinna, Tel., Bassia longifolia, Willd., Sapotace^.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Oil ;
Pinnay, Tarn., Calophyllum inophyllum, Linn,, GuTTiFERiB.
Gum ; Oil ;
Pipal, Hind., Ficus religiosa, Linn., Urticaceje.
Gum ; Tan ;
Pipudely Tarn,, Trichosanthes cucumerina, Linn., Cucurbitacba.
Gum ;
Piriya, N. W. P., Andropogon laniger, Desf., Graminb^.
Fibre ;
Pista, Beng., Hind., and Bom., Pistacia vera, Linn., Anacardiacba
Gum ; Dye ; Oil ;
Pistachio Nut, Eng., Pistacia vera. Linn., Anacardiacea.
Gum ; Dye ;
Pita-bhringi, Sans., Wedelia calendulacea, Less., Composite.
Dye ;
Pitan, Beng., Abutilon asiaticum, G. Don, Malvaceae.
Fibre ;
Pitraj, Beng., Amoora Rohituka, W. 6f A., MELiACSiE.
Oil ;
Pitta, Gond., Woodfordia floribunda, Salish., Lythracea.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ;
Pivala-bang^ Mahr., Wedelia calenulacea, Less., Composite.
Dye ;
Pivala-changra, Mahr., Elipta alba, Hassk. CoMPOsiTiS.
D^e ;^
Pivala chapha, Bom., Michelia Champaca, Linn., Magnoliace/E.
Oil
Pivala-maka, Mahr., Wedelia calendulaccea, Less., Composit^e.
Dye ;
Pivala maka, Mahr., Eclipta Alba, Hassk., Composit^e.
Dye ;
Piyaj, Beng., Allium Cepa, Linn., LiLiACEiE.
Oils ;
Piyal, Bom., Buchanania latifolia, Roxb., Anacardiacba.
Gum ; Tan ;
Piyaz, Hind., Allium Cepa, Linn., LiLiACEiE.
Oils
the Economic Producis of India, 109
* — — '
Plantain, Et^.^ Musa paradisiaca, Linn., Scitaminea.
Dye ; Fibre ;
Plum, Eng.f Pninus communis, Huds,^ Rosacea.
Gum ; Oil ;
Po, Pb.t Parrotia Jacquemontiana, Decaisne, Hamamelidb^.
Fibre ;
Podala-manuy TeL, Acacia Catechu, Willd,, Leguminosjs.
Gum ;
Podda^-trin-g^dda chettu, Tel., Helianthus annuus, Linn., Composite.
Oil ;
Pogada, TeL, Madras, Mimusops Elengi, Linn., SAPOTACEiE.
Gum ; Oil ;
Poghako, Tel,, Nicotiana tabacum, Linn., SoLANACEiE.
Oil ;
Poghei, Tarn., Nicotiana tabacum, Linn., SoLANACSiE.
Oil^ ;
Pogfimtig, Lepcha, Baliospermum montanum, MUll-Arg., Euphorbiace a.
Oils ;
Poi, Hind., Maoutia puaja., Wedd,, URTiCACEiE.
Fibre ;
Poidhanla, Kumaun,, Villebrunea frutescens, Blume.y URTiCACEiE.
Poka-vakka, TV/., Areca Catechu, Linn., LBGUMiNOSiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Pol, Hind., Basella cordifolia. Lam., Chenopodiace^.
Dye ;
Pola, Hind., Kydia calycina, Roxb,, Malvace^.
Gum ; Fibre ;
Polechee, MaL, Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Linn., Malvaceae.
. Oil ;
Poll, Pi., Carthamus oxyacantha, Bieb,, Composit^e.
Oil ;
Poma, Ass., Cedrela Toona, Roxb., Meliace^s.
Gum ; Dye ;
Pomeg;ranate, Eng., Punica Granatuma, Linn,, Lythracb^.
Gum ;
Pon^u-kottai, Tam., Sapindus trifoliatus, Linn., Sapindace^
Oil ;
Pongfa, Tam.<, Pongamia glabra, Vent., Leguminosjb.
Gum ; Oil ;
PongfOO, Tam., Calophyllum tomentosum, Wight., GuTTiFERiH.
Oil ;
Ponknway, Burm., Butea superba, Roxb,, LEOuMiNOSiE.
Gum ; Fibre ;
Pon nyet) Burm., Calophyllum inophyllum, Linn., GuTTiFERiE.
Gum ; Oil ;
Pooley-numajee, Coimbaiore, Hibiscus cannabinus, Linn,, Malvacem,
Oil ;
Poon, Mai., Calophyllum tomentosum, Wight., Guttifer<e.
Oil ;
Poonam, Mai,, Bassia latifolia, Roxb., Sapotacea.
Gum ;
Poone, Mai., Calophyllum tomentosum, Wight., Guttifer«.
Oil ;
Poone, (female) Kan., Ochrocarpus, Benth and Hooky f. Guttifer^e.
Dye ;
Poon Spar Tree, Eng., Calophyllum tomentosum, Wight., Guttifera.
Oil
Poon-yet, a Burmese resin.
Gum ;
Poota^tami, Tam,, Careya arboea, Roxb., Myrtaceji.
Gum :
*
no Index to Volume I of the Catalogue of
Pooteli, NepaLf Litsaea consimiles, Ntes,^ Laurinb^.
Oil ;
Pooyana, Sarcostigma Kleinii, W. & A.^ Olacinea.
Oil ;
Poovenagah, Sarcostyma Kleinii, W. k A., Olacist^m,
Oil ;
Poppy, Eng.f Papaver somniferam, Linn., Papavbracba.
Oil ;
Porasan, 7am., Butea frondosa, Roxh,^ Leguminosji.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Porisu, UriyUy Butea frondosai Roxb.^ Leguminosje.
Gum ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Poreshy Beng.y Thespesia populnea, Corr,^ Malvacbji.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ;
Pons, Tarn., Thespesia populnea, Corr.y Malvacbjs.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ; Oil ;
Portia, Eng,y Thespesia populnea, Corr., MALVACEiB.
Gum ; Dye ; Fibre ; Oil ;
Poshor, Beng., Carapa moluccensis, Lam,j Mbliacbjs.
Gum ; Oil ;
Post, Beng,t Papaver somniferum, Linn.j Papavbracb^.
Oil ;
Potari, Hind., Kydia calycina, Roxb, Malvacea.
Fibre ;
Pothi, Pb., Elsholtzia polystachya, Benth,^ LABiATiE.
Dye ;
Potri, TV/., Kydia calycina, Roxb^ Malvaceae.
Fibre ;
Potnim, TV/., Dalbergia paniculata, Roxb,, Leguminosa.
Gum ;
Potu-tadi, TV/., Borassus flabelliformis, Linn., "Palmm,
Gum ;
Poukpan, Burnt,, Sesbania gp-andiflora, Pers., Leguminosjb.
Gum ;
Pounang^, tarn., Sapindus trifoliatus, Linn,, Sapindaceje.
Gum ; Oil ;
Praongf, Lepcha, Arundinaria Hookeriana, Munro, Gramine^e.
Fibre ;
Pratapasa, Sans,, Calotropis gigantea, R. Br., AscLEPiADEiE.
Gum ; Dye ; Tan ; Fibre ;
Pri, Hind., Desmodium tilisefolium, G. Don., Leguminos^.
Fibre ;
Pritu, Chenab., Pinus Gerardiana, Wall„ Conifers.
Oil ;
Prongf, N. W. P. Arundinaria falcata, Nees., Graminejg.
Fibre ;
Prong, Lepcha, Arundinaria Hookeriana, Munro, GRAMiNEiE.
Fire ;
Prongnok, Lepcha, Arundinaria falcata, Nees., Gramine^.
Fibre ;
Prusti. Lepcha, Loranthus longiflorus, Dex., LoRANTHACEiE.
Dye ;
Pua, Hind., Maontia puaja, Wedd., URTiCACE-ffi.
Fibre ;
Pubbun, Sind., Nelumbium speciosum, Willd., Nymph/eace/B.
Fibre ;
Pubooia, Sind,, Nelumbium speciosum, Welld., Nymph^ac
Fibre ;
Pudel, Tarn,, Trichosanthes cucum'erina, Linn., Cucurbitace«.
Gum ;
Pudmu-charini, Sans., Hibiscus mutabitis, Roxb., Malvaceae.
Fibre ;
the Economic Products of India. ill
Puia, Hi 
